/RVFKLFRVGHODQRFKH
'DPL¡Q VXEL³ HO WHUUDSO©Q FRQ OD WDEOD GH VNDWH EDMR HO EUD]R 7HQD TXLQFH
D±RV HUD IODFR \ FRQ ORV SHORV HQ SXQWD \ HVWDED YHVWLGR FRQ EHUPXGDV \
UHPHUD QHJUDV FRPR PXFKRV GH ORV TXH DQGDEDQ SRU DK (Q HO DQWHEUD]R
GHUHFKR WRGDYD FXELHUWR FRQ XQD FDSD GH OD FUHPD SDUD ODV PDQRV GH VX
PDGUHOXFDXQWDWXDMHGLVH±DGRSRU©OPLVPRTXHUHSUHVHQWDEDD$EUD[DVHO
GLRVJQ³VWLFRGHOELHQ\GHOPDOFX\RVLPEROLVPRKDEDDSUHQGLGRGH'HPLDQ
GH+HUPDQQ+HVVH/DQRFKHDQWHULRUKDEDWHUPLQDGRHOOLEURSRUTXLQWDYH]
l(OS¡MDURURPSHHOFDVFDU³Q(OKXHYRHVHOPXQGR(OTXHTXLHUHQDFHUWLHQH
TXH URPSHU XQ PXQGR (O S¡MDUR YXHOD KDFLD 'LRV (O 'LRV HV $EUD[DV{
6HQWDXQDHVSHFLHGHFRVTXLOODFDGDYH]TXHOOHJDEDDHVHS¡UUDIR
$KRUDHUDQSDVDGDVODVVHLVGHODWDUGHGHXQGDGHRFWXEUH'DPL¡QVH
KDED HVFDSDGR GHO FROHJLR HQ OD SHQºOWLPD KRUD \ VH KDED WRPDGR GRV
FROHFWLYRVXUEDQRVSDUDOOHJDUDHVDSLVWDlODSLVWDSHUIHFWD{FRPROHGLMRXQ
VNDWHU YLHMR FRQ HO TXH VROD KDEODU HQ $YHOODQHGD 0LU¡QGROD GHVGH OR DOWR
'DPL¡QSHQV³TXHYDODODSHQD
1R HUD XQD SLVWD DK UDGLFDED VX DWUDFWLYR VLQR XQ DQWLJXR DFXHGXFWR
DEDQGRQDGR URGHDGR SRU ORV EUD]RV GH OD DXWRSLVWD GRQGH QR KDED
FRQWUROSROLFLDOQLFKLFRVTXHHVWXYLHUDQGDQGRVXVSULPHURVSDVRV8QD]RQD
OLEUHWRPDGDSRUORVVNDWHUVODVSDUHGHVFXELHUWDVGHJUDILWLV\VWHQFLOV\D
ORV FRVWDGRV GH ORV WHUUDSOHQHV FDPSR GHVFXLGDGR FRQ SDVWRV DOWRV \ UHVWRV
GHIRJDWDV
$OO¡ DEDMR SDWLQDEDQ FRQFHQWUDGRV HQ PHGLR GHO UXLGR GHO WU¡ILFR \ ODV
UXHGDVGHODVWDEODV\DOYHUORV'DPL¡QVLQWL³ORGHVLHPSUHHUDXQDGDQ]D
XQ EDLOH D©UHR GH S¡MDURV IODFRV \ YHVWLGRV GH QHJUR TXH VH FUX]DEDQ VH
GHVFUX]DEDQ KDFDQ VXV IOLSV \ VXV ROOLHV \ VXV KHOOIOLSV FRPR VL HVWXYLHUDQ
VRORVHQHOPXQGR$OJXQRVOOHJDEDQDOERUGHGHOWHUUDSO©QUHFRUUDQFRQOD
WDEOD OD FLQWD GH DFHUR TXH OR ERUGHDED YROYDQ D FDHU \ D WRPDU LPSXOVR
'DPL¡Q UHVSLU³ KRQGR \ VH VLQWL³ ELHQ ºOWLPDPHQWH OR ºQLFR TXH OR KDFD
VHQWLUVHDVHUDSDWLQDURYHUDRWURVSDWLQDQGR3RUXQPRPHQWRODDQJXVWLD
GHVDSDUHFL³/DDQJXVWLDVLQGLUHFFL³QDVLGHURQLFDXVDDXQTXHHOSVLF³ORJR
