Chapter 5

CHAPTER 5: GRAPHING LINEAR EQUATIONS

Chapter Objectives
By the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Find the slope of a line from two points or a graph
 Find the equation of a line from its graph, the standard form, two given points
 Obtain equations of parallel and perpendicular lines

Contents
CHAPTER 5: GRAPHING LINEAR EQUATIONS .......................................................................................... 151

SECTION 5.1 GRAPHING AND SLOPE.................................................................................................... 152

A. POINTS AND LINES.................................................................................................................... 152

B. OBTAINING THE SLOPE OF A LINE FROM ITS GRAPH .............................................................. 155

C. OBTAINING THE SLOPE OF A LINE FROM TWO POINTS .......................................................... 158

EXERCISES ......................................................................................................................................... 158

SECTION 5.2 EQUATIONS OF LINES ...................................................................................................... 160

A. THE SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORMULA ............................................................................................ 160

B. LINES IN SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM ........................................................................................... 160

C. GRAPHING LINES ...................................................................................................................... 161

D. VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINES ......................................................................................... 162

E. POINT-SLOPE FORMULA........................................................................................................... 163

F. OBTAINING A LINE GIVEN TWO POINTS .................................................................................. 164

EXERCISES ......................................................................................................................................... 166

SECTION 5.3 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES .......................................................................... 167

A. THE SLOPE OF PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES ........................................................... 167

B. OBTAIN EQUATIONS FOR PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES ......................................... 168

EXERCISES ......................................................................................................................................... 169

CHAPTER REVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 170

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 Chapter 5

SECTION 5.1 GRAPHING AND SLOPE

A. POINTS AND LINES
In this chapter, we will begin looking at the relationship between two variables. Typically one variable is
considered to be the INPUT, and the other is called the OUTPUT. The input is the value that is considered
first, and the output is the value that corresponds to or is matched with the input.

We write the input and its corresponding output as "(𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜).” This is known as an ordered pair.

For example,

Input Output Ordered Pairs

4 −3 (4, −3)
5 8 (5, 8)

In an ordered pair, order matters. Let us take a look at the ordered pair (4,3). Since 4 appears first in this
ordered pair, we know that 4 is the input. Likewise, since 3 appears second, we know that 3 is the output
that belongs to 4. We can also refer to these numbers as coordinates.

To plot ordered pairs we use the Cartesian plane. The Cartesian plane is made up of a horizontal real
number line (which we call the 𝑥𝑥-axis) and a vertical real number line (which we call the 𝑦𝑦-axis). The
vertical and horizontal lines intersect at the point (0,0), which is called the origin. The Cartesian plane is
divided into four quadrants.

5 𝑦𝑦 -axis
4
3
Quadrant
2 Quadrant I
II
1
0
𝑥𝑥 -axis
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Quadrant
Quadrant III -2 IV
-3
-4
-5

To plot the ordered pair (4,3) we will look at the first coordinate, 4. We start at the origin and move to
the right (the positive direction) by four units. Looking at the second coordinate, 3, we will then go up (in
the positive direction) by three units. This is the point (4,3).

3 (4,3)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

-3

-5

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A line is made up of an infinite number of points. To draw a line, however, we only need two points. What
a line represents are the solutions to a linear equation. An example of a linear equation is

𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 1
where 𝑥𝑥 is the input, and 𝑦𝑦 is the output. If we want to graph a linear equation, then we will need to make
a table of inputs and outputs. Let us graph the linear equation above. For the table we are creating, we
are allowed to pick any inputs we want. One person can pick the input 1 and another can pick the input
1,000. There is no wrong input you can choose for a linear equation, but we would like to keep things as
simple as possible. Let us choose the following.

Input (𝑥𝑥 value) Output (𝑦𝑦 value)

0 ?
1 ?
−2 ?

