Millimeter wave Technology –

Latest Trends in Satellite

Communication

Abstract:
This report explores millimeter wave (mmWave) technology as one of the latest trend in
satellite communication. The report highlights the potential of mmWave frequencies in
satellite communications, discusses its advantages and challenges, and explores recent
developments and applications. Additionally, it analyzes the impact of mmWave
technology on satellite communication systems, including its role in improving data
rates, increasing capacity, enabling high-resolution imaging, and supporting emerging
satellite services.
Preface
Satellites have been used over the last few decade for a variety of purposes ranging from
scientific experiments such as measurement of the atmospheric characteristics to
applications which provide improved services to society such as weather prediction, crop
forecasting, and communications. The application satellites which have probably been of
greatest commercial value have been the communication satellites which provide
instantaneous international video communication, which have spawned a sizeable industry
in so doing. Associated with a significant increase in demand of both application and volume
of satellite communication is the potential problem of spectral crowding. Some form of
achieving higher capacity was necessary. One means of obtaining spectrum relief is to
expand the communication services upward to the millimeter wave region of spectrum. The
larger bandwidths available at these frequencies will provide capabilities for higher data
rates, and the possibility of extremely narrow beams can lead to very high reuse of
frequency assignments. The wide bandwidths available may permit a more reasonable
number of data channels than could be handled by conventional communication satellites.
The wide-bandwidth and narrow beam potential of the millimeter wave frequency band
offers advantages for broadcast mode where many small and inexpensive ground stations
could be able to communicate via a large more powerful communication satellite, but the
difficulties associated with high attenuation of the signal, by atmospheric weather
conditions, must be overcome.
1. Introduction
Millimeter waves (mmW) refers to the part of electromagnetic spectrum with
frequencies ranging from 30 to 300 gigahertz (GHz), corresponding to wavelengths
between 1 and 10 millimeters. These high-frequency waves have a shorter wavelength
than those typically used in traditional satellite communication systems, such as C-band
and Ku-band, which allows them to transmit data over shorter distances with higher
bandwidth and greater capacity. The mmWave band falls under the Extremely High
Frequency (EHF) band and is standardized by the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU).

It offers high bandwidths, low latency, small antennas, and multi-antenna array
beamforming. These features make mmWave a perfect candidate for satellite
communication, especially for the emerging 6G era.

2. Scope of mmWave Technology in Satellite Communication

Millimeter wave (mmWave) technology represents one of the latest trends in satellite
communication. Here is an explanation of mmWave as a trend and its implications for
satellite communication:

 Leveraging Higher Frequencies: The latest trend in satellite communication is

the exploration and utilization of under-utilized higher frequency bands,
specifically the mmWave spectrum in order to expend the communication
capabilities. Traditionally, satellite communication has relied on lower frequency
bands like C-band and Ku-band. However, there is growing interest in using
higher frequency bands, such as Ka-band and Q/V-band, for satellite
communication. With advancements in technology and increased demand for
data-intensive applications, satellite operators are now turning to mmWave
frequencies (30-300 GHz) for their communication systems.

 Increased Bandwidth and Data Rates: mmWave technology offers greater

bandwidth capacity compared to lower frequency bands. This increased
bandwidth translates into higher data rates, enabling faster transmission speeds
 and improved communication performance. For example, the Ka-band (26.5-40
GHz) can provide data rates up to 10 Gbps, while the Q/V-band (40-75 GHz) can
reach up to 100 Gbps. Satellite systems utilizing mmWave technology can
support the growing demand for high-speed broadband access, real-time video
streaming, and other data-intensive applications.

 High Throughput Satellites (HTS): HTS technology has revolutionized satellite

communications by enabling higher data transfer rates. These satellites use
advanced frequency reuse and multiple spot beams to provide higher capacity
and improved performance. HTS systems are being used for various applications,
including broadband internet access, maritime and aeronautical
communications, and Earth observation.

 • Multi-antenna array beamforming: mmWave can support multiple beams and

spatial multiplexing by using antenna arrays and digital beamforming
techniques. This can improve the spectral efficiency, coverage, and resilience of
the satellite link.

