PRACTICAL SURVEY WORK

PROJECT

Engineering Surveying
BEA_4_406 Civil Engineering
Contents
Introduction:........................................................................................................................................... 4
Linear Surveying: .................................................................................................................................... 4
Equipment:.......................................................................................................................................... 4
Summary of methods to collect lengths and offsets measurements: ................................................ 4
Triangulation of area and calculations:............................................................................................... 4
Reasons for using selected control points: ......................................................................................... 5
Measurements of Offsets: .................................................................................................................. 5
Potential errors for offsetting: ............................................................................................................ 6
Final scaled drawing:........................................................................................................................... 7
Potential errors resulting to inaccurate measurements, scales and sketches: .................................. 7
Levelling: ................................................................................................................................................. 8
Control points: .................................................................................................................................... 8
Equipment:.......................................................................................................................................... 8
Summary of methods to collect control points: ................................................................................. 8
Key factors that can result to errors and how to avoid them:............................................................ 9
Services (manholes): ........................................................................................................................... 9
Equipment:........................................................................................................................................ 10
Summary of methods to collect manhole measurements: .............................................................. 10
Key factors that can result to errors and how to avoid them:.......................................................... 10
Inverse levelling and digital inverse levelling: .................................................................................. 11
Equipment:........................................................................................................................................ 11
Summary of methods to collect inverse levelling of bridge measurements: ................................... 11
Key factors that can result to errors and how to avoid them:.......................................................... 12
Equipment:........................................................................................................................................ 12
Summary of methods to collect digital inverse levelling of bridge measurements: ........................ 12
Key factors that can result to errors and how to avoid them:.......................................................... 13
Reduced level spreadsheet using Height of Collimation (HoC): ....................................................... 13
Height of collimation of control point: ......................................................................................... 13
Comments on result:..................................................................................................................... 14
Height of collimation of manholes:............................................................................................... 14
Comments on result:..................................................................................................................... 15
Height of collimation of bridge levels: .......................................................................................... 15
Comments on result:..................................................................................................................... 15
Height of collimation of digital bridge levels: ............................................................................... 15
Comments on result:..................................................................................................................... 16

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 Reduced level spreadsheet using Rise and Fall: ............................................................................... 16
Rise and fall of control points: ...................................................................................................... 16
Comments on result:..................................................................................................................... 17
Rise and fall of manholes: ............................................................................................................. 17
Comments on result:..................................................................................................................... 18
Rise and fall of bridge levels: ........................................................................................................ 18
Comments on result:..................................................................................................................... 18
Rise and fall of digital bridge levels:.............................................................................................. 19
Comments on result:..................................................................................................................... 19
Two peg test:..................................................................................................................................... 19
Equipment:........................................................................................................................................ 20
Summary of method for two peg test: ............................................................................................. 20
Two peg test calculations: ................................................................................................................ 20
50 metre service: .............................................................................................................................. 20
Equipment:........................................................................................................................................ 21
Summary of method for 50 metre service:....................................................................................... 21
Height of collimation of drains: .................................................................................................... 21
Comment on results:..................................................................................................................... 22
Drain profile levels and drawing: .................................................................................................. 22
Earthwork calculation: .................................................................................................................. 23
Overall errors for levelling: ............................................................................................................... 23
Angular measurements: ....................................................................................................................... 24
Equipment:........................................................................................................................................ 24
Summary of method to collect traverse angles: ............................................................................... 24
Traverse measurements and Adjusted angles: ................................................................................. 25
Potential errors for traverse measurements: ................................................................................... 25
Calculations of bearings: ................................................................................................................... 26
Calculations of coordinates:.............................................................................................................. 26
Summary of angles, bearings and coordinates: ................................................................................ 29
Forward Bearing (FB) and Coordinates on designated area: ............................................................ 29
Setting Out/Positioning: ...................................................................................................................... 29
Equipment:........................................................................................................................................ 29
Summary of method to collect setting out data: .............................................................................. 30
Setting out results: ............................................................................................................................ 30
Setting out sketch: ............................................................................................................................ 31
Potential errors for setting out data: ................................................................................................ 31

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 Setting out data – Distances and bearings: ...................................................................................... 32
Setting out data – Angles: ................................................................................................................. 35
Scaled drawing of setting out: .......................................................................................................... 37
Scaled drawing of setting out with annotations: .............................................................................. 39
Accuracy of setting out: .................................................................................................................... 40
Error in results:.................................................................................................................................. 40
Dairy of work: ....................................................................................................................................... 41
Bibliography: ........................................................................................................................................ 46
Appendix:.............................................................................................................................................. 48

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Introduction:
Using linear surveying, levelling procedures, angle measurements, and setting out of details,
we were required to carry out and create a large-scaled survey of the proposed
development area on Kell Street, as well as the corresponding calculations for this practical
survey work project.

As a team, we must plan, execute, and finish the survey project and presentation for this
group work project. Every group member contributed in a different way to this practical
project.

Linear Surveying:
Linear surveying is defined as, “the process of measuring distances between points on a
surface” (Rhonda, 2022). This implies that equipment such as measuring tapes and a laser
can be used to collect measurements between specific points.

Equipment:
• 2 reel tape measures (Figure 1)
• Clipboard
• Pencil
• Chainage sheet

Summary of methods to collect lengths and offsets measurements:

For the group project, in our designated area, we have used 2 reel tape measures (Figure 1).
To measure all 4 sides of the area, 1 reel tape measure was used by 3 group members and
for the offsetting the components within the area, 2 reel tape measures were used as one
was placed along one side and the other was used to measure the distance between the
side and the specific components within the area.

Triangulation of area and calculations:

Below is an image of our area on Kell Street, from google maps 2023 (Figure 2). We have
labelled each corner of the area A-D, as shown below. Each side of the area had been
measured and labelled. The length BD was also measured to calculate the longest side, as it
will help with the area calculation to be more accurate.

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The area was split into 2 triangles, ABD and BCD, sharing the same longest side of 19.4m. As
shown in the calculations below, area 1 resulted to 58.05m² and area 2 resulted to 61.90m².
Therefore, the total area of the location was 119.95m².

Reasons for using selected control points:

As a group, we have chosen the control points ABCD because the angles are greater than 20
degrees, and the distance between each point is greater than 9m. Also, the designated area
had a reduced amount of pedestrian and traffic flow, thus a lower chance of interference
while collecting results. Overall resulting to a higher chance of accurate results, as there is a
less chance of producing errors due to working with large number while calculating areas
etc.

Measurements of Offsets:
As part of the linear surveying, we were tasked to pin-point components within our area,
and offset them from the chain lines, which are the lines that connect the control points.

On site, we were given survey sheets with a chain line in the middle to offset the details in
our area. We had done rough sketches, on the sheets provided, to have an idea on where
the components such as the bins, benches and manholes are located. However, due to the
limited amount of space on the sheet, it was very difficult to properly layout all the details
perfectly. Thus, with the rough sketches, we have completed the offsetting of our
designated area on an iPad as there is no limited space and is easier to layout the

5
components accordingly with their dimensions. Shown below are the offsetting of chain
lines AB and AD created on the iPad.

Potential errors for offsetting:

Potential errors while we were offsetting our area was the fact that there were other groups
working within our area, causing us to be restricted with the area we were working in as
well as disrupting the reel tape measure causing it to move around and not given us an
accurate reading.

Another potential error could be that certain components we would offset could’ve been
slightly misread due to their irregular shapes. An example of this would be the bins we
would offset; due to the circular shape we would have to assume the centre of it and offset
it which could have been misjudged.

Thirdly our group could have been inaccurate with our placement of the reel tape measure,
meaning our we could be off by a fraction of a metre when offsetting the components in our

6
area. Also, greater tension applied on the tape while laid on the floor can lead to a greater
chance of accurate results.

Another error is that our group could have misread or misinterpreted the reading off the
reel measuring tape which would give us inaccurate measurement therefore causing our
offsetting to be wrong or inaccurate.

Final scaled drawing:

You need to write the scale for your drawing. e.g. 1:50, 1:
100, etc.

Potential errors resulting to inaccurate measurements, scales and sketches:

An error could have been inaccuracies made when measuring the distances between the
control points and the different components on the site. This could have resulted in
inaccurate sketches which displays a false interpretation of the site, leading to potential
failures in construction plans and execution. This error could have been reduced if we
measured the all the distances between control points and components several times and
calculated average distances.