To find the corresponding outputs to the inputs we have chosen, we plug in one 𝑥𝑥 value into the linear
equation and solve for 𝑦𝑦. Let us find all the outputs:

For 𝑥𝑥 = 0: 𝑦𝑦 = 2(0) + 1
𝑦𝑦 = 1

For 𝑥𝑥 = 1: 𝑦𝑦 = 2(1) + 1
𝑦𝑦 = 2 + 1
𝑦𝑦 = 3

For 𝑥𝑥 = −2: 𝑦𝑦 = 2(−2) + 1

𝑦𝑦 = −4 + 1
𝑦𝑦 = −3

Filling in our chart

Input (𝑥𝑥 value) Output (𝑦𝑦 value)

0 1
1 3
−2 −3

Plotting these ordered pairs allows us to draw the line for the linear equation 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 1

5
4
3
2
1
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-2
-3
-4
-5

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Two important points worth mentioning are the 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 intercepts of the line. The 𝒙𝒙-intercept of a line is
the point (𝑥𝑥, 0), that is, the point where the line crosses the 𝑥𝑥-axis. The 𝒚𝒚-intercept of a line is the point
(0, 𝑦𝑦), that is, the point where the line crosses the 𝑦𝑦-axis. Below are some examples of 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 intercepts.
The cross is indicated by an “x”.

x-intercept y-intercept
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

MEDIA LESSON
Points and lines (Duration 2:57)
stop at 2:57

View the video lesson, take notes and complete the problems below

• The positive numbers on the 𝑥𝑥-axis are located in what direction? _____________________

• The negative numbers on the 𝑥𝑥-axis are located in what direction? _____________________

• The positive numbers on the 𝑦𝑦-axis are located in what direction? _____________________

• The negative numbers on the 𝑦𝑦-axis are located in what direction? _____________________

We give _______________ to points on the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane using these two number lines. First we give

direction to the point going to _______________, then we give direction to the point going up.

Example: Graph the points. (−2, 3), (4, −1), (−2, −4), (0, 3) and (−1,0)

YOU TRY
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 Chapter 5
Plot and label the points.

a) (−4, 2)
10
b) (3, 8)
8
c) (0, −5) 6
4
d) (−6, −4)
2
e) (5, 0) 0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
f) (2, −8) -4
g) (0, 0) -6
-8
-10

B. OBTAINING THE SLOPE OF A LINE FROM ITS GRAPH

The slope of a line is the measure of the line’s steepness. We denote the slope of a line with the symbol
𝑚𝑚. To find the slope of a line from its graph we look at the change in 𝑦𝑦 over the change in 𝑥𝑥, that is,
𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑚𝑚 = =
𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
In order to determine the rise and run of a graph, let us look at an example. Let us graph the linear
equation
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1

5
4
3
run
2
rise 1
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-2
-3
-4
-5

To find the rise we start at a well-defined point. In our graph above we started at (−2, −1). Then locate
a second well-defined point, in our case above we let that second point be (2, 3). Now, starting at our
initial point we rise up four units until we get to the exact same level as the second point. This is shown
as a dotted vertical line above. Next, we move towards the second point which is four units to the right.
This is shown as a dotted horizontal line above.

Since we rose up by four units, we say that the rise is 4.

Since we “ran” to the right by four units, we say that the run is 4.
Thus
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 4
𝑚𝑚 = = =1
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 4
So 𝑚𝑚 = 1.

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 Chapter 5

NOTE: If the slope is positive, then the slope will be rising from left to right. If the slope is negative,
then the slope will be declining from left to right.

m is positive m is negative

We will now look at two special lines: the vertical line and the horizontal line.

A vertical line has the form 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐, where 𝑐𝑐 is a constant number. Here is an example of the vertical line
𝑥𝑥 = 2

5
(2, 4)
3
1

-5 -3 -1
-1 1 3 5
-3
(2, -4)
-5

If we were to pick the two well-defined points to be (2, 4) and (2, −4), then the rise would have a value
of 8. However, the run will have a value of 0 since we do not move to the right or left.

Thus
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 8
𝑚𝑚 = = = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 0
Since we can’t divide by 0, the slope of the line does not exist.

A horizontal line has the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐, where 𝑐𝑐 is a constant number. Here is an example of the
horizontal line 𝑦𝑦 = 2.

(-3, 4) 5 (3, 4)

-5 -3 -1
-1 1 3 5

-3

-5

If we were to pick the two well-defined points to be (−3, 4) and (3, 4), then the rise would have a value
of 0 since we do not move up or down. The run, however, will have a value of 6.

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 Chapter 5
Thus
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 0
𝑚𝑚 = = =0
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 6
Since 0 divided by anything is 0, our slope does exist and is 0.