 Small-Scale and Compact Satellite Systems: mmWave can enable smaller and
lighter antennas for both the satellite and the ground station due to its shorter
wavelength. For example, a parabolic antenna with a diameter of 1 m at 30 GHz
has a beamwidth of about 0.6 degrees, while at 300 GHz it has a beamwidth of
about 0.06 degrees. The shorter wavelength of mmWave signals enables the
development of smaller antennas and payloads, reducing the size, weight, and
power requirements of satellites. This trend towards smaller-scale systems
enhances deployment flexibility, reduces launch costs, and enables the
deployment of satellite constellations.

Spectrum Availability: mmWave frequencies represent a largely untapped spectrum resource.

With increasing demand for wireless communication services, the use of mmWave frequencies
for satellite communication helps alleviate spectrum congestion in lower frequency bands.
Leveraging mmWave spectrum enables satellite operators to utilize underutilized frequency
bands and expand their communication capabilities. Millimeter-wave frequencies offer
relatively unused spectrum resources, especially in comparison to lower-frequency bands,
which are more crowded and subject to interference. This availability of spectrum enables
satellite operators to deploy high-capacity communication links without significant interference
issues.

 Immunity to Interference: mmWave signals are less prone to interference
compared to lower frequency bands. This is due to the narrower beamwidths
and higher directionality achievable with mmWave systems. By focusing the
signal in a specific direction, mmWave communication can mitigate interference,
reduce signal congestion, enhance signal quality, and improve overall system
performance.

 Higher Frequency Reuse: The use of millimeter waves allows for a higher degree
of frequency reuse. Due to the narrow beamwidth and higher gain
characteristics of millimeter-wave antennas, it is possible to reuse frequencies
across different satellite beams or spot beams, increasing overall system capacity
and efficiency.


 Complements Inter-Satellite Link (ISL) Technology: ISL technology enables direct

communication between satellites in space, creating a mesh network. This
approach reduces the need for ground stations and enables faster and more
efficient data relay between satellites. ISL technology is particularly useful for
LEO satellite constellations, where satellites need to communicate with each
other to relay data and ensure continuous coverage. mmWave technology
complements LEO constellations as it enables high-capacity inter-satellite links,
facilitating seamless communication between satellites in the constellation.
mmWave frequencies support the data relay and coordination necessary for LEO
constellations to provide global broadband connectivity.

 Hybrid Communication Systems: Another emerging trend is the integration of

mmWave technology with other communication technologies, such as optical
communication and traditional frequency bands. Hybrid communication systems
leverage the strengths of each technology to optimize coverage, capacity, and
performance. MmWave technology can be combined with optical links for inter-
satellite communication, enabling faster and more efficient data transmission.

 Advanced Signal Processing Techniques: As mmWave technology is deployed in

satellite communication systems, advanced signal processing techniques are
being developed to address challenges associated with propagation, signal
attenuation, and interference. These techniques aim to optimize link
performance, mitigate signal degradation, and improve overall system efficiency.
  Regulatory Considerations: The use of mmWave frequencies in satellite
communication requires regulatory frameworks and spectrum allocations.
Regulatory bodies are actively exploring the allocation of mmWave bands for
satellite systems, ensuring that adequate spectrum resources are available to
support the deployment and operation of mmWave-based satellite
communication networks.

By incorporating mmWave technology into satellite communication systems, operators

can unlock several benefits, such as:

 Enhanced Connectivity: mmWave enables high-speed broadband access, even in

remote and underserved areas. Satellite systems using mmWave technology can
bridge the digital divide by providing reliable connectivity to regions with limited
terrestrial infrastructure.

 Advanced Applications: The increased bandwidth and data rates of mmWave

facilitate the implementation of emerging applications, including 5G networks,
high-resolution Earth observation and imaging, Internet of Things (IoT)
connectivity, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operations. mmWave
empowers satellite communication to support these innovative services.

 Network Flexibility: mmWave technology enables satellite operators to create

hybrid networks that combine different communication technologies, such as
mmWave and traditional frequencies, to optimize coverage and capacity. This
flexibility enhances network performance and ensures seamless connectivity
across various platforms.

