Module 3
Module 3
ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING 1
BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
MODULE 3: PROGRAM OUTCOMES AND STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOME
ENGAGE
Welcome students! In the previous module, you were able to distinguish the difference
between measurement, assessment and evaluation, and at the same, you were able to explain
the various approaches to assessment. It is hoped that you will be able to apply those concepts
in understanding more about assessment, particularly in formulating objectives and learning
outcomes on different fields of specialization.
In this module, you will distinguish program outcomes from learning outcomes. Learning
outcomes come in three (3) different domains cognitive, psychomotor and affective. You will
also be introduced to Kendall's and Marzano's five levels of processing information, mental
procedures and psychomotor procedures.
EXPLORE
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KING’S COLLEGE OF MARBEL, INC. ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING 1
BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
EXPLAIN
The shift of focus in education from content to student learning outcomes has changed
teachers’ instructional perspective. In the past, teachers were often heard about their concern to
finish their subject matter before the end of the term. Maybe because of the number of their
students or failure to clarity the desired learning outcomes, teacher's concern for outcomes was
secondary to the completion of the planned content for the subject. In short, teachers were
more content-centered than outcomes-centered.
The new educational perspective requires teachers to visualize the ideal graduates three
or more years after graduation and right after completion of the program, i.e., graduation time
(as stated in institutional outcomes and program outcomes). The Commission on Higher
Education (CHED), the body that regulates higher education in the Philippines memorandum
Order # 20, s. 2014 requires following program outcomes for all higher education the ability to:
a) Articulate and discuss the latest developments in the specific field of practice;
b) Effectively communicate orally and in writing using both English and Filipino;
c) Work effectively and independently in multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural teams;
d) Act in recognition of professional, social and ethical responsibility; and
e) Preserve and promote "Filipino historical and cultural heritage.
Some program outcomes are based on types of higher education institutional (HEI)
because this determines the focus and purpose of the HEI. For example:
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BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
c. Facilitate learning using a wide range of teaching methodologies and delivery modes
appropriate to specific learners and their environments
d. Develop innovative curricula, instructional plans, teaching approaches and resources for
diverse learners
e. Apply skills in the development and utilization of ICT to promote quality, relevant, and
sustainable educational practices.
f. Demonstrate a variety of thinking skills planning, monitoring, assessing and reporting
learning processes and outcomes
g. Practice professional and ethical teaching standards sensitive to the local, national and
global realities
h. Pursue lite long learning for personal and professional growth through varied
i. Experiential and field-based opportunities
In addition to the program outcomes of teacher education as outcomes specific
discipline, there are programs outcome specific to Bachelor of Elementary Education
(No.74.S.2017);Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English, Filipino, Mathematics,
Science, Social Studies (No.75.S.2017);Bachelor or Early Childhood Education (CMO
N0.76,S.2017); Bachelor of Special Needs Education (CMO No.77,S.2017); Bachelor of
Technology and Livelihood Education (CMO No.79,S.2017); Bachelor of Technical-Vocational
Studies (CMO No.79,S.2017); Bachelor of Physical Education (CMO No.80,S.2017); Bachelor
of Culture and Arts Education (CMO No.82,5.2017). For details, refer to the given CMOs.
These domains are organized into categories or levels and arranged in hierarchical
order from the simplest behavior to the most complex behavior. To ensure that the learning
outcomes are measurable, demonstrable and verifiable, the outcomes should be stated as
concrete and active verbs. In mid-nineties, a former student of Bloom, Lorin Anderson reviewed
the cognitive domain objectives and effected some changes. The two most prominent of these
are (a) changing the names in the six subdivisions from noun to verb and (b) re-arranging the
order of the last two-synthesis and evaluation.
These three domains of learning are given in details in the succeeding pages.
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BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
3.4 DOMAIN I: Cognitive (Knowledge)
Table 1.1: Taxonomies of the Cognitive Domain: Bloom's, Anderson and Krathwohl's
Bloom’s Taxonomy (1956) Anderson and Krathwohl’s Taxonomy (2001)
1. Knowledge: Remembering or retrieving 1. Remembering:
previously learned material. Examples of Recognizing or recalling knowledge from
verbs that related to this function are: memory. Remembering is when memory is
know define record used to produce or retrieve definitions, facts,
identify recall name or lists, or to recite previously learned
relate memorize recognize information.