3¡JLQD
GHOFROHJLRWUDWDUDGHH[SOLFDUODGHGLYHUVDVIRUPDVTXHH[SHULPHQWDEDGHVGH
OD PD±DQD KDVWD OD QRFKH \ OR REOLJDED D GHVSUHFLDU OR TXH VH SXVLHUD
HQIUHQWHIXHUDXQSURIHVRURODVFDUDVGHS¡MDURVWULVWHVGHVXVSDGUHV
/R FUHDQ HQ OD FDVD GH XQ DPLJR VXV SDGUHV 6L VXSLHUDQ G³QGH HVWDED
VHUDODFHUHPRQLDGHVLHPSUHPDP¡\VXVRMRVOOHQRVGHO¡JULPDVSDS¡\VX
DJXDFRQELFDUERQDWRSDUDFDOPDUODDFLGH](VW¡ORFRSRUODSDWLQHWDGHFDD
TXLHQTXLVLHUDRUORWUDWDQGRGHH[SOLFDUTXHVHOOHYDEDQXHYHPDWHULDVHQHO
FROHJLR\TXHFXDQGRQRHVWDEDIUHQWHDODFRPSXWDGRUDFRQORVDXULFXODUHV
SXHVWRVDQGDEDSRUDOJXQDGHODVSLVWDVGH%XHQRV$LUHVHQVD\DQGRVDOWRV
l/RFRSRUODSDWLQHWD{VXSDGUHSDUHFDYLYLUHQ<HOTXHHVWDEDORFR
HUD©OHQXQWUDEDMRTXHQROHJXVWDEDFRQXQDPXMHUGHODTXHGHEDKDEHUVH
VHSDUDGR KDFD UDWR &XDQGR OOHJ³ HO EROHWQ GH FDOLILFDFLRQHV OH TXLWDURQ OD
FRPSXWDGRUD\HVWXYLHURQDSXQWRGHKDFHUORFRQODWDEODSHUR©OODHVFRQGL³
D WLHPSR 1R KXELHUDQ HQWHQGLGR SRU P¡V TXH OHV H[SOLFDUD OR TXH
VLJQLILFDEDSDUD©ODQGDUHQVNDWH
6HR\³XQJROSH\XQTXHMLGR8QRGHORVTXHSDWLQDEDQDOO¡DEDMRKDED
FDOFXODGR PDO XQ KHOOIOLS \ VH GHVSORP³ UHERWDQGR \ UDVS¡QGRVH FRQWUD HO
FHPHQWR KDVWD TXHGDU WLUDGR FHUFD GH OD ERFD VHFD GHO DFXHGXFWR 'HVSX©V
FRQ HVIXHU]R VH OHYDQW³ 'DPL¡Q YLR TXH HO KRPEUR L]TXLHUGR OH KDED
TXHGDGRHQFDUQHYLYD/HSDUHFL³XQEXHQDXJXULR6LXQRDFDEDEDGHFDHU
WHQDQ TXH SDVDU SRU OR PHQRV PHGLD KRUD FXDUHQWD PLQXWRV DQWHV GH TXH
FD\HUDRWUR(UDXQDFXHVWL³QHVWDGVWLFD
,QWHQW³ H[SOLF¡UVHOR D XQR GH ORV TXH HVWDEDQ VHQWDGRV DO ODGR VX\R
PLUDQGRFRPR©OKDFLDDEDMR<DHOVROHPSH]DEDDFDHUFRQXQUHVSODQGRU
GRUDGR HQ OD SDUWH DOWD GH OD DXWRSLVWD \ ODV FRVDV VH OOHQDEDQ GH VRPEUD
FRPRXQDHPDQDFL³QGHORVREMHWRV\ORVFXHUSRV/DFDUDGHOTXHHVWDEDDO
ODGRSRUHMHPSORFRQXQDJRUUDQHJUDTXHGDEDFDVLRFXOWDHQODRVFXULGDG
+D\ XQ WUHLQWD \ FLQFR SRU FLHQWR GH SUREDELOLGDGHV GH TXH PH FDLJD OH
GLMR'DPL¡Q2VHDPHQRVGHODPLWDGGHSUREDELOLGDGHVGHTXHQRPHFDLJD
<RFUHRTXHPHYDDLUELHQ
(ORWURHVWDEDDJDFKDGRODWDEODHQWUHODVSLHUQDV\VRQUL³PRVWUDQGRXQRV