3. Emerging Applications
Millimeter wave (mmWave) technology is opening up various emerging applications in
satellite communication. Some of the notable areas, where mmWave is being utilized,
are:

 Inter-Satellite Communication: Satellites in a constellation need to

communicate with each other to relay data, coordinate operations, and ensure
continuous coverage. mmWave technology enables high-capacity inter-satellite
 communication links, facilitating coordination and data exchange between
satellites in a constellation or network. Inter-satellite links (ISLs) utilizing
mmWave frequencies improve the efficiency of data relay, enhance system
resilience, and enable seamless handover and connectivity across a
constellation.
o Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Constellations
One of the emerging applications of mmWave in satellite communication
is the deployment of large constellations of low earth orbit (LEO)
satellites that provide global broadband connectivity. Some examples of
such projects are Starlink by SpaceX, OneWeb by Bharti Global and the
UK government, Kuiper by Amazon, Telesat LEO by Telesat, and O3b
mPOWER by SES. These constellations use mmWave frequencies for both
inter-satellite links (ISLs) and feeder links (FLs). ISLs are the connections
between satellites in the same or adjacent orbital planes, which enable
data routing and network redundancy. FLs are the connections between
satellites and ground stations, which provide access to the terrestrial
internet backbone. The use of mmWave for ISLs and FLs allows these
constellations to achieve high throughput, low latency, and efficient
spectrum utilization. For example, Starlink claims to offer speeds up to 1
Gbps, latency below 20 ms, and bandwidth up to 40 GHz per satellite.

 High-Speed Broadband Access: MmWave technology enables satellite operators

to deliver high-speed broadband access to underserved and remote areas. By
leveraging the wide bandwidth and high data rates of mmWave frequencies,
satellite communication systems can provide reliable connectivity to regions
where terrestrial infrastructure is limited or absent.

 Earth Observation and Imaging: MmWave frequencies offer the potential for
higher-resolution imaging in satellite-based Earth observation systems. By
utilizing the wider bandwidth available in mmWave, satellite sensors can capture
more detailed and precise data, supporting applications such as remote sensing,
weather monitoring, environmental analysis, and disaster management.

 5G and Beyond: mmWave is a crucial component in the implementation of

advanced mobile networks, including 5G and future generations. mmWave
frequencies provide the necessary bandwidth to support the increased data
demands and low latency requirements of 5G systems. Satellite communication
systems can integrate mmWave technology to extend the coverage and capacity
 of terrestrial 5G networks, enabling seamless connectivity in both urban and
rural areas.

 Internet of Things (IoT) Connectivity: The growing number of connected devices

in IoT applications demands efficient and reliable connectivity. mmWave
technology can support massive device connectivity and enable high-density
deployments of IoT sensors and devices. Satellites utilizing mmWave can serve
as an integral part of the IoT infrastructure, providing connectivity in remote and
hard-to-reach areas.

 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): UAVs require reliable and high-bandwidth

communication links for autonomous operations, remote sensing, surveillance, and
other applications. mmWave technology plays a significant role in enabling
communication between satellites and control of unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs). Satellites operating in mmWave frequencies can facilitate autonomous
operations, control, and data transmission for UAVs, supporting applications
such as aerial surveillance, disaster response etc.

 Hybrid Communication Systems: mmWave technology can be integrated into

hybrid communication systems, combining different communication
technologies to optimize coverage, capacity, and performance. For instance,
mmWave frequencies can be used for inter-satellite communication, while lower
frequency bands are utilized for user-to-satellite links. This integration enhances
the overall system capability and supports diverse communication requirements.

These emerging applications demonstrate the potential of mmWave technology to

satellite communication and enable a wide range of services. As advancements
continue, the deployment of mmWave-based satellite communication systems will
further expand, unlocking new opportunities for connectivity, data transfer, and
innovative applications.

