Scribd
Upload
120 views

Crystal Structure PPT

This document discusses crystal structures and properties. It defines key terms like lattice points, space lattice, unit cell, crystal systems, miller indices, coordination number, and atomic packing factor. It provides examples of crystal structures for sodium chloride, diamond, and aluminum. Bragg diffraction and Bragg's law for x-ray crystallography are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Parul Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
120 views

Crystal Structure PPT

This document discusses crystal structures and properties. It defines key terms like lattice points, space lattice, unit cell, crystal systems, miller indices, coordination number, and atomic packing factor. It provides examples of crystal structures for sodium chloride, diamond, and aluminum. Bragg diffraction and Bragg's law for x-ray crystallography are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Parul Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

Ice Fluorite Quartz

Ruby Garnet
K.S. Mahesh Lohith
Asst. Professor
Centre for Emerging Technologies
Sri Bhagawan Mahaveer Jain College of Engineering.
Introduction

Solids

Crystalline Amorphous

Single Crystals Polycrystals


Crystal Structure
Definition

• Crystal
• Crystal Structure
• Lattice Points
• Space Lattice or Crystal Lattice
• Basis or Pattern
Lattice Points and Space Lattice
Bravais and Non-Bravais Lattice

Aluminium

Sodium
Chloride
Unit Cell and Lattice Parameters
Primitive and Non-Primitive cells

Primitive Non-Primitive
Crystal Systems
• Cubic or Isometric
• Tetragonal
• Orthorhombic
• Monoclinic
• Triclinic
• Triagonal or Rhombohedral
• Hexagonal
Cubic or Isometric Crystal System

Simple(Primitive) Body Centered Cubic (BCC) Face Centered Cubic (FCC)


Tetragonal

Simple Body Centered

Wulfenite
Orthorhombic

Aragonite Sulphur
Monoclinic

Orthoclase Gypsum Mica


Triclinic

Wollastonite

Microcline
Triagonal or Rhombhohedral

Calcite

Quartz Tourmaline
Hexagonal

Beryl
Crystal Directions and Planes
• The Directions are described by
giving the co-ordinates of the
first whole numbered point
through which each of the
direction passes.

Direction OA= [1 0 0]
Direction OB= [1 1 0]
Crystal Planes or Lattice Planes

A crystal may be regarded as made of up an


aggregate of set of parallel equidistant planes
called called Lattice planes. Miller evolved a
method to designate the plane with three
integers called miller indeces.
Determination of Miller Indeces
• Determine the Co-ordinates of the intercepts made by the plane along
the crystallographic axis.
• Express them as multiples of lattice parameters
• Take the reciprocal
• Express them interms of smallest set of integral values by multiplying
the fractions with the LCM
z z=3

y=2

x=1
x
Planes of a Simple Cubic Lattice
Planes of Simple Cubic Lattice
Definitions
• Co-ordination number
• Nearest neighbour distance
• Atomic Packing Factor or Packing Fraction
• Lattice Constant

Number of equidistant nearest neighbours that an atom has in a crystal structure i


is called Co-ordination number

The distance between the nearest neighbours is called nearest neighbour distance

The fraction of space occupied by the atoms in the unit cell is called Packing Fraction

For a cubic lattice the interfacial intercepts are equal in magnitude and hence called
Lattice constant.
Atomic Packing Factor
or
Packing Fraction

n= number of atoms per cell

Va= Volume of the each atom

V = Volume of the Unit cell


APF for Simple Cubic Structure
APF for BCC Lattice
APF for an FCC Lattice
Crystal Structure of NaCl
The Bravais lattice is fcc with the basis containing one sodium and one chlorine ion.
Since the structure is symmetric the Chlorine and sodium ions positons can be
interchanged. The co-ordination number is 6. Bond length is 2.82 angstroms.
Crystal Structure of Diamond
(Carbon)
Crystal Structure of diamond is
FCC with the basis containing
two carbon atoms. The
coordination number is 4. the
bond length is 1.54 angstroms
X-rays

X-rays are electromagnetic radiations of wavelenths varying from


0.01 angstroms to 10 angstroms. Since the dimensions of the atoms is
of the order of few angstroms. Crystals provide an excellent facility to
diffract x-rays. There are two kinds of x-ray diffraction.

1) Laue Diffraction
2) Bragg Diffraction.
Bragg Diffraction or Reflection
W.H Bragg considered crystal interms of set of equidistant parallel planes.
When x-rays are inclined on to the crystal the diffraction occurs if the condition
for constructive interference is satisfied. This is given by Bragg's Law

'd' is interplanar spacing


'λ' is the wave length of x-rays
'θ' is the glancing angle
'n' is the order of diffraction
Bragg's X-ray Spectrometer

You might also like