GLHQWHVDPDULOORVFRQIRUPDGHFROPLOORVFDQLQRV'HVSX©VVLQUHVSRQGHUOH
VH DIHUU³ DO ERUGH GHO WHUUDSO©Q \ VH GHM³ FDHU FRQ XQD VXDYLGDG FDVL LUUHDO
0LHQWUDV VH GHVOL]DED KDFLD DEDMR 'LHQWHV GH 3HUUR FRPR OR EDXWL]³
PHQWDOPHQWH'DPL¡QVHLQFRUSRU³HQHOVNDWHVDOW³OD]DQMDTXHSDUWDHQGRV
HOFUFXORFHQWUDOVLJXL³DVFHQGLHQGR\WHUPLQ³GDQGRXQVDOWRODUJXVLPRHQ
ODRWUDFLPDGHOWHUUDSO©Q$OJXLHQXQDFKLFDVHJXUDPHQWHORDSODXGL³
3¡JLQD
'DPL¡QVHGLMRTXHORºQLFRTXHTXHUDHQODYLGDHUDKDFHUXQVDOWRDV<
TXH XQD FKLFD OR DSODXGLHUD (VWDED PX\ LQWHUHVDGR HQ TXH XQD FKLFD OR
DSODXGLHUD
1R KDFD PXFKR TXH SDWLQDED \ HVH WHUUHQR HUD HYLGHQWHPHQWH SDUD
H[SHUWRV GH XQD FODVH PX\ VXSHULRU D OD VX\D SHUR QR OH LPSRUW³ 8ELF³ OD
WDEODHQHOERUGHGHOWHUUDSO©QVXEL³HOSLHL]TXLHUGRVHGHM³FDHU6LQWL³HO
YLHQWRGHODWDUGHFHUHQODFDUD6LQWL³HOY©UWLJRGHQRVDEHUG³QGHDFDEDUD
6LQWL³TXHHUDOLEUH\TXHYRODED$OOOHJDUDOFUFXORFHQWUDOFD\³\URG³XQRV
PHWURVVLQODVWLPDUVH6HOHYDQW³EXVF³ODWDEODVLJXL³LQWHQW¡QGROR
$OUDWRGHVFXEUL³TXHKDEDDQRFKHFLGR6LHPSUHOHSDVDEDORPLVPRFRQ
HO VNDWH SHUGD OD QRFL³Q GHO WLHPSR (QWRQFHV VH GHWXYR IHOL] \ PLU³ ODV
HVWUHOODVTXH\DSDUSDGHDEDQHQORDOWR3HQV³TXHTXHUDHVRGHODYLGD1R
KDFHUVH DGXOWR QL HVIRU]DUVH SRU FXPSOLU FRQ UHJODV TXH RWURV KDEDQ
LQYHQWDGR1RWUDEDMDUSDUDWHQHUWRGDVHVDVFRVDVLQºWLOHV1RDEDQGRQDUVXV
VXH±RV
/RVºOWLPRVFKLFRV\DHVWDEDQVXELHQGRHOWHUUDSO©Q\GHVDSDUHFDQHQOR
DOWR O KL]R OR PLVPR VLQWLHQGR HQ ODV SLHUQDV OD DVSHUH]D GH ODV ºOWLPDV
UDVSDGXUDV(UDXQGRORUKHUPRVR
&XDQGROOHJ³DODFLPDYLRHOUHVSODQGRUGHODIRJDWD$XQRVPHWURVXQ
JUXSR GH VNDWHUV HVFXFKDED PºVLFD \ SRU HO RORU QR HUD GLIFLO GHGXFLU TXH
HVWDEDQIXPDQGRPDULKXDQD(QWUHHOORVUHFRQRFL³D'LHQWHVGH3HUURTXHDO
YHUOROROODP³FRQODPDQR
$OJXLHQOHVXVXUU³PLHQWUDVSDVDEDDVXODGR2MRFRQ©VRV
$'DPL¡QQROHLPSRUW³9ROYHUDDVXFDVD"$OPXQGRGHVLHPSUH"$
ODVO¡JULPDV\HOELFDUERQDWR"1R1RYROYHUD
6HVHQW³DOODGRGH'LHQWHVGH3HUUR\PLU³DORVGHP¡V'HSURQWRVXSR
TXL©QHVHUDQ/RVFKLFRVGHODQRFKH/DOH\HQGDXUEDQDTXHFLUFXODEDHQWUH
ORVVNDWHUV/RVTXHSDWLQDEDQFXDQGRWRGRVVHKDEDQLGR/RVTXHYLYDQDO