To summarize:

• The slope of a vertical line does not exist

• The slope of a horizontal line does exist and has a value of 0.

MEDIA LESSON
Slope from two points (Duration 5:00)

View the video lesson, take notes and complete the problems below

If we select _______________ points on a line we should be able to determine the _______________.

For example, if we are given the coordinates (3, 3) and (6, 5), we should be able to determine the

___________________________________.

The slope of the two given coordinates is _________________, therefore the 𝑦𝑦-intercept is equal

to_______________.

We these two pieces of information, the linear equation is _____________________.

YOU TRY

a) Find the slope of the line below. b) Find the slope of the line below.
6 (3, 5) (-3, 11) 12
4 10
8
2 6
0 4
-4 -3 -2 -1-2 0 1 2 3 4 2
0
-4 -4 -3 -2 -1-2 0 1 2 3 4
(-3, -7) -4 (3, -7)
-6 -6
-8 -8

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 Chapter 5
C. OBTAINING THE SLOPE OF A LINE FROM TWO POINTS
In the previous chapter we found the slope of a line by its graph. Another way to find the slope of a line
(if we weren’t given its graph) is to look at any two points belonging to that line. Let us look at a
modified definition of slope.
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1
𝑚𝑚 = = =
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1

The last expression is what we are interested in. If we are given two points (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) and (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 ), then
we just need to take the difference of the two 𝑦𝑦 values and divide them by the difference of their
respective 𝑥𝑥 values. For example, if we have the points (−1, 1) and (1, 4), then
𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1 4−1 3
𝑚𝑚 = = =
𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 1 − (−1) 2
3
So 𝑚𝑚 = .
2

MEDIA LESSON
Slope from two points (Duration 5:00)

View the video lesson, take notes and complete the problems below

Slope is calculated by_______________.

When we say rise over run we think of the rise as the change in _____________.

We think of the run as the change in _______________.

Follow the video and find the slope between (−2, −5) and (−17, 4).

YOU TRY

Find the slope between the given two points

a) (−4, 3) and (2, −9) b) (−4, −1) and (−4, 5)

c) (4, 6) and (2, −1) d) (3, 1) and (−2, 1)

EXERCISES
For problems 1-4 find the slope of the line.
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 Chapter 5
1) 2)

9 3

6
1
3
-3 -2 -1
-1 0 1 2 3
0
-3 0 3 6 9
-3 -3

3) 4)

3 6
4
1 2
0
-3 -2 -1
-1 0 1 2 3 -6 -4 -2
-2 0 2 4 6
-4
-3 -6

For problems 5-16 find the slope of the line through each ordered-pair.
5) (−16, −14), (11, −14) 6) (−4, 14), (16, 8) 7) (12, −19), (6, 14)

8) (−5, 7), (18, 14) 9) (1, 2), (−6, −14) 10) (13, −2), (7, 7)

11) (−16, 2), (15, −10) 12) (8, 11), (−3, −13) 13) (11, −2), (1, 17)

14) (−2, 10), (−2, −15) 15) (−18, −5), (14, −3) 16) (19, 15), (5, 11)

For problems 17-22 find the value of 𝑥𝑥 or 𝑦𝑦 so that the line through the points has the given slope.

−4 8
17) (2, 6) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑥𝑥, 2); 𝑚𝑚 = 7
18) (−3, −2) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑥𝑥, 6); 𝑚𝑚 = − 5

5 1
19) (𝑥𝑥, 5) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (8, 0); 𝑚𝑚 = − 6 20) (8, 𝑦𝑦) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (−2, 4); 𝑚𝑚 = − 5

21) (2, −5) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (3, 𝑦𝑦); 𝑚𝑚 = 6 4

22) (6, 2) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑥𝑥, 6); 𝑚𝑚 = − 5

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 Chapter 5

SECTION 5.2 EQUATIONS OF LINES

A. THE SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORMULA
The slope-intercept form of a linear equation is given by

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑏𝑏
Where 𝑚𝑚 is the slope and 𝑏𝑏 is the 𝑦𝑦 intercept (recall that the 𝑦𝑦-intercept is a point, so we really have
(0, 𝑏𝑏)).

