Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS
1. FLUID MECHANICS and tan T = a/g, where T is the angle which the liquid’s free
surface is making with horizontal.
i The liquids and gases together are termed as fluids, in
other words, we can say that the substances which can (d) Pressure at two points within a liquid
flow are termed as fluids. at vertical separation of h when the
liquid container is accelerating up are
i We assume fluid to be incompressible (i.e., the density of
related by expression
liquid is independent of variation in pressure and remains
constant) and non-viscous (i.e. the two liquid surfaces in p2 – p1 = U (g + a) h
contact are not exerting any tangential force on each other). If container is accelerating down, then p2 – p1 = U(g – a) h.
1.1 Fluid Statics
1.1.2 Atmospheric Pressure
YZ
1.1.1 Fluid Pressure
i It is the pressure of the earth’s atmosphere. Normal
Pressure p at every point is defined as the normal force atmospheric pressure at sea level (an average value) is 1
5
atmosphere (atm) that is equal to 1.013 × 10 Pa.
per unit area.
i X The excess pressure above atmospheric pressure is called
T.
dFA gauge pressure, and total pressure is called absolute
p
dA pressure.
2
The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal and 1 Pascal = 1 N/m i Barometer is a device used to measure atmospheric
EE
i Fluid force acts perpendicular to any surface in the fluid, pressure while U–tube manometer or simply manometer is
no matter how that surface is oriented. Hence pressure, a device used to measure the gauge pressure.
has no intrinsic direction of its own, it is a scalar.
N
FLUID MECHANICS
YZ
through that point.
i Line of flow
x
It is the path taken by a particle in flowing liquid. In case of a
steady flow, it is called streamline. Two steamlines can never
intersect.
X
Let us find the velocity with which liquid comes out of a
T.
hole at a depth h below the liquid surface.
1.2.1 Equation of Continuity Using Bernoulli’s theorem,
EE
atmosphere)
2 2
V = VA + 2gh
II
FLUID MECHANICS
YZ
2 2 falling freely in a viscous medium.
2r U U0 g
2
2 2 2 2
V2 V1 PA PB hUg vr
U U 9K
2 2
X 1.3.3 Poiseuille’s Formula
T.
Q Q
2
2
2 hg (Q = AV)
A 2 A
1 Poiseuille studied the stream-line flow of liquid in capillary
tubes.
EE
8KA
N
1.3 Viscosity
1.3.4 Reynold Number
T-
FLUID MECHANICS
F
So, S where S = surface tension of liquid.
A
2
Unit of surface tension in MKS system : N/m, J/m
2
CGS system Dyne/cm, erg/cm
1.4.1 Surface Energy 2Scos T 2S
h
In order to increase the surface area, the work has to be rUg RUg
done over the surface of the liquid. This work done is
where, S = surface tension,
stored in the liquid surface as its potential energy. Hence
the surface energy of a liquid can be defined as the excess T = angle of contact,
potential energy per unit area of the liquid surface. r = radius of capillary tube,
R = radius of meniscus, and
YZ
U = density of liquid.
i Capillary rise in a tube of insufficient length :
i Excess pressure in a liquid drop or bubble in a liquid is meniscus until the excess pressure is equalised by the
pressure of liquid column of length l. (Note liquid does
2T not overflow).
P
N
R
2V
4T AUg ... (i)
i Excess pressure in a soap bubble is P rc
T-
R
If r were the actual radius of curvature,
(because it has two free surfaces)
2V
1.4.3 Angle of Contact h Ug ...(ii)
II
r
i The angle between the tangent to the liquid surface at the Comparing (i) and (ii)
point of contact and the solid surface inside the liquid is
called the angle of contact.
i If the glass plate is immersed in mercury, the surface is
curved and the mercury is depressed below. Angle of
contact is obtuse for mercury.
i If the plate is dipped in water with its side vertical, the
water is drawn-up along the plane and assumes the curved
shape as shown. Angle of contact is acute for water.
2V
1.4.4 Capillary Tube and Capillarity Action Ar c hr
Ug
i A very narrow glass tube with fine bore and open at both
ends is known as capillary tube. When a capillary tube in hr
rc i.e. radius of curvature r’ can be calculated.
dipped in a liquid, then liquid will rise or fall in the tube, A
FLUID MECHANICS
1. Liquid will wet the solid. Critical. Liquid will not wet the solid.
2. Meniscus is concave. Meniscus is plane. Meniscus is convex.
3. Angle of contact is acute T = 90°). Angle of contact is 90°. Angle of contact is obtuse T = 90°).
4. Pressure below the meniscus is Pressure below the Pressure below the meniscus
lesser than above it by (2T/r), meniscus is same as more then above it by (2T/r),
2T . 2T .
i.e. P P0 above it, i.e. P = P0. i.e., P P0
r r
5. In capillary there will be ascend. No capillarity. In capillary there will be descend.
YZ
X
T.
EE
N
T-
II