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Levelling:
The process of levelling involves determining height and height difference in relation to a
reference surface (datum). Levelling may be carried out to calculate the altitude difference
between two or more places. It is also to measure the altitude of the ground at several
locations across a region to construct contours or sections. Another reason can be to
establish necessary levels for the construction of things like highways, building foundations,
or drainage ditches.

Control points:
Control points, also known as control survey, is the establishment of a consistent network of
fixed, physical points located within the site of interest which measures and defines the
positions on the site (Uren and Price, 2010, p.8). Control points are the “basis for controlling
the horizontal and vertical positions of transportation improvement projects and facilities”
(Anon, 2005).
“Control surveying plays a significant role within engineering surveying as it is ‘used to
define a map projection of some sort” (Uren and Price, 2010, p.10) therefore, providing a
detailed understanding of the site, allows planning on the construction site to be executed
accurately. It holds the purpose of preparing subsequent maps and plans for site surveys
(Uren and Price, 2010, p.3). Control points are also useful in monitoring any “future
movement of structures, such as dams and bridges” (Uren and Price, 2010, p.5) or any other
changes made to the construction site.

Equipment:
• Tripod (Figure 3)
• Dumpy level (Figure 4)
• Levelling staff (Figure 6)
• Clipboard
• Worksheet

Summary of methods to collect control points:

1. To start with levelling control points, we started by setting the dumpy level on the
tripod. We do this by setting up the tripod by extending the tripod legs until it is evenly
spread, we then attach the dumpy level to the tripod by sitting it on top of the tripod

8
 and tightening it from underneath. We then adjust the tripod until the level bubble on
the dumpy level is in the centre of the circle.
2. We measured a benchmark by using the levelling staff at a point and using the
theodolite, looking through it to find the level of it as we noted it down.
3. We would then have to find the find a level of a three intersights, we would do this by
looking at the levelling staff through the theodolite and noting down the level indicated
on the staff.
4. We would then measure a foresight with the same process. After this we would move
the tripod and dumpy level and repeat this process until we have enough data process
with the project.

Key factors that can result to errors and how to avoid them:
With this there could be some potential errors which could cause inaccurate readings. One
of those errors could be that we would misread the measurement on the levelling staff, to
reduce the chances of this happening we would have a minimum of three people reading
the measurement then confirm with each other about the measurement.

Another potential error is that the dumpy level was not focused causing us to misread the
measurement as it will not be clear.

One last potential error could be that the levelling staff or the theodolite were not level
when taking measurements, this would be a problem as it will give us inaccurate and wrong
readings.

Services (manholes):
After the control points were identified and defined to produce a map projection, we then
identified and measured the different positions of manholes which were present within the
barriers of the control points. Manhole surveying allows the relevant parties to have a full
understanding of the “exact route and nature of the existing drainage arrangements within
their site” (Luckett, 2021), which would then be measured “by using offset pegs” (Uren and
Price, 2010, p.509).
Identifying manholes is critical as it provides detailed information on a construction site
which is used to decide the plans for maintenance or repair (Anon, no date). Manhole
surveying is important as it allows decisions to be made when working around the

9
manholes, which should be carefully thought about because “the added weight of a new
structure over them could cause damage to the sewage system” leading to problems in the
drainage of the surrounding properties (Anon, no data).

Equipment:
• Tripod (Figure 3)
• Dumpy level (Figure 4)
• Levelling staff (Figure 6)
• Clipboard
• Worksheet

Summary of methods to collect manhole measurements:

1. We started by mounting the dumpy level on the tripod and began levelling manholes. To
accomplish this, we first set up the tripod by spreading its legs uniformly, and we then
secure the dumpy level to the tripod by placing it on top of the tripod and tightening it
from below. The tripod is then adjusted until the dumpy level's level bubble is in the
centre of the circle.
2. Dumpy level and levelling staff were used to measure a benchmark, this was done by
looking through the dumpy level to determine the benchmark's level, then we recorded
the measurement.
3. Then, after looking at the levelling staff through a dumpy level and noting the level it
indicated on the staff, we would have to find a level of three intersights.
4. The same procedure would subsequently be used to measure a foresight. Once we have
enough data for the project, we will reposition the tripod and repeat the process.

Key factors that can result to errors and how to avoid them:
There are some potential errors that might lead to a few mistakes that give false readings.
One of these mistakes could be misinterpreting the measurement provided by the levelling
crew. To lessen the likelihood that this will happen, we should have at least three persons
read the measurement and then double-check the measurement with one another. It is also
possible that the measurement was incorrectly read because the reading would not be
evident if the theodolite was not focused.

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One last potential issue is whether or not the dumpy level or levelling staff were level when
taking measurements. This would be a concern since it would produce unreliable results.

Inverse levelling and digital inverse levelling:

Inverse levelling is necessary to determine the heights of points such as the soffits of a
multi-storey building, a bridge, or underpass. It is carried out by holding the staff upside
down in an inverted position with its base on the elevated points. “When booking an
inverted staff reading, it is entered into the levelling table with a minus sign, the calculation
proceeding in the normal way taking this sign into account” (Salman, no date).

Inverted levels are essential within engineering surveying as it allows the assessment of the
flow in piping systems (Anon, no date), and how constructing around such components
could have an impact on the drainage systems of nearby properties.

Inverted surveying and construction is important because gravity is a significant force

playing a role at such points. “Working parallel and perpendicular to the force of gravity is
fundamental in designing and constructing the homes we live in, the bridges we cross, and
the office blocks we work in”(Anon, no date). Carrying out inverted levelling allows
construction to be planned in a way that piping flow remains positive; “fluids can flow from
a high point to a low point on a consistent grade” (Anon, 2010).

Equipment:
• Tripod (Figure 3)
• Dumpy level (Figure 4)
• Levelling staff (Figure 6)
• Clipboard
• Worksheet

Summary of methods to collect inverse levelling of bridge measurements:

The tripod was placed at a certain location on the property. The tripod was positioned by
extending its legs, and it was tightened after it was level with the ground. The dumpy level
was attached to the tripod after it had been set up, and the baseplate screw was used to
secure it in place. The tripod’s legs were used for any significant levelling adjustments. The
three-foot screws were used to centre the bubble and make the small adjustments.

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As soon as the level was completely set up, someone had to hold the levelling personnel at
the benchmark and make sure the bubble was in the centre as the results were being
entered onto the booking sheet. When the levelling staff was set on the ceiling’s edge, the
backsight was recorded. The levelling staff was then positioned on the ceiling at random
intervals to ascertain the intersight levels. Up until the insight, values were obtained, and
then they were brought back to the benchmark.

Key factors that can result to errors and how to avoid them:
There are some factors that can lead to potential errors such as, the fact that the dumpy
level or levelling staff might not be level which could cause inaccurate measurement
readings, known as a collimation error. As well as this, the focus which could cause wrong
readings. Lastly we could read the measurements wrong, and this could cause complications
in future construction plans on this site. To avoid these errors, we would get our group
members to double check the levelling of the dumpy level and readings.

Equipment:
• Tripod (Figure 3)
• Theodolite (Figure 5)
• Levelling staff (Figure 6)
• Clipboard
• Worksheet

Summary of methods to collect digital inverse levelling of bridge measurements:

The digital theodolite was initially fastened to the tripod with the baseplate screw in order
to correctly reference the benchmark point. The digital theodolite is then levelled using the
tripod's legs, which can be extended and fixed in place for large level adjustments. The built-
in electronic level was adjusted using the three adjustment screws found at the base of the
digital theodolite. After the digital theodolite was set up, a person positioned at the
benchmark maintained the levelling staff on the benchmark and guaranteed that it was level
during the reading by making sure the bubble was always in the centre.

After the benchmark was noted in the booking sheet, the levelling staff member proceeded
to the first inverted level reading, which was also the backsight on the base of the buildings
outside ceiling edge. We took the backsight first, then successively took intersight along the

12
 ceiling's edge till we reached the foresight. We travelled all the way to the benchmark, took
the last reading at the foresight, and then headed home. The height difference and other
error calculation techniques were then used to calculate the data obtained from the
readings and examine it for accuracy.

Key factors that can result to errors and how to avoid them:
There are some things that could cause mistakes, like the theodolite or levelling staff not
being level, which could result in measurements being taken incorrectly, known as a
collimation error. Additionally, the focus itself may result in incorrect readings. Finally, if we
misread the dimensions, it might interfere with our ambitions to build on this location in the
future. To reduce these errors, we would get group members to double check the levelling
of the equipment and get second opinions measurement readings.