When finding the equation of a line we would like the final result to be in slope-intercept form. This not
only makes it easier to solve for 𝑦𝑦 but it also gives us two important pieces of information: the slope and
the 𝑦𝑦-intercept of the line.

MEDIA LESSON
Slope intercept equation (Duration 5:00)

View the video lesson, take notes and complete the problems below
3
Give the equation of the line with a slope of − and a 𝑦𝑦-intercept of 2.
4

YOU TRY

a) Find the equation of the line with slope 2 and 𝑦𝑦 –intercept (0, −3).

b) Find the equation of the line.

9
6
3
0
-9 -6 -3
-3 0 3 6 9
-6
-9

B. LINES IN SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM

Just by looking at a linear equation that is in slope-intercept form gives us the slope and 𝑦𝑦-intercept.
With these two pieces of information we can readily graph its line. There will be times when the linear
equation is not in slope-intercept form, and in those cases it could benefit us to manipulate the equation
to where it is in slope-intercept form.

MEDIA LESSON
Put in intercept form (Duration 4:08)

View the video lesson, take notes and complete the problems below

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 Chapter 5
We can put a linear equation in slope-intercept form to help us identify the _______________ and

_______________. If the equation is not in this form, then we _______________ identify these key

points of information. To put an equation in intercept form we __________________________.

Follow the video and give the slope and 𝑦𝑦-intercept of the graph

2
𝑦𝑦 + 4 = (𝑥𝑥 − 4)
3

YOU TRY

a) Write the equation 3𝑥𝑥 − 9𝑦𝑦 = 6 in slope-intercept form. Find the slope and the 𝑦𝑦-intercept of the
line.

C. GRAPHING LINES
Now that we know what information is given to us when a linear equation is in slope-intercept form and
how to manipulate a linear equation to get it into slope-intercept form, let us use this form to start
graphing lines.

MEDIA LESSON
Graph (Duration 4:57)

View the video lesson, take notes and complete the problems below

We can graph an equation by identifying the _______________ and _______________. Once we have

identified this key information we will start the graph at the _______________ and use the

_______________ to change to the next point. Remember slope is _______________ over

_______________.

Follow the video and put the linear equation 3𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 = 2 in slope intercept form. Then graph your

answer.

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 Chapter 5
YOU TRY
1
a) Graph 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2 by using the slope and 𝑦𝑦-intercept.
3

b) Graph the equation 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 10 using the slope and 𝑦𝑦-intercept.

D. VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINES

Using the slope-intercept form when dealing with horizontal and vertical lines can help us understand
them a little better.

Below is an example of a horizontal line that is in slope-intercept form

𝑦𝑦 = 0𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑏𝑏
Recall that a horizontal line has a slope of 0, hence the reason 𝑚𝑚 = 0. If we let 𝑥𝑥 = 1, then 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏.

If we let 𝑥𝑥 = −3, then 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏. No matter what value we choose for 𝑥𝑥, the 𝑦𝑦 value will always be the
same. The equation for a horizontal line is therefore 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒃𝒃 or its 𝑦𝑦-coordinate of the graph.

Unfortunately it is impossible for us to represent a vertical line in slope-intercept form because a vertical
line’s slope does not exist. This tells us that there is no 𝑦𝑦 in its equation. To represent a vertical line as an
equation, we will simply make 𝑥𝑥 equal to its 𝑥𝑥-coordinate of the graph. The equation for a vertical line
is therefore 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒄𝒄, where 𝒄𝒄 is the intercept.

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 Chapter 5

MEDIA LESSON
Vertical and Horizontal (Duration 2:17)

View the video lesson, take notes and complete the problems below

Vertical lines, when graphed, will always go through the _______________. Vertical lines are always

_______________ equals the _______________.

Horizontal lines, when graphed, will always go through the _______________. Horizontal lines are

always _______________ equals the _______________.

1. Label the axes and graph 𝑦𝑦=-2 2. Find the equation of the graph below.

-5 -3 -1
-1 1 3 5

-3

-5

YOU TRY

a) Graph 𝑦𝑦 = 4. b) Graph 𝑥𝑥 = 4.