list repeat acquire
2. Comprehension: The ability to grasp or 2. Understanding:
construct meaning from material. Constructing meaning from different types of
Examples of verbs that relate to this functions be they are written or graphic
function are: messages or activities like interpreting,
restate discuss illustrate exemplifying, classifying, summarizing,
locate describe interpret inferring, comparing or explaining.
explain review draw
express infer conclude
3. Application: The ability to use learned 3. Applying:
material or to implement material in new Carrying out or using a procedure through
and concrete situations. Examples of executing or implementing. Applying relates
verbs that relate to this function are: to or refers to situations where learned
apply organize calculate material is used through products like
develop restructure illustrate models, presentations, interviews, or
translate demonstrate dramatize simulations.
use employ exhibit
4. Analysis: The ability to breakdown or 4. Analyzing:
distinguish the parts of material into its Breaking materials or concepts into parts,
components so that its organizational determining how the parts relate to one
structure may be better understood. another or how they interrelate or how the
Examples of verbs that relate to this parts relate to an overall structure or purpose.
function are: When one is analyzing, he/she can illustrate
analyze differentiate scrutinize this mental function by creating
examine compare inspect spreadsheets, surveys, charts or diagrams or
categorize contrast discover graphic representations.
probe deduce separate
5. Synthesis: The ability to put parts 5. Evaluating:
together to form a coherent or unique new Making judgments based on criteria and
whole. Examples of verbs that relate to standards through checking and critiquing. In
this function are: the new taxonomy, evaluating comes before
compose formulate construct creating as it is often a necessary part of the
produce combine organize precursory behaviour before one creates
design relate derive something.
create arrange write
6. Evaluation: The ability to judge, check 6. Creating
and even critique the value of material for Putting elements together to form a coherent
a given purpose. Examples of verbs that or functional whole; reorganizing elements
relate to this function are: into a new pattern or structure through
judge argue validate generating, planning or producing. This
assess decide value process is the most difficult mental function in
conclude choose criticize the new taxonomy.
measure estimate appraise
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BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
Benjamin Bloom critically examined his own cognitive taxonomy and he noted that there
is a fundamental difference between the knowledge category (first level in his taxonomy) and
the mental operation (higher 5 levels in his taxonomy-comprehension, application, analysis,
synthesis and evaluation) performed on that knowledge or with that knowledge. Mere recall of
knowledge is different from comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation of
that knowledge.
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BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
How do the 4 categories of knowledge differ from one another?
Factual Knowledge- As the name implies, this refers to facts. This refers to essential facts,
terminology, details or elements students must know or be familiar with in order to understand a
discipline or solve a problem in it.
Conceptual Knowledge - This refers to the interrelationship of facts. It is facts put together
within a within a larger structure that enable them to function together. It is knowledge of
classifications, principles, generalizations, theories, models or structures pertinent to a particular
disciplinary area.
Metacognitive Knowledge- This is knowing that you know. This is thinking about your own
thinking in a purposeful way. It is awareness and knowledge of one's own cognition. It is a
reflective knowledge about how to go about solving problems and cognitive task. It includes
contextual and conditional knowledge and knowledge of self.
As shown in Table 1.1 in the revised cognitive taxonomy, the cognitive processes start with
remembering and end with creating knowledge along factual, conceptual, procedural and
metacognitive dimensions.
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KING’S COLLEGE OF MARBEL, INC. ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING 1
BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
(https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Types-and-subtypes-of-knowledge-described-in-the-
revised-Blooms-Taxonomy-13_fig1_331207674)
Table 1.2: Cognitive Processes Across the Knowledge Dimensions
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BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
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BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
without hesitation, and automatic measures, mends, mixes, organizes,
performance. For example, players are sketches.
often utter sounds of satisfaction or NOTE: The Key Words are the same as
expletives as soon as they hit a tennis ball Mechanism, but will have adverbs or
or throw a football, because they can tell adjectives that indicate that the
by the feel of the act what the result will performance is quicker, better, more
produce. accurate, etc.
Adaptation: Skills are well developed and Examples: Responds effectively to
the individual can modify movement unexpected experiences. Modifies
patterns to fit special requirements. instruction to meet the needs of the
learners. Perform a task with a machine
that it was not originally intended to do
(machine is not damaged and there is no
danger in performing the new task).
Key Words: adapts, alters, changes,
rearranges, reorganizes, revises, varies.
Origination: Creating new movement Examples: Constructs a new theory.
patterns to fit a particular situation or Develops a new and comprehensive
specific problem. Learning outcomes training programming. Creates a new
emphasize creativity based upon highly gymnastic routine.
developed skills. Key Words: arranges, builds, combines,
composes, constructs, creates, designs,
initiate, makes, originates.