Recent Developments and Implementations

 Satellite constellations: Utilizing mmWave in LEO systems
 Hybrid communication systems: Integrating mmWave with other technologies
 Optical communication: Combining mmWave and free-space optics
 Advanced signal processing techniques: Enhancing mmWave performance
 Regulatory developments: Spectrum allocation for mmWave satellite systems

Recent developments and implementations of millimeter wave (mmWave)

technology in satellite communication have been significant, driving advancements
in the field. Here are some notable developments:

LEO Satellite Constellations: One of the prominent recent implementations of

mmWave technology is in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations. Companies
like SpaceX (Starlink), OneWeb, and Amazon (Project Kuiper) are deploying large
constellations of satellites in LEO that utilize mmWave frequencies for inter-satellite
communication and connectivity with ground stations. These constellations aim to
provide global broadband internet coverage, leveraging the high bandwidth and
data rates offered by mmWave technology.

Hybrid Communication Systems: Satellite communication systems are increasingly

integrating mmWave technology with other communication technologies to create
hybrid systems. By combining mmWave frequencies with traditional frequency
bands (e.g., C-band, Ku-band) or optical communication, operators can optimize
coverage, capacity, and performance. Hybrid systems provide the flexibility to
leverage the strengths of each technology, enabling more efficient and reliable
satellite communication.

Optical Communication Integration: MmWave technology is being integrated with

optical communication systems to enhance satellite communication capabilities. The
combination of mmWave and free-space optical communication enables ultra-high
data rates, low latency, and long-distance transmission capabilities. This integration
enhances the overall performance of satellite communication systems, particularly
in terms of data-intensive applications and inter-satellite communication.
Advanced Signal Processing Techniques: Signal processing techniques have seen
significant advancements in mmWave-based satellite communication. Advanced
algorithms and processing methods are being developed to optimize signal quality,
mitigate interference, and improve overall system performance. These techniques
address challenges associated with propagation, attenuation, and interference in
mmWave frequencies, enhancing the reliability and efficiency of satellite
communication.

Regulatory Developments: Regulatory bodies and organizations are actively working

on spectrum allocation and regulations for mmWave-based satellite communication
systems. As the demand for mmWave frequencies increases, regulatory frameworks
are evolving to ensure sufficient spectrum resources are available for satellite
operators. These developments enable satellite communication systems to operate
in specific mmWave frequency bands, promoting standardization and fostering
innovation in the industry.

Research and Testing Initiatives: Research institutions, satellite operators, and

technology companies are investing in research and testing initiatives to further
explore the potential of mmWave technology in satellite communication. These
initiatives focus on overcoming technical challenges, optimizing system design, and
validating the performance of mmWave-based satellite communication systems.
Through extensive research and testing, these initiatives aim to refine and enhance
the implementation of mmWave technology.

These recent developments and implementations of mmWave technology in

satellite communication showcase its growing importance and potential in
advancing the field. With ongoing advancements, investments, and regulatory
support, mmWave technology is poised to revolutionize satellite communication by
enabling higher bandwidth, faster data rates, enhanced connectivity, and innovative
applications.
4. Challenges and Future Prospects

MmWave technology also faces some challenges and limitations when applied to
satellite communication, such as:

While mmWave technology offers significant advantages in satellite communication, it

also faces several challenges and limitations. Understanding these limitations is crucial
for effectively implementing and optimizing mmWave-based satellite communication
systems. Here are some key challenges and limitations:

 High Atmospheric Attenuation: mmWave signals are susceptible to higher levels

of atmospheric attenuation compared to lower frequency bands. Rain, fog, and
other atmospheric conditions can significantly affect signal propagation,
resulting in signal degradation and reduced link distances. For example, the
attenuation of a clear-sky atmosphere at sea level is about 0.01 dB/km at 30
GHz, while at 300 GHz it is about 16 dB/km. This limits the range and availability
of the satellite link. To mitigate these effects, adaptive modulation and coding,
power control, diversity techniques, and site diversity can be employed.

 Limited Range and Propagation: mmWave signals have shorter wavelengths,

which leads to a reduced transmission range compared to lower frequency
bands. The free-space path loss at mmWave frequencies is higher, requiring
closer satellite spacing or more satellites to maintain communication links over
longer distances. Overcoming the limited range challenge involves optimizing
satellite constellation design, signal amplification techniques, and satellite
handover strategies to ensure continuous coverage.

