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Solving XOR Problem Using DNN AIDS

The document describes using a deep neural network to solve the XOR problem. It involves preparing XOR input-output training data, designing a DNN model with input, hidden and output layers, performing forward and backpropagation to calculate gradients and update weights, training the model over multiple iterations to minimize loss, and testing it to accurately predict XOR results. The code implements this process using NumPy and plots the loss over iterations to show the model learning the XOR function.

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P Muthulakshmi
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1K views

Solving XOR Problem Using DNN AIDS

The document describes using a deep neural network to solve the XOR problem. It involves preparing XOR input-output training data, designing a DNN model with input, hidden and output layers, performing forward and backpropagation to calculate gradients and update weights, training the model over multiple iterations to minimize loss, and testing it to accurately predict XOR results. The code implements this process using NumPy and plots the loss over iterations to show the model learning the XOR function.

Uploaded by

P Muthulakshmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solving XOR problem using DNN

Algorithm:
1. prepare training data: Create input-output pairs for the XOR operation.

2. Design DNN model: Create a DNN with input, hidden, and output layers.

3. Forward Propagation: Pass input data through the network to get predictions.

4. Activation Function: Apply a function to introduce non-linearity.

5. Loss Function: Measure the difference between predicted and actual outputs.

6. Backpropagation: Calculate gradients to adjust model parameters.

7. Gradient Descent: Update parameters to minimize prediction error.

8. Train: Iterate through data to improve the model.

9. Validate: Use a separate dataset to check model performance.

10. Test: Assess accuracy on new data.

11. Adjust: Fine-tune model architecture or hyperparameters.

12. Predict: Now, the DNN can predict XOR results accurately.

Program:
import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# These are XOR inputs

x=np.array([[0,0,1,1],[0,1,0,1]])

# These are XOR outputs

y=np.array([[0,1,1,0]])

# Number of inputs

n_x = 2

# Number of neurons in output layer

n_y = 1

# Number of neurons in hidden layer

n_h = 2

# Total training examples

m = x.shape[1]

# Learning rate

lr = 0.1

# Define random seed for consistent results

np.random.seed(2)

# Define weight matrices for neural network


w1 = np.random.rand(n_h,n_x) # Weight matrix for hidden layer

w2 = np.random.rand(n_y,n_h) # Weight matrix for output layer

# I didnt use bias units

# We will use this list to accumulate losses

losses = []

# I used sigmoid activation function for hidden layer and output

def sigmoid(z):

z= 1/(1+np.exp(-z))

return z

# Forward propagation

def forward_prop(w1,w2,x):

z1 = np.dot(w1,x)

a1 = sigmoid(z1)

z2 = np.dot(w2,a1)

a2 = sigmoid(z2)

return z1,a1,z2,a2

# Backward propagation

def back_prop(m,w1,w2,z1,a1,z2,a2,y):

dz2 = a2-y

dw2 = np.dot(dz2,a1.T)/m

dz1 = np.dot(w2.T,dz2) * a1*(1-a1)

dw1 = np.dot(dz1,x.T)/m

dw1 = np.reshape(dw1,w1.shape)

dw2 = np.reshape(dw2,w2.shape)

return dz2,dw2,dz1,dw1

iterations = 10000

for i in range(iterations):

z1,a1,z2,a2 = forward_prop(w1,w2,x)

loss = -(1/m)*np.sum(y*np.log(a2)+(1-y)*np.log(1-a2))

losses.append(loss)

da2,dw2,dz1,dw1 = back_prop(m,w1,w2,z1,a1,z2,a2,y)

w2 = w2-lr*dw2

w1 = w1-lr*dw1

# We plot losses to see how our network is doing


plt.plot(losses)

plt.xlabel("EPOCHS")

plt.ylabel("Loss value")

def predict(w1,w2,input):

z1,a1,z2,a2 = forward_prop(w1,w2,test)

a2 = np.squeeze(a2)

if a2>=0.5:

print("For input", [i[0] for i in input], "output is 1")# ['{:.2f}'.format(i) for i in x])

else:

print("For input", [i[0] for i in input], "output is 0")

test = np.array([[1],[0]])

predict(w1,w2,test)

test = np.array([[0],[0]])

predict(w1,w2,test)

test = np.array([[0],[1]])

predict(w1,w2,test)

test = np.array([[1],[1]])

predict(w1,w2,test)

output:
For input [1, 0] output is 1
For input [0, 0] output is 0
For input [0, 1] output is 1
For input [1, 1] output is 0

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