Reduced level spreadsheet using Height of Collimation (HoC):

The height of the horizontal plane as seen through the telescope is known as height of
collimation. The tripod setup needs to be raised to see the staff on the BM. The staff reading
would be added to the benchmark level to determine the Height of Collimation (UHI, no
date).
Height of Collimation = BM + Staff reading

Since the survey station is below the horizontal plane as seen through the telescope,
subtracting the staff reading from the height of collimation to determines the reduced level
(UHI, no date).

Reduced level = Height of Collimation - Staff reading

Where did you get BM's RL of
31.517? The RL of BM of the site
that you surveyed is less than 4m.
Height of collimation of control point:
Backsight (BS) Intersight (IS) Foresight (FS) Height of Collimation (HoC) Reduced levels Remarks
1.389 32.906 31.517 BM
1.855 31.051 STN1
1.665 31.241 STN2
1.409 1.646 32.669 31.260 CP1
1.450 31.219 STN3
1.419 31.250 STN4
1.367 1.415 32.621 31.254 CP2
1.326 31.295 STN5
1.410 31.211 STN6
1.482 1.467 32.636 31.154 CP3

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 1.512 31.124 STN7
1.586 1.398 32.824 31.238 CP4
1.466 31.258 STN8
1.431 1.501 32.754 31.323 CP5
1.478 31.276 STN9
1.148 1.524 32.378 31.230 CP6
1.245 31.133 STN10
0.832 31.546 O.B.M

∑BS = ∑FS =
9.812 9.783 33.467 – 31.517

∑BS - ∑FS = 0.029 0.029

Comments on result:
• ∑BS - ∑FS = Last RL – First RL is 0.029m.
• The closing error limit is ± 5√ n mm.
• 29mm > 13.23mm Your misclosure error is unacceptable.

Height of collimation of manholes:

Backsight (BS) Intersight (IS) Foresight (FS) Height of collimation (HoC) Reduced levels Remarks
0.953 4.724 3.771 BM
1.555 3.169 STN1
1.549 3.175 STN2
1.538 3.186 STN 3
1.509 1.32 4.913 3.404 CP1
1.488 3.425 STN4
1.506 3.407 STN5
1.480 3.433 STN6
1.124 1.565 4.472 3.348 CP2
1.486 2.986 STN7
1.465 3.007 STN8
1.469 3.003 STN9
1.406 1.462 4.416 3.010 CP3
1.408 3.008 STN10
1.333 3.083 STN11
1.323 3.093 STN12
1.355 1.618 4.153 2.798 CP4
1.332 2.821 STN13
1.124 1.346 3.931 2.807 CP5
1.269 2.662 STN14
0.899 3.032 It is not clear if
your measured
back to the BM
BS = FS =
7.471 8.21
BS - FS = ∑RL =
0.739 0.739

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 Comments on result:
• ∑BS - ∑FS = Last RL – First RL is 0.739m.
• The closing error limit is ± 5√ n mm.
• 739mm > 12.25mm Your misclosure error is unacceptable.

Height of collimation of bridge levels:

Backsight (BS) Intersight (IS) Foresight (FS) Height of Collimation (HoC) Reduced Levels Remark
9.07 12.841 3.771 BM
-3.26 16.101 STN1
-3.268 16.109 STN2
-3.301 16.142 STN3
-3.25 -3.24 12.831 16.081 CP1
-3.868 16.699 STN4
-3.834 16.665 STN5
-3.776 16.607 STN6
-3.854 -3.823 12.8 16.654 CP2
-3.857 16.657 STN7
-3.849 16.649 STN8
-3.858 16.658 STN9
1.536 1.447 12.889 11.353 CP3
-3.819 16.708 STN10
-3.241 -3.295 12.943 16.184 CP4
-3.286 16.229 STN11
9.18 3.763 STN12

ΣBS ΣFS
0.261 0.269

ΣBS – ΣFS = =
0.008 0.008
You need to distribute the error to
Comments on result:
adjust the RLs.
• ∑BS - ∑FS = Last RL – First RL is 0.008m.
• The closing error limit is ± 5√ n mm.
• 8mm < 11.18mm

Height of collimation of digital bridge levels:

Backsight (BS) Intersight (IS) Foresight (FS) Height of Collimation (HoC) Reduced Levels Remarks
9.0701 12.8411 3.771 BM
-3.1512 15.9923 STN1
-3.2536 16.0947 STN2
-3.3162 16.1573 STN3
-3.2518 -3.0421 12.6314 15.8832 CP1
-3.8487 16.4801 STN4

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 -3.8513 16.4827 STN5
-3.7661 16.3975 STN6
-3.8143 -3.8081 12.6252 16.4395 CP2
-3.8601 16.4853 STN7
-3.8685 16.4937 STN8
-3.8383 16.4635 STN9
1.6286 1.447 12.8068 11.1782 CP3
-3.8172 16.624 STN10
-3.2389 -3.2874 12.8553 16.0942 CP4
-3.2954 16.1507 STN11
9.0852 3.7701 BM

ΣBS = ΣFS =
0.3937 0.3946

ΣBS – ΣFS = =
0.0009 0.0009
Comments on result:
• ∑BS - ∑FS = Last RL – First RL is 0.009m.
• The closing error limit is ± 5√ n mm.
• 9mm < 11.18mm

Reduced level spreadsheet using Rise and Fall:

The rise and fall method is used to determine “the difference of elevation between
consecutive points by comparing each point after the first that immediately preceding it.
The difference between there staff reading indicates a rise fall according to the staff reading
at the point” (Mahavidyalaya, no date).

The reduced level is then determined by adding the rise to or taking away the fall from the
previous point's reduced level.

∑ BS - ∑ FS = Level of last station – Level of first station

Rise and fall of control points:

Backsight (BS) Intersight (IS) Foresight (FS) Rise Fall Reduced levels Remarks
1.389 31.517 BM
1.855 0.466 31.051 STN1
1.665 0.190 31.241 STN2
1.409 1.646 0.019 31.260 CP1
1.450 0.041 31.219 STN3
1.419 0.031 31.250 STN4
1.367 1.415 0.004 31.254 CP2
1.326 0.041 31.295 STN5

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 1.410 0.084 31.211 STN6
1.482 1.467 0.057 31.154 CP3
1.512 0.030 31.124 STN7
1.586 1.398 0.114 31.238 CP4
1.466 0.120 31.258 STN8
1.431 1.501 0.035 31.323 CP5
1.478 0.047 31.276 STN9
1.148 1.524 0.046 31.230 CP6
1.245 0.097 31.133 STN10
0.832 0.413 31.546 O.B.M

∑BS = ∑FS = ∑Rise = ∑Fall =

9.812 9.783 0.932 0.903

∑BS - ∑FS = ∑Rise - ∑Fall =

0.029 0.029
Comments on result:
• ∑BS - ∑FS = ∑Rise - ∑Fall = Last RL – First RL is 0.029m.
• The closing error limit is ± 5√ n mm.
• 29mm < 13.23mm

Rise and fall of manholes:

Backsight (BS) Intersight (IS) Foresight (FS) Rise Fall Reduced Levels Remarks
0.953 3.771 BM
1.555 3.169 STN1
1.549 0.602 3.175 STN2
1.538 0.006 3.186 STN3
1.509 1.32 0.011 3.404 CP1
1.488 0.218 3.425 STN4
1.506 0.021 3.407 STN5
1.480 0.018 3.433 STN6
1.124 1.565 0.026 3.348 CP2
1.486 0.085 2.986 STN7
1.333 0.362 3.007 STN8
1.323 0.021 3.003 STN9
1.406 1.462 0.004 3.010 CP3
1.408 0.007 3.008 STN10
1.333 0.002 3.083 STN11
1.323 0.075 3.093 STN12
1.355 1.618 0.010 2.798 CP4
1.332 0.295 2.821 STN13
1.124 1.346 0.023 2.807 CP5
1.269 0.014 2.662 STN14
0.899 0.145 3.032 O.B.M
0.37
BS = FS =

17
 7.471 8.21 Rise = 0.788 Fall = 1.527

BS - FS = Rise - Fall =

0.739 0.739
Comments on result:
• ∑BS - ∑FS = ∑Rise - ∑Fall = Last RL – First RL is 0.739m.
• The closing error limit is ± 5√ n mm.
• 739mm > 12.25mm

Rise and fall of bridge levels:

Backsight (BS) Intersight (IS) Foresight (FS) Rise Fall Reduced Level Remark
(ADJ)
9.07 3.771 BM
-3.26 12.33 16.1 STN1
-3.268 0.008 16.108 STN2
-3.301 0.033 16.141 STN3
-3.25 -3.24 0.061 16.08 CP1
-3.868 0.618 16.696 STN4
-3.834 0.034 16.662 STN5
-3.776 0.058 16.604 STN6
-3.854 -3.823 0.047 16.651 CP2
-3.857 0.003 16.651 STN7
-3.849 0.008 16.659 STN8
-3.858 0.009 16.668 STN9
1.536 1.447 5.305 11.363 CP3
-3.819 5.355 16.716 STN10
-3.241 -3.295 0.524 16.192 CP4
-3.286 0.045 16.236 STN11
9.18 12.466 3.771 BM

∑BS = ∑FS = ∑Rise = ∑Fall =

0.261 0.269 18.448 18.456

∑BS -∑FS = ∑Rise - ∑Fall =

0.008 0.008
Comments on result:
• ∑BS - ∑FS = ∑Rise - ∑Fall = Last RL – First RL is 0.008m.
• The closing error limit is ± 5√ n mm.
• 8mm < 11.18mm

18
 Rise and fall of digital bridge levels:
Backsight (BS) Intersight (IS) Foresight (FS) Rise Fall Reduced Level Remark
(ADJ)
9.0701 3.771 BM
-3.1512 12.2213 15.9913 STN1
-3.2536 0.1024 16.0937 STN2
-3.3162 0.0626 16.1563 STN3
-3.2518 -3.0421 0.2741 15.8822 CP1
-3.8487 0.5969 16.4771 STN4
-3.8513 -0.0026 16.4797 STN5
-3.7661 0.0852 16.3945 STN6
-3.8143 -3.8081 0.042 16.4365 CP2
-3.8601 0.0458 16.4793 STN7
-3.8685 -0.0084 16.4709 STN8
-3.8383 -0.0302 16.4407 STN9
1.6286 1.447 5.2853 11.1554 CP3
-3.8172 5.4458 16.5992 STN10
-3.2389 -3.2874 0.5298 16.0694 CP4
-3.2954 0.0565 16.1249 STN11
9.0852 12.3806 3.771 BM

ΣBS = ΣFS = ΣRise = ΣFall =

0.3937 0.3946 18.5431 18.544

ΣBS – ΣFS = ΣRise – ΣFall =

0.0009 0.0009
Comments on result:
• ∑BS - ∑FS = ∑Rise - ∑Fall = Last RL – First RL is 0.009m.
• The closing error limit is ± 5√ n mm.
• 9mm < 11.18mm

Two peg test:

The two-peg test should be carried out when using a different level for the first time and at
regular intervals. Carrying out two peg tests and obtaining readings is effective in reducing
the collimation error, which is present in most levels because most levels are not in perfect
adjustment or horizontal readings have not been taken after it has been set up accurately
due to bumps within the surfaces of sites (Uren and Price, 2010, p.42). It is essential to carry
out the two-peg test to ensure the collimation error is within its acceptable limits (Uren and
Price, 2010, p.53) to obtain more accurate readings and results.

19
Equipment:
• Reel tape measure (Figure 1)
• Tripod (Figure 3)
• Dumpy level (Figure 4)
• Levelling staff (Figure 6)
• Clipboard
• Worksheet

Summary of method for two peg test:

A 50-meter measuring tape was extended. At 25 metres, a tripod was set up, and the rickety
level was placed on it. after making sure the tripod's baseplate was screwed to the dumpy
level. To ensure that the tripod is parallel to the ground, any important adjustments are
made using the tripod's legs. After the baseplate is parallel to the ground, use the three foot
screws on the dumpy level to make any necessary adjustments to make sure the bubble
level is centred. The tripod was set up on the levelling rod at positions A and B. The tripod
was then moved outside of the measuring apparatus to get the reading on the staff. This
creates an error in collimation.

Two peg test calculations:

• Point A = 1.568. Point A1 = 1.431
• Point B = 1.513. Point B1 = 1.378

- Point B – Point B1 = 1.513 – 1.378 = 0.135

- Point A – Point A1 = 1.568 – 1.431 = 0.137

0.137 – 0.135 =0.002

Acceptable amount of difference is 3mm and we got 2mm of difference.

50 metre service:
In order to have accurate readings for levelling, drains must be taken into consideration and
must be individually levelled out in order to obtain allowable values of superelevation to
ensure that water can drain from the road surface (Uren and Price, 2010, p.631) to prevent
any floodings and other damages that may occur on the properties of local residents. In
order to carry out drain levelling, the readings obtained from a two-peg test carried out on

20
 an automatic level with a staff placed on two pegs, A and B, which are 50 meters apart
(Uren and Price, 2010, p.44).

Equipment:
• Reel tape measure (Figure 1)
• Tripod (Figure 3)
• Dumpy level (Figure 4)
• Levelling staff (Figure 6)
• Clipboard
• Worksheet

Summary of method for 50 metre service:

On the surveying site, we picked a control point, and we used it as the benchmark and setup
point for the 50 metre service run. The tripod was put up alongside the dumpy level and
levelled. The 50 metre tape measure was then set down along the surveying site after the
levelling crew had been modified to the proper height configuration.

The method utilised for the 50 metre service run entails taking a reading every 5 metres
along the tape measure and another reading anytime there is a nearby service along the
tape measure. After ensuring that everything was in its proper place and was properly
configured, we began taking measurements every 5 metres and at any service we came
across, such as a manhole. We relocated the tripod and the dumpy level to the opposite end
of the tape measure after taking the final reading at 50 metres and repeated the same
process.

The service run was performed at the opposite end of the first setup point since the
measurements are taken twice to attain a higher degree of precision (Uren and Price, 2010).

Height of collimation of drains:

Backsight (BS) Intersight (IS) Foresight (FS) Height of Collimation (HoC) Reduced Levels Remark
0.823 4.594 3.771 BM
1.423 3.171 0m
1.454 3.14 5m
1.412 3.182 10m
1.345 3.249 15m
1.468 3.126 20m
1.412 1.398 4.608 3.196 25m

21
 1.301 3.307 30m
1.301 3.307 35m
1.289 3.319 40m
1.367 3.241 45m
1.314 3.294 50m
1.426 1.406 4.628 3.202 CP1
1.372 1.351 4.649 3.277 CP2
0.871 3.778 BM

∑BS = ∑FS =
5.033 5.026

∑BS - ∑FS = =
0.007 0.007
Comment on results:
• ∑BS - ∑FS = Last RL – First RL is 0.009m.
• The closing error limit is ± 5√ n mm.
• 7mm < 10mm You need to distribute the error to adjust the RLs.

Drain profile levels and drawing:

Ch (m) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
G.L (m) 3.171 3.14 3.182 3.249 3.126 3.196 3.307 3.307 3.319 3.241 3.294
I.L (m) 2.171 2.138 2.105 2.072 2.039 2.006 1.973 1.94 1.907 1.874 1.841
D (m) 1 1.002 1.077 1.177 1.087 1.19 1.334 1.367 1.412 1.367 1.453
C.S 0.8 0.8016 0.8616 0.9416 0.8696 0.952 1.0672 1.0936 1.1296 1.0936 1.1624

Drain profile
3.5

2.5
Drain - 1:150
Level (m)

1.5 Ground Level

Invert Level
1

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Chainage (m)

- Trench Depth = 0.80m

22
- Depth = G.L – I.L
- C.S (Area) = Depth x Width
Earthwork calculation:

Gradient of drain = ∆y/∆x Volume of soil for the trench is

calculated by using the trapezoidal
= (2.171 – 2.138)/5
rule:
= 0.0066
V = d(0.5(First C.S + Last C.S) + Sum of
= 1/150 all remaining C.S

Invert level will drop by 1cm per 1.5 V = 3.3(0.5(0.8 + 1.1624) + 0.8016 +
metre or 3.3cm per 5 metre. 0.8016 + 0.9416 + 0.8696 + 0.952 +
1.0672 + 1.0936 + 1.1296 + 1.0936)
Value of d = 3.3 = 32.11m3

Overall errors for levelling:

Potential error could have risen from the levelling staff and the theodolite. Errors caused
from incorrect levelling due to the levelling staff not being perfectly perpendicular to the
site may have led to the levelling staff to be read from different angles, resulting in incorrect
readings for levelling. To overcome this error, we would ensure that a spirit level bubble is
attached to the levelling staff to ensure that the staff is held upright perfectly straight.

Also, the readings made from the theodolite may have been incorrect as the theodolite may
have been moved from its fixed point, again, leading to incorrect readings which were used
in our final calculations and sketches. To prevent this error from occurring again, we would
ensure that the theodolite is not moved from its fixed position and is read multiple times
and an average is calculated.

