You are hereby instructed to follow the instructions given below and should submit One

copy of seminar report to the department.

Format of the Seminar Report

Cover page of the seminar report - White Color

Both sides of pages should be used for printing
Page size - A4
Text font 12 point Times New Roman Regular
Title text 14 point Times New Roman Bold
Line spacing 1.25
Paragraph Spacing 1.5
Margins 1.5 inch on left side and 1 inch on all other sides.

The report shall contain:

Title page
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
---------
---------
Conclusion
References
References should be used in Text whenever you cite another Author’s literature.
References should be sequenced as they appear in the text ([1], [2], [3], etc).
References:
[1] W.J. Book, “Modelling design and control of flexible manipulator arms : A tutorial
Review,” Proc. 29th IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control, San Francisco, CA, 1990,
500-506.
[2] M. Ozaki, Y. Adachi, Y. Iwahori, & N. Ishii, “Application of fuzzy theory to
writer recognition of Chinese characters,” International Journal of Modelling
and Simulation, 18(2), 1998, 112-116.
[3] R.E. Moore, “Interval analysis,” Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966.

[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_monitoring

or

http://www.netoptics.com/pdf/MAP_whitepaper.pdf
 Seminar Report
On

Title
Submitted for the partial fulfillment of requirement for

the award of degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
(Information Technology)

Submitted By
Mr. ABC (Name of Student)

Under the Guidance of

Prof. XYZ (Name of Guide)

Department of Information Technology

Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Technology & Research, Badnera.

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati

2023-2024
 Certificate
This is to certify that the seminar entitled

Title
is a bonafide work and it is submitted to the

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati

By

Mr.(Name of Student)
in the partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Information Technology during the academic year 2023-
2024 under my guidance.

Prof. X. Y. Z Prof. (Dr.) P. V. Ingole

Guide HOD
Department of I.T Department of I.T

Department of Information Technology

Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Technology & Research, Badnera.

2022-23
 Acknowledgement

(To be written by Student in his/her own words)

Mr. A. B. C
 Contents

ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................i

List of Figures..............................................................................................................ii

List of Screenshots.....................................................................................................iii

List of abbreviations...................................................................................................iii

1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................1

1.1 Motivation............................................................................................................1

1.2 Objectives.............................................................................................................2

2 LITERATURE SURVEY....................................................................................3

2.1 Median Filter........................................................................................................5

2.2 Gaussian Filter.....................................................................................................8

2.3 Gray Scale & RGB............................................................................................10

3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN....................................................................15

3.1 Analysis..............................................................................................................15

3.1.1 Problem Definition..............................................................................15

3.1.2 Requirement Analysis..........................................................................16

3.2 Design.................................................................................................................16

3.2.1 Proposed Design..................................................................................16

3.2.2 Detail Designed....................................................................................19

4 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION........................................................................21

4.1 Implementation..................................................................................................21

4.2 System Execution Detail...................................................................................21

5 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................27

6 ADVANATGES, DISADVANTAGES AND FUTURE SCOPE 29

REFERENCES 30
 Seminar Title

ABSTRACT

Image quality improvement has been a concern throughout the fields of image
processing. Images are affected by various types of noise. Noise in image is
undesirable because it degrade the image quality. This system provides an efficient
simple, fast technique to remove noise from an image which is mostly introduced due
to environmental changes. We focus on the noise issues that changes image pixels
value either maximum or minimum. The pixels are easily identified as noisy pixels in
grayscale image but it is difficult to recognize in RGB color image. Combination of
Random function and Taylor’s series functions are used for pixels selection of an
image. Approximation is done on the selected pixel to remove the noise from an
image. This work focus on such technique that reduces the noise in both grayscale
and RGB images.

Keywords: Random Function Approximation, Salt Peeper Noise, Luminance Factor,

Spike Noise, Noise Blur.

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List of Figures

Figure 2.1: Example of Median Filter.........................................................................6

Figure 2.2: CWM Example..........................................................................................7

Figure 2.3: Binary Representation of a Pixel.............................................................11

Figure 3.1: Data Flow Chart......................................................................................17

Figure 3.2: FAT Flow Chart......................................................................................18

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List of Screenshots

Screenshot 1:GUI of the system................................................................................21

Screenshot 2:Entering an input image.......................................................................22

Screenshot 3:Input is given........................................................................................23

Screenshot 4:Resize an image....................................................................................23

Screenshot 5:Enter Noise level (%)...........................................................................24

Screenshot 6:Add Noise (with FAT).........................................................................25

Screenshot 7:Remove Noise......................................................................................25

Screenshot 8:Recover Color......................................................................................25

Screenshot 9:Show Output.........................................................................................26

List of abbreviations
MIC Morphological Image Cleaning

CWM Center Weighted Median Filter

Matlab Matrix laboratory

RGB Red Green Blue

Rand Random Function

FAT Function Approximation Techniques

P.R.M.I.T. &R, BADNERA //B.E (IT)//2023-24 iii

 Seminar Title

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Image quality improvement has been a concern throughout the fields of image
processing. Images are affected by various types of noise. Noise in image is
undesirable because it degrade the image quality. The application of Noise reduction
in image processing is a promising research field. Fuzzy techniques [3] have already
been applied in several domains of image processing and have numerous practical
applications.