E. POINT-SLOPE FORMULA
The slope-intercept formula gives us two pieces of information that makes graphing relatively easy: the
slope of the line and its 𝑦𝑦-intercept. Unfortunately we may not be given the 𝑦𝑦-intercept all the time. In
these cases we can use the point-slope formula below

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 Chapter 5
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥1 )
where 𝑚𝑚 is the slope and (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) is a point on the line.

MEDIA LESSON
Point slope (Duration 5:00)

View the video lesson, take notes and complete the problems below
2
Give the equation of the line that passes through (−3, 5) and has the slope of − .
5

YOU TRY

a) Using the point-slope formula, write the equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2) with a
1
slope of . Write your final answer is slope-intercept form.
2

b) Using the point-slope formula, write the equation of the line passing through the point (−2, 4) with
2
a slope of − . Write your final answer is slope-intercept form.
5

F. OBTAINING A LINE GIVEN TWO POINTS

Let us look at the slope-intercept form again. In the previous section we used the point-slope formula to
write an equation of a line given the slope and a point (not necessarily the 𝑦𝑦-intercept). Now we will look
at another scenario: given only two points (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) and (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 ). If we are given two points (and no slope)
then we can construct a linear equation in the following way:

1. We can use the two given points to find the slope using the slope formula.
2. Once we obtain the slope, we can then use the point-slope formula together with the slope and any
of the two points that we were given to create the linear equation.
3. Once we have the equation we can then put it in slope-intercept form to help us graph.

MEDIA LESSON
Given two points (Duration 5:00)

View the video lesson, take notes and complete the problems below

One important fact is that to find the equation of a line we must have the_______________.

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 Chapter 5
Recall that the formula for slope is

𝑚𝑚 =

Find the equation of the line through (1, −4) and (3, 5) and give the answer in slope-intercept form.

YOU TRY

a) Find the equation of the line passing through the points (1, 2) and (−1, −3) and write your final
answer in slope-intercept form.

b) Find the equation of the line passing through the points (3, −2) and (1, 5) and write your final
answer in slope-intercept form.

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 Chapter 5
EXERCISES
For problems 1-3 write the equation of the line in slope-intercept form given the slope and the 𝒚𝒚-
intercept.
1 2) 𝑚𝑚 = −1 𝑦𝑦-intercept = -2 2
1) 𝑚𝑚 = 3, 𝑦𝑦-intercept = 1 3) 𝑚𝑚 = 5, 𝑦𝑦-intercept = 5

For problems 4-6 write the equation of the line in slope-intercept form given the graph.
4) 5) 6)
9 9 3
6 6 2
3 3 1
0 0 0
-9 -6 -3-3 0 3 6 9 -9 -6 -3-3 0 3 6 9 -3 -2 -1-1 0 1 2 3

-6 -6 -2
-9 -9 -3

For problems 7-15 write the equation of the line in slope-intercept form given the equation.
7) 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = −1 8) 𝑥𝑥 = −8 9) 𝑦𝑦 − 4 = 4(𝑥𝑥 − 1)
1 11) 6𝑥𝑥 − 11𝑦𝑦 = −70 12) 𝑥𝑥 − 7𝑦𝑦 = −42
10) 𝑦𝑦 + 1 = − 2 (𝑥𝑥 − 4)
2 14) 0 = 𝑥𝑥 − 4 15) 𝑥𝑥 − 10𝑦𝑦 = 3
13) 𝑦𝑦 − 3 = − 3 (𝑥𝑥 + 3)

For problems 16-21 sketch the graph of each line.

6 17) 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 3 = 0 18) −3𝑦𝑦 = −5𝑥𝑥 + 9

16) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 5
5

3 20) 4𝑥𝑥 + 5 = 5𝑦𝑦 3

19) 𝑦𝑦 = − 2 𝑥𝑥 − 1 21) −3𝑦𝑦 = 3 − 2 𝑥𝑥

For problems 22-30 write the equation of the line in slope-intercept form given a point passing
through the line and its slope.
1 3 1
22) (2, 2); 𝑚𝑚 = 2 23) (−4, 1); 𝑚𝑚 = 4 24) (0 − 5); 𝑚𝑚 = − 4

5 1 27) (4, −3); 𝑚𝑚 = −2

25) (−1, 4); 𝑚𝑚 = − 4 26) (2, 1); 𝑚𝑚 = − 2

28) (0, 2); 𝑚𝑚 = − 4

5 29) (2, 3); 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 30) (2, 2); 𝑚𝑚 = 0