If the lens is not properly focused, parallax mistake could arise because we would not be
able to see the centre clearly. In order to take accurate readings, we must first make sure
the lens is focused.

These are some of the errors which occurred during our survey. These errors would lead to
inaccurate calculations as well as sketches, providing a false interpretation of our site which
may have a conflicting impact on future construction plans on our site.

23
Angular measurements:
Angular measurements is important in surveying of a designated area, as it involves
requiring “measurement of angles of tapers or another surface that are similar to tapers”
(Anon, no date). In surveying, it is necessary to be aware of the angles in the designated
area and see if it adds up to the appropriate total angle. This would involve measuring the
horizontal angles for each control point, which will also help determine bearings and
coordinates of the control points.

Equipment:
• Reel tape measure (Figure 1)
• Tripod (Figure 3)
• Theodolite (Figure 5)
• Nail
• Prism (Figure 7)
• Clipboard
• Worksheet

Summary of method to collect traverse angles:

We began by mounting the electronic theodolite on the tripod at station A, the starting
point, and then levelled it using the bubble level and the built-in electronic level to ensure
that we were within the allowed error limit. The electronic theodolite was focused using the
focusing screw to make sure the crosshairs were placed correctly for accurate
measurements.

Point D served as the starting point for the recording, thus after being levelled and aligned,
the electronic theodolite was pointed in that direction and zeroed. At station D, a person
held a nail in the exact location of the station, and the reading was taken at the very base of
the station, minimising errors from a levelling staff where it may move and not be held
straight during the recording.

After the face-left reading at station D, the electronic theodolite was rotated towards
station B, where a reading was also taken. The booking page also noted the angle in
degrees, minutes, and seconds along with this reading. After getting a reading at station B,

24
 the electronic theodolite was turned to face right to get a reading at station B that gave the
same angle as the initial reading plus an additional 180 degrees.

After a reading at station D was obtained on the face-right of the electronic theodolite, the
results for the two stations were then calculated. The electronic theodolite was set up in a
similar fashion on the remaining stations B, C, and D.

Traverse measurements and Adjusted angles:

INST Tg Face Left Face Right Angle Mean Angle Correction Adjusted Angle
ST ST ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ “ ° ‘ “
A D 0 0 0 180 1 3 124 26 59 124 26.5 31 -5 124 26 56
B 124 26 59 304 28 6 124 27 3
B A 0 0 0 180 0 6 82 50 8 82 50 13 -5 82 50 8
C 82 50 8 262 50 24 82 50 18
C B 0 0 0 180 3 32 91 16 23 91 15 28 -5 91 15 23
D 91 16 23 271 17 5 91 14 33
D C 0 0 0 180 0 2 61 27 25 61 27 38 -5 61 27 33
A 61 27 25 241 27 43 61 27 51
sum 360 0 20 20 360 0 0
traverse closing correction error =
20/4 = -5”

Potential errors for traverse measurements:

There are some factors that could cause some errors and inaccurate readings. Firstly, the
electric theodolite may not be directly level or perpendicular with the ground therefore
giving wrong measurements. As well as this, we may not be measuring directly upon the
points which could a smaller or larger angle then we should be shown.

A parallax error could occur if the lens is not properly focused since we would not be able to
clearly view the centre. We need to make sure the lens is focused before we can obtain
accurate measurements.

25
 Calculations of bearings:

FB BC 82°50’08” FB DA 235°33’04”
+ 180°00’00” + 180°00’00”

BB CB 262°50’08” 415°33’04”
+ 91°15’23” - 360°00’00”

FB CD 354°05’31” BB AD 55°33’40”
+ 180°00’00” + 124°26’56”

534°05’31” FB AB 180°00’00”
- 360°00’00” + 180°00’00”

BB DC 174°05’31” 360°00’00”
+ 61°27’33” BB BA 00°00’00”

Calculations of coordinates:
Coordinates of A is (500,1000)

Easting = 500m and Northing = 1000m

d = horizontal distance (m) and ∆ = difference (m)

Equations: ∆EAB = the easting difference between A to B

Easting: EB = EA + ∆EAB = EA + dAB × sinθAB ∆NAB = the northing difference between A to B
Northing: NB = NA + ∆NAB = NA + dAB × cosθAB dAB = horizontal distance from A to B
(Uren and Price, 2010, p.186) θAB = the whole-circle bearing from A to B

26
∆ in Easting between A and B = d x sin (bearing AB)
= 9.54 x sin (180°00’00”)
= 0m
∆ in Northing between A and B = d x cos (bearing AB)
= 9.54 x cos (180°00’00”)
= - 9.54m
Easting B = Easting A + ∆ Easting
= 500 + 0
= 500m
Northing B = Northing A + ∆ Northing
= 1000 – 9.54
= 990.46m

∆ in Easting between B and C = d x sin (bearing BC)

= 11.87 x sin (82°50’08”)
= 11.78m
∆ in Northing between B and C = d x cos (bearing BC)
= 11.87 x cos (82°50’08”)
= 1.48m
Easting C = Easting B + ∆ Easting
= 500 + 11.78
= 511.78m
Northing C = Northing B + ∆ Northing
= 990.46 + 1.48
= 991.94m

27
∆ in Easting between C and D = d x sin (bearing CD)
= 11.34 x sin (354°05’31”)
= - 1.17m
∆ in Northing between C and D = d x cos (bearing CD)
= 11.34 x cos (354°05’31”)
= 11.28m
Easting D = Easting C + ∆ Easting
= 511.78 – 1.17
= 510.61m
Northing D = Northing C + ∆ Northing
= 991.94 + 11.28
= 1003.22m

∆ in Easting between D and A = d x sin (bearing DA)

= 12.25 x sin (235°33’04”)
= -10.10m
∆ in Northing between D and A = d x cos (bearing DA)
= 12.25 x cos (235°33’04”)
= -6.93m
Easting A = Easting D + ∆ Easting
= 510.61 – 10.1
= 500.51m
Northing A = Northing D + ∆ Northing
= 1003.22 - 6.93
= 996.29m

28
 Summary of angles, bearings and coordinates:

Line Horizontal Internal Angle Mean Angle Adjusted Bearings (FB) Easting (m) Northing (m)
Distance (m) (measured) Angles
AB 9.54 A 124°26.5’31” 124°26’56” 180°00’00” 500 1000
BC 11.87 B 82°50’13” 82°50’08” 82°50’08” 500 990.46
CD 11.34 C 91°15’28” 91°15’23” 354°05’31” 511.78 991.94
DA 12.25 D 61°27’38” 61°27’33” 235°33’04” 510.61 1003.22
Sum 360°00’20” 360°00’00”

Forward Bearing (FB) and Coordinates on designated area:

(510.61,1003.22)

(500,1000)

(511.78,991.94)

(500,990.46)

Setting Out/Positioning:
Setting out is crucial in surveying, as it is the ability to transfer “the building design onto the
land itself so that the workers can follow it during construction” (Hinds, 2022). Setting out
allows engineers to have a graphical and systematic plan/view of the project, which can
reduce any errors from occurring on site during construction. Setting out can help engineers
to figure out distance, bearings, coordinates and angles of components from a fixed station.

Equipment:
• Reel tape measure (Figure 1)
• Tripod (Figure 3)

29
• Theodolite (Figure 5)
• Prism (Figure 7)

Summary of method to collect setting out data:

With setting out there are various things you will have to do to make sure that you receive
accurate measurements.

1. First you will need to set up the tripod by extending the legs and positioning until its
level.
2. We then mount the electronic theodolite on the tripod by placing onto of the tripod and
tightening it by screwing it in at the bottom of the tripod.
3. The next step is to adjust the legs of the tripod and the theodolite until the level bubble
is in the centre of the circle.
4. The next step we then measure a control point to use as a base point. We do this by
using something to put on the control point and then measure it with the electronic
theodolite.
5. We then use the prism stick to plot our first point. We do this by placing the prism stick
on a chosen point and we use the electronic theodolite to measure angle from the base
point to our chosen point. We repeat this process eleven more times with eleven
different points.