Image noise is the term applied to pictures, a counterpart to the white noise we
would hear in an audio or video file. Analogue cameras will show image noise
through grainy specs on the picture whereas digital cameras will show image noise
through random speckles throughout the picture. While most of the time image noise
should be avoided, sometimes it can create the illusion of an older picture. Things
such as exposure, temperature and different camera modes can affect image noise. No
matter what you do to prevent image noise, some will always be present. Any
electronic unit that sends or receives a signal will be susceptible to it. For digital
cameras, light that enters the lens and misaligns with the sensors will cause image
noise. Even if you cannot see the noise when you look at your picture, there is some
form of image noise in any image you take. The same thing can be said for audio and
video productions. Every type of electronic device receives some sort of noise and
sends it on to what it is creating.

This work will focus on Function approximation techniques for noise

reduction in an image filtering.

1.1 Motivation

Image noise is a usually unwanted, variation in brightness or colour

information in an image. Image noise can originate in film grain, or in electronic noise
in the input device (scanner or digital camera) sensor and circuitry, or in the
unavoidable shot noise of an ideal photon detector. Image noise is most apparent in
image regions with low signal level, such as shadow regions or underexposed images.
A good picture being destroyed by some form of image noise. Noise removal consists
of detecting the noisy pixel taking into account the Edges and substituting the noisy

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pixel with the best approximation of the correct pixel value based on the
neighbourhood. This system will remove maximum noise from the image.

1.2 Objectives

Images taken with both digital cameras and conventional film cameras will

pick up noise from a variety of sources. Many further uses of these images require
that the noise will be removed for aesthetic purposes as in artistic work or marketing,
or for practical purposes such as computer vision. Noise reduction is an image
restoration problem in that it attempts to recover an underlying perfect image from a
degraded copy. This problem is intractable unless one makes assumptions about the
actual structure of the perfect image. Various noise reduction techniques make various
assumptions depending on the type of imagery and the goals of the restoration. The
main task accomplished by this project is that it reduces the noise from an image by
setting an approximate value of a corrupted pixel.

1.3 Organization of Seminar report

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Types of Noise

 Salt-and-pepper noise

Fat-tail distributed or "impulsive" noise is sometimes called salt-and-pepper

noise or spike noise. An image containing salt-and-pepper noise will have dark pixels
in bright regions and bright pixels in dark regions. This type of noise can be caused by
dead pixels, analog-to-digital converter errors, bit errors in transmission, etc.

 Shot noise

The dominant noise in the lighter parts of an image from an image sensor is
typically that caused by statistical quantum fluctuations, that is, variation in the
number of photons sensed at a given exposure level; this noise is known as photon
shot noise. Shot noise has a root-mean-square value proportional to the square root of
the image intensity, and the noises at different pixels are independent of one another.
Shot noise follows a Poisson distribution, which is usually not very different from
Gaussian. In addition to photon shot noise, there can be additional shot noise from the
dark leakage current in the image sensor; this noise is sometimes known as "dark shot
noise" or "dark-current shot noise". Dark current is greatest at "hot pixels" within the
image sensor; the variable dark charge of normal and hot pixels can be subtracted off
(using "dark frame subtraction"), leaving only the shot noise, or random component,
of the leakage; if dark-frame subtraction is not done, or if the exposure time is long
enough that the hot pixel charge exceeds the linear charge capacity, the noise will be
more than just shot noise, and hot pixels appear as salt-and-pepper noise.

 Amplifier noise (Gaussian noise)

The standard model of amplifier noise is additive, Gaussian, independent at

each pixel and independent of the signal intensity, caused primarily by Johnson
Nyquist noise (thermal noise), including that which comes from the reset noise of
capacitors ("kTC noise"). In colour cameras where more amplification is used in the
blue colour channel than in the green or red channel, there can be more noise in the

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blue channel. Amplifier noise is a major part of the "read noise" of an image sensor,
that is, of the constant noise level in dark areas of the image.

 Quantization noise (uniform noise)

The noise caused by quantizing the pixels of a sensed image to a number of

discrete levels is known as quantization noise; it has an approximately uniform
distribution, and can be signal dependent, though it will be signal independent if other
noise sources are big enough to cause dithering, or if dithering is explicitly applied.

 Film grain

The grain of photographic film is a signal-dependent noise, related to shot

noise. That is, if film grains are uniformly distributed (equal number per area), and if
each grain has an equal and independent probability of developing to a dark silver
grain after absorbing photons, then the number of such dark grains in an area will be
random with a binomial distribution; in areas where the probability is low, this
distribution will be close to the classic Poisson distribution of shot noise; nevertheless
a simple Gaussian distribution is often used as an accurate enough model. Film grain
is usually regarded as a nearly isotropic (non-oriented) noise source, and is made
worse by the distribution of silver halide grains in the film also being random.