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KING’S COLLEGE OF MARBEL, INC. ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING 1
BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
These contributions from Simpson, Dave and Harrow have been re-organized and
simplified into 4 categories or levels.
Table 3: Simplified and Re-organized Categories or Levels of Learning in the Psychomotor
Domain
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KING’S COLLEGE OF MARBEL, INC. ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING 1
BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
The affective domain refers to the way in which we deal with situations emotionally such
as feelings, appreciation, enthusiasm, motivation, values and attitude. The taxonomy is order
into 5 levels as the person progresses towards internalization in which the attitude or feeling
consistently guides or controls a person’s behavior.
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KING’S COLLEGE OF MARBEL, INC. ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING 1
BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
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BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
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KING’S COLLEGE OF MARBEL, INC. ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING 1
BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
Instead of categorizing learning activities which Bloom and Anderson did, Kendall and
Marzano reframed the three domains of knowledge (information, mental procedures and
psychomotor procedures) by describing six levels of processing knowledge. (Refer to Figure 6).
The first four levels of processing are cognitive, beginning with the lowest (retrieval) then
moving upward with increasing cognitive complexity-- comprehension, analysis and knowledge
utilization. The fifth level of processing, the metacognitive system, involves the learner's
specification of learning goals, monitoring of the learner's own learning process, clarity and
accuracy of the leaner's learning. (See Figure 5) The highest level of knowledge processing
self-system, involves the learner's examination of the importance of the learning task and
his/her self-efficacy. It also involves the learner's examining his/her emotional response and
his/her motivation of learning.
For additional information on the new taxonomy of Marzano and Kendall, refer to figure 6.
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BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
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KING’S COLLEGE OF MARBEL, INC. ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING 1
BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
ELABORATE
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BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
EVALUATE
I.PANGKABATIRAN (COGNITIVE)
Sa katapusan ng aralin, ang mga mag-aaral ay inaasahang:
a.Mga layuning pangkabatiran (Knowledge Objectives)
1.Nakakagunita, nakakilala ng mga datos at paglalahat na nauugnay sa… (recall, recognize data,
concepts and generalizations related to…)
2.Nakahihinuha… (deduce that…)
3.Nakakikilala… (identify or recognize…)
4.Nasasabi ang pagkakaiba ng (tell the difference between…)
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BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
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BRGY. MORALES, CITY OF KORONADAL EDUC 313
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
4.Nakapapakinig ng masusi at may layunin… (listen critically and purposively…)
5.Nakalalahok ng masigla sa… (participate actively in…)
6.Naipagpapatuloy ang kawilihan sa… (sustain interest in…)
7.Nakibabahagi… sa… (share… with…)
8.Nagpapaubaya/Nagpaparaya… (tolerate…)
9.Pumapayag na… (tolerate…)
10.Tumatanggap/Kumikilala… (accept…)
11.Nakasusunod sa… (comply with…)
12.Nakatatamo ng kasiyahan sa… (find pleasure in…)
13.Nakapagpapasaya ng tumpak… (form sound judgment…)
14.Nagbibigay-pitagan… (venerate…)
15.Napipigil… (control…)
16.Napagtitimbang… (equalize…)
17.Napapahalagahan/Nakapagpapahalaga… (appreciate…)
18.Humahanga/Nasisiyahan… (appreciate…)
19.Nasusunod/Nakasusunod… (follow…)
20.Naibabagay/Naiaangkop… (adjust to…)
21.Pahalagahan/Napahahalagahan… (value...)
22.Nasisiyahan/Nabibigyang kasiyahan… (satisfy…)
23.Napapanatili/Naninindigan… (maintain…)
24.Nadadalaw… (visit…)
25.Humahanga sa… (admire…)
26.Naibabagay ang sarili sa… (adjusts to…)
27.Nakapangangalaga/Napangagalagaan… (conserve…)
28.Nakapagmamalas ng paggalang sa… (show respect for…)
29.Nakapagsisimula ng proyektong kapaki-pakinabang… (initiate worthwhile projects…)
30.Alalahanin/Gunitain… (commemorate…)
31.Napalalakas/Napagtitibay… (strengthen…)
32.Napasisidhi/Napatitindi… (intensify…)
33.Napatatalas/Napatatalim… (sharpen…)
34.Nakapagsisikap ng higit sa… (exert more effort in…)
35.Nakalilikha/Nakapagbibigay… (generate…)
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