Setting out results:

Easting Northing Elevation Stations
A 500 1000 4 CP
1 500.645 1001.244 3.956 cnr bench
2 500.953 1003.735 3.942 cnr bench 2
3 506.254 1004.896 3.941 cnr bench 3
4 508.325 1007.285 3.963 cnr bench 4
5 506.127 1007.536 3.952 cnr bench 5
6 507.988 1009.673 3.968 cnr bench 6
7 505.867 1011.894 3.958 cnr bench 7
8 505.866 1011.891 3.958 cnr bench 8
9 500.689 1008.283 3.937 cnr bench 9
10 500.095 1010.581 3.952 cnr bench 10
11 506.915 1011.349 3.980 cnr bench 11
12 508.778 1011.522 3.986 cnr bench 12
s1 500.637 1001.227 3.961 1
s2 500.950 1003.727 3.925 2
s3 506.246 1004.890 3.949 3
s4 508.455 1007.398 3.916 4

30
 s5 506.140 1007.552 3.956 5
s6 507.978 1009.662 3.935 6
s7 505.860 1011.880 3.929 7
s8 505.861 1011.882 3.929 8
s9 500.688 1008.269 3.967 9
s10 500.095 1010.582 2.949 10
s11 506.909 1011.339 3.929 11
s12 508.771 1011.513 3.920 12
You have presented only the setting out result. You also need to present the positioning (the first set) data.
Setting out sketch:

You need to write the scale of your drawing and show

the North direction

Potential errors for setting out data:

There are some potential errors that could stray us away from accurate results. One
potential error is the fact the prism stick would not be directly level with the point meaning
the measurement received from the electronic theodolite would be inaccurate. Another
potential error would be that the prism stick could be shaking a little bit causing it to give an
inaccurate reading.

31
If the lens is not properly focused, a parallax error can happen since we wouldn't be able to
see the centre clearly. Before taking precise measurements, we must ensure that the lens is
focused.

Setting out data – Distances and bearings:

To calculate the distance, we use the Pythagoras theorem: a2 + b2 = c2

Re-arranged to c = √a2 + b2

• c = distance between CP and STN

• a = easting
• b = northing

Assuming that the area is a perfect rectangle, using

trigonometry:
Bearing of CP-STN (x) = tan-1 (O/A)

• O = a = easting
• A = b = northing

Distance (CP-STN1) = √(500.645 – 500)² + (1001.244 – 1000)²

=√0.645² + 1.244²
= 1.401m
Bearing (CP-STN1) = tan⁻1(0.645/1.244)
= 27.41
= 27°24’36”

Distance (CP-STN2) = √(500.953 – 500)² + (1003.735 – 1000)²

=√0.953² + 3.735²
= 3.855m
Bearing (CP-STN2) = tan⁻1(0.953/3.735)
= 14.31
= 14°18’36”

32
Distance (CP-STN3) = √(506.254 – 500)² + (1004.896 – 1000)²
=√6.254² + 4.896²
= 7.943m
Bearing (CP-STN3) = tan⁻1(6.254/4.896)
= 51.94
= 51°56’24”

Distance (CP-STN4) = √(508.325 – 500)² + (1007.285 – 1000)²

=√8.325² + 7.285²
= 11.062m
Bearing (CP-STN4) = tan⁻1(8.325/7.285)
= 48.81
= 48°48’36”

Distance (CP-STN5) = √(506.127 – 500)² + (1007.536 – 1000)²

=√6.127² + 7.536²
= 9.712m
Bearing (CP-STN5) = tan⁻1(6.127/7.536)
= 39.11
= 39°06’36”

Distance (CP-STN6) = √(507.988 – 500)² + (1009.673 – 1000)²

=√7.988² + 9.673²
= 12.545m
Bearing (CP-STN6) = tan⁻1(7.988/9.673)
= 39.55
= 39°33’00”

33
Distance (CP-STN7) = √(505.867 – 500)² + (1011.894 – 1000)²
=√5.867² + 11.894²
= 13.262m
Bearing (CP-STN7) = tan⁻1(5.867/11.894)
= 26.26
= 26°15’36”

Distance (CP-STN8) = √(505.866 – 500)² + (1011.891 – 1000)²

=√5.866² + 11.891²
= 13.259m
Bearing (CP-STN8) = tan⁻1(5.866/11.891)
= 26.26
= 26°15’36”

Distance (CP-STN9) = √(500.689 – 500)² + (1008.283 – 1000)²

=√0.689² + 8.283²
= 8.312m
Bearing (CP-STN9) = tan⁻1(0.689/8.283)
= 4.76
= 04°45’36”

Distance (CP-STN10) = √(500.095 – 500)² + (1010.581 – 1000)²

=√0.095² + 10.581²
= 10.581m
Bearing (CP-STN10) = tan⁻1(0.095/10.581)
= 0.51
= 00°30’36”

34
 Distance (CP-STN11) = √(506.915 – 500)² + (1011.349 – 1000)²
=√6.915² + 11.349²
= 13.289m
Bearing (CP-STN11) = tan⁻1(6.915/11.349)
= 31.35
= 31°21’00”

Distance (CP-STN12) = √(508.778 – 500)² + (1011.522 – 1000)²

=√8.778² + 11.522²
= 11.062m
Bearing (CP-STN12) = tan⁻1(8.778/11.522)
= 37.30
= 37°18’00”

Setting out data – Angles:

To calculate the angle of a setting out station of choice, the

following are required:

• Bearing of CP-BS
• Bearing of CP-STN
Angle (BS-CP-STN) = Bearing (CP-STN) – Bearing (CP-BS)

Distance (CP – STN1) = 1.401m

Angle (10 – CP – STN1) = Bearing (CP – STN1) – (Bearing (CP – STN10)
= 27°24’36” - 00°30’36”
= 26°54’00”

35
Distance (CP – STN2) = 3.855m
Angle (10 – CP – STN2) = Bearing (CP – STN2) – (Bearing (CP – STN10)
= 14°18’36” - 00°30’36”
= 13°48’00”

Distance (CP – STN3) = 7.943m

Angle (10 – CP – STN3) = Bearing (CP – STN3) – (Bearing (CP – STN10)
= 51°56’24” - 00°30’36”
= 51°25’48”

Distance (CP – STN4) = 11.062m

Angle (10 – CP – STN4) = Bearing (CP – STN4) – (Bearing (CP – STN10)
= 48°48’24” - 00°30’36”
= 48°18’00”

Distance (CP – STN5) = 9.712m

Angle (10 – CP – STN5) = Bearing (CP – STN5) – (Bearing (CP – STN10)
= 39°06’36” - 00°30’36”
= 38°36’00”

Distance (CP – STN6) = 12.545m

Angle (10 – CP – STN6) = Bearing (CP – STN6) – (Bearing (CP – STN10)
= 39°33’00” - 00°30’36”
= 39°02’24”

Distance (CP – STN7) = 13.262m

Angle (10 – CP – STN7) = Bearing (CP – STN7) – (Bearing (CP – STN10)
= 26°15’36” - 00°30’36”
= 25°45’00”

36
 Distance (CP – STN8) = 13.259m
Angle (10 – CP – STN8) = Bearing (CP – STN8) – (Bearing (CP – STN10)
= 56°15’36” - 00°30’36”
= 25°45’00”

Distance (CP – STN9) = 8.312m

Angle (10 – CP – STN9) = Bearing (CP – STN9) – (Bearing (CP – STN10)
= 04°45’36” - 00°30’36”
= 04°15’00”

Distance (CP – STN11) = 13.289m

Angle (10 – CP – STN11) = Bearing (CP – STN11) – (Bearing (CP – STN10)
= 31°21’00” - 00°30’36”
= 30°50’24”

Distance (CP – STN12) = 14.484m

Angle (10 – CP – STN12) = Bearing (CP – STN12) – (Bearing (CP – STN10)
= 37°18’00” - 00°30’36”
= 36°47’24”

Scaled drawing of setting out:

Below is a scaled set out of the 12 stations in our designated area. They were plotted on
AutoCAD using the results of the easting and northing, collected from the theodolite.

37
38
Scaled drawing of setting out with annotations:

39
Accuracy of setting out:
500.000m Easting Coordinates:

Stations Stake out Setting Out Difference

STN1 500.645 500.637 0.008 Summary of results:
STN2 500.953 500.950 0.003
STN3 506.254 506.246 0.008 Overall, the setting out
STN4 508.325 508.455 0.130 of the stake outs was
STN5 506.127 506.140 0.013 close to the original
STN6 507.988 507.978 0.010
coordinates. The
STN7 505.867 505.860 0.007
differences ranged from
STN8 505.866 505.861 0.005
STN9 500.689 500.688 0.001 0.001m – 0.013m and
STN10 500.095 500.095 0.000 with STN10 being
STN11 506.915 506.909 0.006 accurate.
STN12 508.778 508.771 0.007

1000.000m Northing Coordinates:

Stations Stake out Setting Out Difference

STN1 1001.244 1001.227 0.017
Summary of results:
STN2 1003.735 1003.727 0.008
STN3 1004.896 1004.890 0.006 Overall, the setting out
STN4 1007.285 1007.398 0.113 of the stake outs was
STN5 1007.536 1007.552 0.016 close to the original
STN6 1009.673 1009.662 0.011
coordinates. The
STN7 1011.894 1011.880 0.014
STN8 1011.891 1011.882 0.009 differences ranged from
STN9 1008.283 1008.269 0.014 0.001m – 0.017m and
STN10 1010.581 1010.582 0.001 with STN10 being the
STN11 1011.349 1011.339 0.010 closest.
STN12 1011.522 1011.513 0.009

Error in results:
An error was discovered within the results. This was with the coordinates of STN7 and STN8
being extremely similar:

• difference of 0.001m Easting and 0.003m Northing for setting out

• difference of 0.001m Easting and 0.002m Northing for stake out.