 Line-of-Sight Requirement: Unlike low-frequency signals, mmWave signals are

shorter in wavelength and hence, cannot penetrate deeply into most materials,
and thus are more susceptible to propagation losses. Obstacles such as buildings,
trees, foliage, and other geographic features can cause significant signal
blockage and reflection, resulting in increased path loss, signal degradation, and
reduced link reliability. For example, research shows that the penetration loss
through a brick wall for a signal at 70 GHz is roughly five-fold compared to a
signal at 1 GHz. Due to their limited ability to penetrate obstacles, a clear line-of-
sight (LOS) path is required for effective communication. Implementing advanced
 antenna design and beam-forming techniques to achieve highly focused and
directed signals. Antenna arrays with beam-forming capabilities are needed to
maintain reliable and stable links, as mmWave signals are highly directional and
sensitive to misalignment. Developing cost-effective and practical antenna
solutions for mmWave satellite communication remains a challenge.

 High Directional Sensitivity: mmWave signals have very narrow beams that
require precise alignment between the transmitter and receiver antennas. This
can be difficult to achieve in dynamic satellite communication scenarios where
the relative positions and orientations of the satellites and terminals may change
rapidly. mmWave antennas need to be small enough to fit on the satellite
platform, but also have high gain and narrow beamwidth to overcome the
propagation loss and interference. Moreover, the antennas need to have fast
steering and tracking capabilities to maintain alignment with the moving
satellites. To overcome this challenge, mmWave systems need to employ
advanced antenna technologies, such as phased arrays, lens antennas, reflect-
arrays, and holographic antennas that can provide fast beam steering and
tracking capabilities.

 Interference Management: mmWave signals may suffer from interference from

other mmWave systems or sources operating in the same or adjacent frequency
bands. This can reduce the signal quality and capacity of the mmWave links. To
overcome this challenge, mmWave systems need to employ interference
mitigation techniques, such as frequency hopping, spatial filtering, beam-nulling,
and coordination protocols.

 Regulatory Considerations: Regulatory considerations play a significant role in

spectrum allocation for satellite communication systems. It is crucial to ensure
that sufficient spectrum resources are allocated to enable the deployment and
operation of mmWave-based satellite networks. Advocacy, coordination with
regulatory bodies, and effective spectrum management strategies are necessary
to address this limitation.

 High Interference Potential: The mmWave bands are shared by multiple users
and services, such as terrestrial 5G networks, fixed wireless access (FWA), radar
 systems, radio astronomy, etc. Therefore, there is a need for careful frequency
planning and coordination to avoid harmful interference and ensure coexistence.

 System Integration and Interoperability: Integrating mmWave technology with

existing satellite communication infrastructure and systems can present
integration challenges. Ensuring interoperability and seamless connectivity
between different satellite systems, ground stations, and user equipment
operating in mmWave frequencies require careful coordination, standardization,
and compatibility considerations.

 Power Consumption and Thermal Management: mmWave systems, particularly

those with high data rates, require significant power consumption. Power
efficiency and thermal management become critical factors in satellite design to
ensure proper operation and prevent overheating. Efficient power management
techniques, including power-aware designs and thermal control mechanisms, are
necessary to optimize performance and prolong satellite lifespan.

 Cost and Complexity: Implementing mmWave technology in satellite

communication systems can be cost-intensive and complex. Developing and
deploying satellites with mmWave capabilities require advanced engineering,
high-performance components, and sophisticated signal processing algorithms.
Additionally, mmWave equipment, including transceivers, antennas, and
amplifiers, may be more expensive than those used for lower frequency bands.
Reducing costs and complexity requires continued technological advancements,
economies of scale, and improved manufacturing processes.