 Non-isotropic noise

Some noise sources show up with a significant orientation in images. For

example, image sensors are sometimes subject to row noise or column noise. In film,
scratches are an example of non-isotropic noise.

Morphological image-cleaning algorithm was designed primarily to enhance

scanned images and still-video images. The digitization processes introduce noise,
which is usually of low amplitude but nevertheless can significantly degrade the
appearance of the imagery. Moreover, the noise can reduce the efficiency of image
compression schemes. MIC removes image noise; this improves the subjective
appearance of scanned and still-video imagery and improves the performance of
JPEG compression.

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 Seminar Title

Many techniques for noise reduction replace each pixel with some function of
the pixel’s neighbourhood. Because 1-D features and 2-D noise usually have common
frequency components, they are not separable in the frequency domain. Linear filters
tend either to amplify the noise along with the 1-D features or smooth out the noise
and blur the 1-D features. Researchers have introduced a number of noise reduction
techniques. Edge detection is, however, a difficult problem in its own right.
Enhancement algorithms that depend on edge detection incorporate all the problems
associated with edge detection-undetected edges, spurious edges, misplaced edges,
etc.

Morphological filters are, perhaps, the most well-known nonlinear filters for
image enhancement. These include erosions, dilations, openings, closings, and rank
filters including the median filter. The action of a morphological filter depends on its
structuring element: a small, quasi-image that defines the operational neighbourhood
of a pixel. The median filter is very good at removing some types of noise (notably
shot noise or “salt and pepper” noise) while preserving some edges (perfect step
edges). It is not so good, however, at removing dense noise, and it degrades thin lines
and small features (smaller than half the area of its structuring element). [9] Bovik
provides a detailed analysis of the artifacts introduced by median filters.

Figure 2. 1 Example of Median Filter

Calculating the median value of a pixel neighborhood. It can be seen; the

central pixel value of 150 is rather unrepresentative of the surrounding pixels and is
replaced with the median value: 124. A 3×3 square neighborhood is used here. Larger
neighborhoods will produce more severe smoothing. By calculating the median value

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 Seminar Title

of a neighborhood rather than the mean filter, the median filter has two main
advantages over the mean filter.

The median is a more robust average than the mean and so a single
unrepresentative pixel in a neighborhood will not affect the median value
significantly. Since the median value must actually be the value of one of the pixels in
the.

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CHAPTER 3
WORKING PRINCIPLE

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CHAPTER 4

APPLICATIONS (IF ANY)

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER 6

ADVANATGES, DISADVANTAGES AND FUTURE SCOPE

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REFERENCES

[1] VarianceS.Sudha, G.R.Suresh and R.Sukanesh, “Speckle Noise Reduction in

Ultrasound Images by Wavelet Thresholding based on Weighted” International
Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2009 , pp.
1793-8201

[2] S. E. Umbaugh, Computer Vision and Image Processing. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 1998.

[3] M. Nachtegael and E. E.Kerre, “Connections between binary, gray-scaleand fuzzy

mathematical morphologies,” Fuzzy Sets Syst., to be published.

[4] “Decomposing and constructing fuzzy morphological operations over-cuts:

Continuous and discrete case,” IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst.,vol. 8, pp. 615–626, Oct.
2000.

[5] Shuqun Zhang and Mohammad A. Karim. A new impulse detector for switching
median filters. IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS, VOL.9,NO.11,
NOVEMBER 2002, 2002.

[6] Tao Chen and Hong Ren Wu. Adaptive impulse detection using center-
weighted median filters. IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS, VOL.8,NO. 1,
JANUARY 2001, 2001.

[7] Constantine Butakoff Igor Aizenberg, Member and Dmitriy Paliy. Impulsive noise
removal using threshold boolean filtering based on the impulse detecting
functions. IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS, VOL. 12, NO. 1, JANUARY
2005, 2005.

[8] E. Davies Machine Vision: Theory, Algorithms and Practicalities, Academic

Press, 1990, Chap. 3.

[9] A. C. Bovik, “Streaking in median filtered images,” IEEE Trans. Acousr. Speech,
Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-35, no. 4, pp. 493-503,1987.

[10] J. Portilla, V. Strela, M. J. Wainwright, and E. P. Simoncelli, “Image denoising

using scale mixture of Gaussian in the wavelet domain,” IEEE Trans. Image
Processing, vol. 12, no. 11, 2003, pp. 1338-1351.

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[11] “Mathworks” http://www.mathworks.com

[12] Gonzalez R.C., Woods R.E., Digital Image Processing, Addison Wesley, 2002.

[13] “Converting Gray-Scale Image to Color Image” in Proceedings of SPIT-IEEE

Colloquium and International Conference, Mumbai, India, Vol. 1, 189.

[14] Stephenson, Worked Examples in Mathematics for Scientists and Engineers

[15] Taylor Series Expansions and Approximations

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