This could be due to the stations being close to each other.

40
 Dairy of work:
DATE: 29/09/2022

Name: Student ID: Attendance:

1) Khan, Shoaib 4116865 No
2) Wahiduzzaman, Silvi 4106772 Yes
3) Rahman, Sayedur 4115467 Yes
4) Gul, Tekin 4114183 Yes
5) Baker, Seevan 4118043 Yes
6) Naseem, Subtain 4108239 No
7) Patil, Shreyas 4127229 No
8) Hasan, Abdirizak Shafi 4016235 No
9) Gurjinder Singh 4126406 No
SUMMARY:

On the first day of this project, we started by measuring out the area to which we were
assigned. We had Sayedur and Seevan hold the tapes from either side while Silvi would read
the measurement and Tekin would draw and annotate the area with the measurement
which we got.

DATE: 06/10/2022

Name: Student ID: Attendance:

1) Khan, Shoaib 4116865 Yes
2) Wahiduzzaman, Silvi 4106772 Yes
3) Rahman, Sayedur 4115467 Yes
4) Gul, Tekin 4114183 Yes
5) Baker, Seevan 4118043 Yes
6) Naseem, Subtain 4108239 No
7) Patil, Shreyas 4127229 Yes
8) Hasan, Abdirizak Shafi 4016235 No
9) Gurjinder Singh 4126406 No
SUMMARY:

In the second session, we started offsetting side AD we had Sayedur and Shreyas holding the
tape to form the side CD and we had Shoaib and Silvi holding the second tape to the
components that we were offsetting while Seevan was reading the measurements to Tekin
who would draw them out with annotations. We then started measuring the dimensions of
the components we were offsetting.

DATE: 13/10/2022

41
 Name: Student ID: Attendance:
1) Khan, Shoaib 4116865 Yes
2) Wahiduzzaman, Silvi 4106772 Yes
3) Rahman, Sayedur 4115467 Yes
4) Gul, Tekin 4114183 Yes
5) Baker, Seevan 4118043 Yes
6) Naseem, Subtain 4108239 No
7) Patil, Shreyas 4127229 Yes
8) Hasan, Abdirizak Shafi 4016235 No
9) Gurjinder Singh 4126406 No
SUMMARY:

The third session, we started offsetting side AB. We had Silvi and Tekin reading the
measurements and drawing the offset, Shreyas and Seevan holding the tapes from point A
to point B and Sayedur and Shoaib holding the tape from the original line to the
components we were offsetting in that area.

DATE: 20/10/2022
Name: Student ID: Attendance:
1) Khan, Shoaib 4116865 Yes
2) Wahiduzzaman, Silvi 4106772 Yes
3) Rahman, Sayedur 4115467 Yes
4) Gul, Tekin 4114183 Yes
5) Baker, Seevan 4118043 Yes
6) Naseem, Subtain 4108239 Yes
7) Patil, Shreyas 4127229 Yes
8) Hasan, Abdirizak Shafi 4016235 No
9) Gurjinder Singh 4126406 No
SUMMARY:

In the fourth session our group were learning how to set up the dumpy level on the tripod
and how to use the levelling staff and dumpy level to find the levelling measurements of
some given control points.

DATE: 03/11/2022
Name: Student ID: Attendance:
1) Khan, Shoaib 4116865 Yes
2) Wahiduzzaman, Silvi 4106772 Yes
3) Rahman, Sayedur 4115467 Yes
4) Gul, Tekin 4114183 Yes
5) Baker, Seevan 4118043 Yes

42
6) Naseem, Subtain 4108239 Yes
7) Patil, Shreyas 4127229 Yes
8) Hasan, Abdirizak Shafi 4016235 No
9) Gurjinder Singh 4126406 No
SUMMARY:

In the fifth session, we started to do levelling of control points in Kell Street using the
levelling staff and the dumpy level. We started by measuring a benchmark then we had then
we had to measure a backsight, some intersight and a foresight.

DATE: 10/11/2022
Name: Student ID: Attendance:
1) Khan, Shoaib 4116865 No
2) Wahiduzzaman, Silvi 4106772 No
3) Rahman, Sayedur 4115467 No
4) Gul, Tekin 4114183 No
5) Baker, Seevan 4118043 No
6) Naseem, Subtain 4108239 Yes
7) Patil, Shreyas 4127229 Yes
8) Hasan, Abdirizak Shafi 4016235 No
9) Gurjinder Singh 4126406 No
SUMMARY:

In the sixth session, Subtain and Shreyas done the 50 metre service which entailed
measuring the ground from 5 metres up to 50 metres, 5 metres in between each
measurement. They had also completed the two peg test, which involved placing the tripod
at 25 metres and measuring the levelling at both ends of the 50 metres.

DATE: 17/11/2022
Name: Student ID: Attendance:
1) Khan, Shoaib 4116865 Yes
2) Wahiduzzaman, Silvi 4106772 Yes
3) Rahman, Sayedur 4115467 Yes
4) Gul, Tekin 4114183 Yes
5) Baker, Seevan 4118043 Yes
6) Naseem, Subtain 4108239 Yes
7) Patil, Shreyas 4127229 Yes
8) Hasan, Abdirizak Shafi 4016235 No
9) Gurjinder Singh 4126406 No
SUMMARY:

43
 In the seventh session, we done inverse levelling. We got Silvi, Sayedur and Seevan reading
the measurements from the levelling staff which was held by either Tekin, Shreyas or Shoaib
and the measurements were noted down by Subtain.

DATE: 24/11/2022

Name: Student ID: Attendance:

1) Khan, Shoaib 4116865 Yes
2) Wahiduzzaman, Silvi 4106772 Yes
3) Rahman, Sayedur 4115467 Yes
4) Gul, Tekin 4114183 Yes
5) Baker, Seevan 4118043 Yes
6) Naseem, Subtain 4108239 Yes
7) Patil, Shreyas 4127229 Yes
8) Hasan, Abdirizak Shafi 4016235 No
9) Gurjinder Singh 4126406 No
SUMMARY:

During the eighth session, we had to do levelling on manholes which was very similar to the
control points levelling we had Seevan, Silvi and Shreyas reading the measurements from
the dumpy level of the levelling staff while Subtain, Sayedur and Shoaib were keeping the
levelling staff while Tekin was noting the measurements down on the height of collimation
table.

DATE: 01/12/2022
Name: Student ID: Attendance:
1) Khan, Shoaib 4116865 No
2) Wahiduzzaman, Silvi 4106772 No
3) Rahman, Sayedur 4115467 No
4) Gul, Tekin 4114183 No
5) Baker, Seevan 4118043 No
6) Naseem, Subtain 4108239 Yes
7) Patil, Shreyas 4127229 Yes
8) Hasan, Abdirizak Shafi 4016235 No
9) Gurjinder Singh 4126406 No
SUMMARY:

On this day Shreyas and Subtain had to use the electronic theodolite and levelling staff to do
inverse levelling of the bridges in Kell street. They did this by setting up the theodolite in a

44
 position then they would measure a backsight, then they would measure the intersights and
finally they would measure a foresight.

DATE: 08/12/2022

Name: Student ID: Attendance:

1) Khan, Shoaib 4116865 No
2) Wahiduzzaman, Silvi 4106772 Yes
3) Rahman, Sayedur 4115467 Yes
4) Gul, Tekin 4114183 Yes
5) Baker, Seevan 4118043 Yes
6) Naseem, Subtain 4108239 Yes
7) Patil, Shreyas 4127229 Yes
8) Hasan, Abdirizak Shafi 4016235 No
9) Gurjinder Singh 4126406 No
SUMMARY:

On this day, we have completed traverse measurements as in measuring the angles of each
control point. We set up the electronic theodolite at a control point and measured from one
of our control points to another.