Addressing these challenges and limitations requires ongoing research, innovation, and
collaboration among satellite operators, equipment manufacturers, and regulatory
bodies. As technology advances and understanding of mmWave propagation improves,
solutions can be developed to optimize the performance and reliability of mmWave-
based satellite communication systems.
6. Conclusion

mmWave technology is a prominent trend in satellite communication, offering increased

bandwidth, spectrum availability, higher data rates, smaller antenna sizes, improved
interference immunity, integration with LEO constellations, hybrid communication possibilities,
advancements in signal processing, and evolving regulatory considerations. These trends
collectively drive the development of more efficient and capable satellite communication
systems, facilitating enhanced global connectivity and supporting a wide range of applications.
While the future prospects of mmWave in satellite communication are promising, there will
also be ongoing efforts to overcome challenges such as atmospheric attenuation, limited range,
and regulatory considerations. With continuous advancements and investments, mmWave
technology is poised to shape the future of satellite communication, enabling faster, more
reliable, and ubiquitous connectivity for a wide range of applications.

MmWave technology is a key enabler of the 6G era that can provide high-performance
satellite communication for various applications. However, mmWave technology also poses
some technical challenges that need to be addressed by using appropriate solutions. By
exploiting the advantages and overcoming the limitations of mmWave technology, satellite
communication can achieve unprecedented levels of capacity, coverage, connectivity, and
quality.

Overall, millimeter technology plays a significant role in satellite communication, enabling high-
capacity, high-speed data transmission and supporting various advanced applications. Its use is
particularly prominent in satellite systems designed for broadband connectivity, multimedia
services, and emerging technologies like 5G networks and Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

References

5: https://www.rfpage.com/applications-of-millimeter-waves-future/ 1:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9049651/ 2:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10762-018-0554-7 3:
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/basics-of-millimeter-wave-mmwave-
technology/ 4: https://www.eetasia.com/millimeter-wave-technology-the-turbo-of-the-
information-age/
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⦁     https://www.everythingrf.com/community/what-are-millimeter-waves
⦁     https://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/1594-millimeter-wave-applications-from-
satellite-communications-to-security-systems
⦁     https://millmanland.com/knowledge/millimeter-wave-technology-for-
telecommunication/#
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mmwave-technology/
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latest trends in satellite communication are:

High-Frequency Bands: Traditionally, satellite communication has relied on C-band and Ku-
band frequencies. However, there is growing interest in using higher frequency bands, such as
Ka-band and Q/V-band, for satellite communication. These higher frequency bands offer
greater bandwidth capacity, allowing for higher data rates. They are particularly well-suited for
broadband communication services.

Inter-Satellite Link (ISL) Technology: ISL technology enables direct communication between
satellites in space, creating a mesh network. This approach reduces the need for ground
stations and enables faster and more efficient data relay between satellites. ISL technology is
particularly useful for LEO satellite constellations, where satellites need to communicate with
each other to relay data and ensure continuous coverage.

High Throughput Satellites (HTS): HTS technology has revolutionized satellite communications
by enabling higher data transfer rates. These satellites use advanced frequency reuse and
multiple spot beams to provide higher capacity and improved performance. HTS systems are
being used for various applications, including broadband internet access, maritime and
aeronautical communications, and Earth observation.
Applications of mmWave Technology for Satellite
Communication

MmWave technology can be applied to various satellite communication scenarios, such as:

• Inter-satellite links: MmWave technology can enable high-speed data transfer between
satellites in orbit, which can improve the performance and reliability of satellite
networks. For example, mmWave technology can be used to establish optical inter-satellite
links (OISLs) that can provide up to 100 Gbps of data rate 1.

• Satellite-to-ground links: MmWave technology can provide high-capacity and low-

latency communication between satellites and ground stations or terminals, which can
support various applications such as broadband access, remote sensing, and navigation. For
example, mmWave technology can be used to implement satellite-based 5G and 6G
networks that can provide seamless coverage and connectivity to users 12.

• Satellite-to-aircraft links: MmWave technology can enable direct communication

between satellites and aircrafts, which can enhance the safety and efficiency of air traffic
management and navigation. For example, mmWave technology can be used to implement
satellite-based air traffic control (ATC) systems that can provide real-time information and
guidance to pilots 2.

• Low latency that improves user experience and enables real-time applications