PDUJHQ &KLFRV PD\RUHV TXL]¡V KDVWD GH WUHLQWD D±RV S¡OLGRV DOWRV IODFRV
FRQORVEUD]RVOOHQRVGHWDWXDMHV8QROXFDH[WHQVRUHVHQODVRUHMDV2WUROD
QDUL] FUX]DGD GH DOILOHUHV +DED XQD FRQ ODV VLHQHV UDSDGDV \ RMRV GH JDWR
EULOODQGRHQODRVFXULGDG\RWUDIODTXLWDTXHGHEDWHQHUODHGDGGH'DPL¡Q\
TXHGHLQPHGLDWROHSDUHFL³KHUPRVD6XVRMRVVHFUX]DURQ\'DPL¡QVHSXVR
FRORUDGR\DJUDGHFL³TXHODIDOWDGHOX]ORGLVLPXODUD
6DF³ XQ FLJDUULOOR GH XQD HWLTXHWD GH &DPHO VH SUHQGL³ XQR \ IXP³
TXHULHQGR SDUHFHU GHVSUHRFXSDGR &XDQGR DO UDWR OH RIUHFLHURQ XQ SRUUR GLR
XQDVHFDVHDKRJ³ORSDV³DODGHUHFKDFRPRKDEDYLVWRKDFHUDORVGHP¡V
3¡JLQD
7DPEL©Q DSDUHFLHURQ XQDV 6WHOOD $UWRLV GH OLWUR GHVGH DOJXQD SDUWH
PLODJURVDPHQWHIUDV
(V$EUD[DVQR"OHGLMR'LHQWHVGH3HUURPLUDQGRVXWDWXDMH
'DPL¡QUHVSRQGL³TXHV4XHVHORKDEDKHFKRSRUHOOLEURGH+HVVH
&ODURGLMR'LHQWHVGH3HUUR(VXQJUDQOLEUR,QIOXHQFLDGRSRU1LHW]VFKH
SRUVXSXHVWR/HVWHD1LHW]VFKH"
'DPL¡QQHJ³FRQODFDEH]D
1LHW]VFKHHUDXQKRPEUHGHVSLHUWRGLMR'LHQWHVGH3HUUR8QLOXPLQDGR
8QRGHORVEXHQRV'HFDTXHODLGHDGHELHQIXHLQYHQWDGDSRUORVG©ELOHV
SRU ODV YFWLPDV SDUD GRPLQDU D ORV IXHUWHV 3HUR ODV SHUVRQDV IXHUWHV GHO
PXQGRHVWDPRVP¡VDOO¡GHOPDO\GHOELHQQRHVYHUGDG"
6RQUL³PRVWUDQGRVXGHQWDGXUD
&RPSOHWDPHQWHGLMR'DPL¡QDXQTXHQRKDEDHQWHQGLGRGHOWRGR
(OSUREOHPDHVTXHDOJXQRVHQFXHQWUDQHOPDOGLMR'LHQWHVGH3HUURPX\
VHULR\QROHVJXVWDQDGDFXDQGRORHQFXHQWUDQ$KRUDYR\DEDLODU
6H OHYDQW³ \ FRPHQ]³ D PRYHUVH XQ SRFR ULGFXODPHQWH HQ PHGLR GHO
IHVWHMRJHQHUDO/DFKLFDGHVLHQHVUDSDGDV\ODIODTXLWDTXHWHQDODHGDGGH
'DPL¡QORDFRPSD±DURQIUHQWHDOIXHJRMXJDQGRDVHUVHQVXDOHV\VL©QGRORD
ODYH]/DP¡VJUDQGHVHVDF³ODUHPHUD\TXHG³HQWHWDV'DPL¡QQXQFDKDED
YLVWRWHWDVHQYLYR'LHQWHVGH3HUURVHDFHUF³DODP¡VFKLFDEDLODQGR\OH
TXLW³©OPLVPRODUHPHUD6XVWHWLWDVLQFLSLHQWHVGHSH]RQHVURVDGRVWRGDYD
D PHGLR IRUPDU VH VDFXGLHURQ FRQ VXV PRYLPLHQWRV 'LHQWHV GH 3HUUR VH
LQFOLQ³SDUDODPHUODV\ODIODTXLWDOHYDQW³ORVEUD]RV\JULW³FRPRVLHVWXYLHUD
HQXQDSHOFXODQRUWHDPHULFDQD,XXXX
$OJR DQGDED PDO 'DPL¡Q VLQWL³ TXH HVR QR SRGD HVWDU SDVDQGR /D