For problems 31-36 write the equation of the line in slope-intercept form given two points on the line.
31) (5, 1) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (−3, 0) 32) (3, 5) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (−5, 3) 33) (1, 3) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (−3, 3)

34) (−4, 1) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (4, 4) 35) (−5, 1) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (−1, −2) 36) (4, 1) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (1, 4)

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 Chapter 5

SECTION 5.3 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

A. THE SLOPE OF PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES
Parallel Lines
Lines 𝑙𝑙1 and 𝑙𝑙2 are said to be parallel to each other if their slopes are the same, that is,
𝑚𝑚1 = 𝑚𝑚2
where 𝑚𝑚1 is the slope of 𝑙𝑙1 and 𝑚𝑚2 is the slope of 𝑙𝑙2

Perpendicular Lines
Lines 𝑙𝑙1 and 𝑙𝑙2 are said to be perpendicular to each other if they have negative reciprocal slopes.

MEDIA LESSON
Slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines (Duration 5:23)

View the video lesson, take notes and complete the problems below

Parallel lines are two or more lines in a plane that never _______________.

Perpendicular lines are two or more lines that intersect at a _______________ angle.

Follow the video and find the slope of a line perpendicular to the line 𝑦𝑦 = −3𝑥𝑥 + 2.

YOU TRY

a) Find the slope of a line parallel to 2𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑥 = 10.

b) Find the slope of a line that is perpendicular to 2𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑥 = 10.

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 Chapter 5
B. OBTAIN EQUATIONS FOR PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES
Once we have the slope for a line that is perpendicular or parallel to another line, it is possible to find
the equation for the perpendicular or parallel line given a point that is on one of these lines.

MEDIA LESSON
Equations for parallel and perpendicular lines (Duration 5:00)

View the video lesson, take notes and complete the problems below

Parallel lines have the same _______________ and perpendicular lines have

_______________________ slopes. Once we know the slope and a point we can use the

formula_______________.

Follow the video and find the equation of the line parallel to the line 2𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑦𝑦 = 3 that goes through the

point (5, 3).

YOU TRY

a) Find the equation of a line passing through (1, 2) and parallel to 2𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦 = 6.

b) Find the equation of the line passing through (6, −9) and perpendicular to 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 1. Write your
final answer in slope-intercept form.

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 Chapter 5
EXERCISES
For problems 1-3 find the slope of a line parallel to the given line.

1) 𝑦𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑥 − 5 2) 7𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = −2 10
3) 𝑦𝑦 = − 3
𝑥𝑥 −5

For problems 4-6 find the slope of a line perpendicular to the given line.

4) 𝑥𝑥 = 3 5) 𝑦𝑦 = 4 6) 8𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦 = −9

For problems 7-16 find the equation of the line passing through the point and given the line to be
parallel or perpendicular. Write your final answer in slope-intercept form.
7 8) (1, −2); perpendicular to −𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 2
7) (5, 2); parallel to 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 4
5

9) (−1, 3); parallel to 𝑦𝑦 = −3𝑥𝑥 + 1 10) (1, 3); perpendicular to −𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 1

7 12) (−3, −5); perpendicular to 3𝑥𝑥 + 7𝑦𝑦 = 0

11) (1, 4); parallel to 𝑦𝑦 = 5 𝑥𝑥 + 2

13) (1, −1); parallel to 𝑦𝑦 = −3𝑥𝑥 − 1 14) (−2, −5); perpendicular to 𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑥 = 0

15) (2, 5); parallel to 𝑥𝑥 = 0 16) (1, −1); perpendicular to −𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 1

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 Chapter 5

CHAPTER REVIEW
KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS
Look for the following terms and concepts as you work through the workbook. In the space below, explain the
meaning of each of these concepts and terms in your own words. Provide examples that are not identical to
those in the text or in the media lesson.

Input

Output

Cartesian plane

Origin

Ordered pair

𝑥𝑥-intercept

𝑦𝑦-intercept

Slope of a vertical line

Slope of a horizontal line

Slope formula

Slope-intercept form

Point-slope form

Slope of parallel lines

Slope of perpendicular lines

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