DATE: 26/01/2022

Name: Student ID: Attendance:

10) Khan, Shoaib 4116865 No
11) Wahiduzzaman, Silvi 4106772 Yes
12) Rahman, Sayedur 4115467 Yes
13) Gul, Tekin 4114183 No
14) Baker, Seevan 4118043 Yes
15) Naseem, Subtain 4108239 Yes
16) Patil, Shreyas 4127229 Yes
17) Hasan, Abdirizak Shafi 4016235 No
18) Gurjinder Singh 4126406 No
SUMMARY:

On this day, we started to set out twelve points on our site using a prism and the electronic
theodolite. We do this by setting up the theodolite on one of our control points, taking a
measurement of another control point then we find the angles twelve different points on
the components in our area. Silvi and Seevan would hold the prism while Subtain would
take down the notes while Sayedur and Shreyas would get the measurements from
theodolite. We then had to stake out those point by repeating this process and seeing how
close/ accurate our readings were.

45
 DATE: 02/02/2022

Name: Student ID: Attendance:

19) Khan, Shoaib 4116865 No
20) Wahiduzzaman, Silvi 4106772 Yes
21) Rahman, Sayedur 4115467 Yes
22) Gul, Tekin 4114183 Yes
23) Baker, Seevan 4118043 Yes
24) Naseem, Subtain 4108239 Yes
25) Patil, Shreyas 4127229 Yes
26) Hasan, Abdirizak Shafi 4016235 No
27) Gurjinder Singh 4126406 No
SUMMARY:

On this day Sayedur, Tekin and Shoaib finished offsetting our last two sides, side B and side
C, in our area. Sayedur and Shoaib would hold the tapes from each control point and our
components, while Tekin would note down the measurements and do the drawings.

Bibliography:
Rhonda, (2022) What is Linear Measurement in Surveying? Instruments For Linear
Measurements. Civilstuff. Available from: https://civilstuff.com/what-is-linear-
measurement-in-surveying/ [Accessed on: 24/01/2023]

Lake side timber, (no date) OX Trade Open Reel Tape Measure. (Figure 1) Available from:
https://www.lakesidetimber.co.uk/ox-trade-open-reel-tape-measure---50m--165ft-6269-
p.asp [Accessed on 29/01/2023]

Google maps, (2023) Kell Street. (Figure 2) Available from:

https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kell+St,+London/@51.4982417,-
0.1014731,53m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x487604a392864085:0x4289a537d1e13b70!
8m2!3d51.4982384!4d-0.1011995 [Accessed on: 25/01/2023]

Mess Freunde, (no date) Leica GST20-9 Heavy Wooden Tripod. (Figure 3) Available from:
https://messfreunde.de/leica-gst-20-9-holz-stativ-schwere-ausfuehrung-professional-5000-
394752.html [Accessed on: 29/01/2023]

Anon, (2018) Automatic Level. Survey for beginners. (Figure 4) Available from:
https://surveyforbeginners.wordpress.com/2018/12/17/automatic-level/ [Accessed on:
29/01/2023]

46
Hudson, (no date) Prexiso T.O.2 Digital Electronic Theodolite. (Figure 5) Available from:
https://hudsons-uk.net/products/prexiso-t-o-2-digital-electronic-theodolite [Accessed on:
29/01/2023]

M&P survey safety, (no date) 5m aluminium levelling staff. (Figure 6) Available from:
https://www.mpsurvey.co.uk/product/5m-aluminium-levelling-staff/ [Accessed on:
29/01/2023]

Expondo, (no date) Surveying prism. (Figure 7) Available from:

https://www.expondo.co.uk/steinberg-systems-surveying-prism-2-41-cm-
10031031?gclid=CjwKCAiA0JKfBhBIEiwAPhZXD5JjJH5lma8JDZdeoF72iTe2j0jx6jGd8LynpV6tR
uRodE23C8_CNxoC2UkQAvD_BwE [Accessed on: 29/01/2023]

UHI, (no date) Activity 8. Available from:

http://www.levelling.uhi.ac.uk/activity8help.htm#:~:text=Height%20of%20Collimation%20is
%20the,level%20of%20the%20Bench%20Mark [Accessed on: 29/01/2023]

Mahavidyalaya, B. (no date) GEOG. 4th Sem. Dumpy Level, Methods of Calculation.
Available from: https://www.bhangarmahavidyalaya.in/study_mat/1626871603_Doc.pdf
[Accessed on: 30/01/2023]

Uren, J. and Price, B. (2010) Surveying for engineers. 5th ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/lsbuuk/detail.action?pq-
origsite=primo&docID=4764103 [Accessed on: 19/01/2023]

Anon, (2005) Control Surveying procedures. Available from:

https://wsdot.wa.gov/publications/manuals/fulltext/M22-97/Chapter13.pdf [Accessed on
19/01/2023]
Luckett, S. (2021) Manholes and site surveys: the essential guide. Available from:
https://www.nimbusengineering.co.uk/blog/manhole-and-site-surveys-the-essential-guide
[Accessed on 19/01/2023]
Anon, (no date) Manholes survey. Available from: https://onsite.co.uk/capability/manhole-
surveys/#:~:text=A%20Manhole%20Survey%20is%20carried,cards%2C%20CAD%20and%20
modelling%20software [Accessed on 20/01/2023]

47
Anon, (no date) Manhole Access Explained. Available from:
https://expressdrainagesolutions.co.uk/advice-centre/home-owner-advice/manhole-access/
[Accessed on 20/01/2023]
Salman, H. K. (no date) Water Resources. Available
from: https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/5/5_2021_01_09!05_53_26_PM.pdf
[Accessed on 20/01/2023]
Anon, (no date) Inverted Levels. Available from:
https://www.trenchlesspedia.com/definition/2852/invert-level [Accessed on 21/01/2023]
Anon, (no date) The Purpose and Importance of Levelling and The Automatic (Dumpy) Level.
Available from: https://www.lssltd.net/the-purpose-and-importance-of-levelling-and-the-
automatic-dumpy-level/ [Accessed on 21/01/2023]
Anon, (2010) Invert Level. Trenchlesspedia. Available from:
https://www.trenchlesspedia.com/definition/2852/invert-level [Accessed on 21/01/2023]

Anon, (no date) Linear measurement and Angular measurement. Unacademy. Available
from: https://unacademy.com/content/gate/study-material/mechanical-engineering/linear-
measurement-and-angular-
measurement/#:~:text=comparators%2C%20and%20micrometers.-
,What%20is%20angular%20measurement%3F,that%20are%20similar%20to%20tapers
[Accessed on 27/01/2023]

Hinds, E. (2022) Why is setting out so important? Landform surveys. Available from:
https://www.landform-surveys.co.uk/news/thoughts/why-is-setting-out-so-
important/#:~:text=What%20is%20setting%20out%3F,ensure%20accurate%20building%20t
akes%20place [Accessed on 30/01/2023]

Appendix:
Figure 1: Reel tape measure

48
Figure 2: Kell Street

Figure 3: Tripod

Figure 4: Dumpy level

49
Figure 5: Theodolite

Figure 6: Levelling staff

50
Figure 7: Prism

Coursework 1 Semester 1 Academic Comments

Engineering Surveying
Marking Scheme (BEA/4/406)
Please Submit this form with your work Percentage Awarded
Mark Mark
Linear Surveying 20%
Triangulate the area/Sketch/Photos 4
Measure/book Offsets 4
Final scaled drawing 4
Area calculations 4
Summary methods/comments 4
Levelling 40%
Measurements/RL of control points 4
Measurements/RL of services 4
Measurements/RL of bridge levels 4
RL calculation using both methods/checks 4
RL Spreadsheet (EXCEL) using HoC 4
RL Spreadsheet (EXCEL) using Rise&Fall 4
Measurements/RL of drain 4
Drain profile levels and drawing 4
Earthwork calculation 4
Summary of methods/comments 4
Angular measurements 20%
Traverse measurements 4
Reduced angles 4

51
Adjusted angles 4
Calculated Bearings/coordinates 4
Summary of methods/comments 4
Setting Out (incl Bibliography & Diary) 20%
Setting Out data and sketch/photos 4
Scaled drawing of setting out 4
Accuracy of setting out/checks 4
Summary of methods/comments 4
Diary of Work (All)/Bibliography 4
Total Mark 100% Signature………… Date……..

Course: Civil Engineering Student Number:

Group Name: Group 12 4114183
4108239
4106772
4127229
4118043
4115467
4116865

52