DXWRSLVWDSDUHFDYDFD/RVJULOORVVHKDEDQFDOODGR(OIXHJRQRFUHSLWDED
/D RVFXULGDG HUD P¡V GHQVD (QWRQFHV 'LHQWHV GH 3HUUR VH LQFOLQ³ VREUH OD
FKLFDFHUU³VXVGLHQWHVVREUHODWHWD\VHODDUUDQF³GHXQPRUGLVFR
/D FKLFD VH TXHG³ XQ PRPHQWR FRQ ORV EUD]RV OHYDQWDGRV 'HVGH OD
PRUGHGXUDGHVXWRUVRPDQDEDXQFKRUURGHVDQJUH'LHQWHVGH3HUURWHQDOD
WHWDHQODERFD\ODHVWDEDGHYRUDQGRODFDUQHVDQJUDQWHODJUDVD
'DPL¡Q QR OOHJ³ D YHU OR TXH OH KDFDQ SRUTXH VH OHYDQW³ \ VDOL³
FRUULHQGR 2\³ JULWRV TXH TXHGDEDQ DWU¡V KDVWD TXH VH FRUWDURQ GH JROSH \
VXSRTXHODFKLFDHVWDEDPXHUWD\TXHHOSU³[LPRHUD©O
&RUUL³ VLQ GLUHFFL³Q WURSH]¡QGRVH \ YROYL©QGRVH D OHYDQWDU /RV \X\RV
VHFRVOHDUD±DEDQODVSDQWRUULOODVHQDOJºQPRPHQWRODWDEODVHOHFD\³GHODV
PDQRVQRSDU³DUHFRJHUOD6LQWL³HOOLEURXQDHGLFL³QSHTXH±DGH'HPLDQ
UHERWDQGRHQHOEROVLOORGHODVEHUPXGDV\SHQV³TXHHUDXQLGLRWD
3¡JLQD
(VW¡ORFRSRUODSDWLQHWDGLMRODYR]GHVXSDGUH
$OROHMRVSRGDQYHUVHODVYDVGHXQWUHQ\XQRVYDJRQHVDEDQGRQDGRV
3HQV³TXHVLORJUDEDFUX]DUODV\EDMDUHOSXHQWHLEDDHVWDUDVDOYR&DVDVOX]
QHFHVLWDEDHVR*HQWHQRUPDO6HGLMRMXURTXHVHU©QRUPDO\PHJXVWDU¡QODV
FRVDVQRUPDOHV \ YR\D D\XGDU DPLV SDGUHV DSRQHU ODPHVD\ PHMRUDU© PL
UHQGLPLHQWRHQHOFROHJLR3HURFXDQGRHVWDEDFUX]DQGRODVYDVWURSH]³FRQ
XQRGHORVGXUPLHQWHV\FD\³GHURGLOODVVREUHODVSLHGUDV$OOHYDQWDUVHYLR
TXHVHKDEDSDUWLGRODSLHO6HTXHG³DKUHVSLUDQGRDJLWDGR\ODYR]VRQ³
PX\FHUFDGH©O
(VXQDOLQGDKHULGDGLMR'LHQWHVGH3HUUR7HQDODFDUD\ODURSDED±DGDV
HQ VDQJUH VH KDED VDFDGR OD JRUUD \ \D QR SDUHFD KXPDQR &RQRF D
+HUPDQQ+HVVHKDFH\DFLHQD±RVHQORV$OSHV/ORU³FRPRXQDPDULTXLWD
LQVRSRUWDEOHFXDQGROHVDOWDPRVHQFLPD
&RQXQDPDQRGHX±DVODUJDVOHYDQW³D'DPL¡Q6HDJDFK³IUHQWHD©O\OH
DFDULFL³ODPHMLOOD
%XVFDEDVODRVFXULGDG\DF¡ODWHQ©VOHGLMR$OILQODHQFRQWUDVWH
'DPL¡QKL]RTXHVFRQODFDEH]D6LQWL³DOJRFDOLHQWHHQWUHODVSLHUQDV\
QRW³TXHVHKDEDRULQDGRHQFLPD
'HODRVFXULGDGVXUJLHURQORVRWURV\DWUDQVIRUPDGRVODVFDUDVDUUXJDGDV
ODV PDQRV IODFDV \ WRUFLGDV (QVHJXLGD OR URGHDURQ HPSH]DURQ D VDFDUOH OD
URSD
$KRUDYDVDFRQRFHUHOPDOGLMR'LHQWHVGH3HUUR
3¡JLQD