GEOMETRY

COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

GEOMETRY
Complete Formula
PDF
USEFUL for SSC CGL, CHSL, CPO
& MTS

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

1 LINES & ANGLES:................................................................4

ANGLE ............................................................................ 4
TYPES OF ANGLES: ........................................................ 4
WHEN A TRANSVERSAL INTERSECTS TWO PARALLEL LINES: ......... 6
2 TRIANGLES : ....................................................................... 6
TYPES OF TRIANGLES: ......................................................... 6
ON THE BASIS OF SIDES – ................................................................. 6
ON THE BASIS OF ANGLES: ................................................................ 7
CONDITION FOR FORMATION OF A TRIANGLE: - ........................ 8
PROPERTIES OF A TRIANGLE:- ............................................... 9
CONGRUENT TRIANGLE: ................................................... 10
SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR CONGRUENCE OF ................................... 10
TRIANGLES: ................................................................................. 10
SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLES: ................................................ 12
MPT (MID-POINT THEOREM) : .......................................... 13
BPT (BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM) : ......................... 13
INEQUALITY RELATIONS IN A TRIANGLE: ............................... 14
ANGLE BISECTOR THEOREM: ............................................. 14
CENTROID: ..................................................................... 15
CIRCUMCENTER :- ........................................................... 17
INCENTER:- .................................................................... 18
EX-CENTER :- .................................................................. 19
ORTHOCENTER:- ............................................................. 20
SINE RULE :-................................................................... 21
COSINE RULE :- ............................................................... 21
EXPRESSION FOR AREA :-................................................... 22
HOW TO FIND LENGTH OF CEVIAN – STEWART’S THEOREM ...... 22
CEVA’S THEOREM :-......................................................... 23
ROUTH THEOREM: .......................................................... 23
STANDARD EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE :-.................................. 24
RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE :- ............................................... 25
MASS POINT GEOMETRY:- ................................................ 27
3 QUADRILATERAL :-........................................................... 29
RECTANGLE :- ................................................................. 30
SQUARE :- ..................................................................... 31
PARALLELOGRAM :- ......................................................... 31
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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
RHOMBUS :- .................................................................. 34
TRAPEZIUM :- ................................................................. 34
KITE :-........................................................................... 36
4 POLYGON :- ..................................................................... 36
REGULAR POLYGON :- ...................................................... 36
REGULAR HEXAGON :-...................................................... 38
REGULAR OCTAGON :- ..................................................... 40
5 CIRCLE :- .......................................................................... 41
SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE :- ................................................... 42
ALTERNATE SEGMENT THEOREM :- ..................................... 44
TANGENTS FROM EXTERNAL POINTS :- ................................. 46
DIRECT COMMON TANGENT :- ........................................... 46
TRANSVERSE COMMON TANGENT :- .................................... 46
FOR EXTERNALLY TOUCHING CIRCLES :- ................................ 47

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
1 LINES & ANGLES:
Angle
Every angle has a measure. The unit of angle
measure is a standard angle called a "degree".
1 degree = 1° = 60 minutes i.e., 60'
1' = 60 seconds i.e., 60"

TYPES OF ANGLES:
i) An angle whose measure is 90° is called a right
angle. i.e., q = 90°
ii) An angle whose measure is less than 90° is called
an acute angle.
i.e., 0° < q < 90°
iii) An angle whose measure is more than 90° but less
than 180° is called an obtuse angle.
i.e., 90° < q < 180°
iv) An angle whose measure is 180° is called a straight
angle.

v) An angle whose measure is more than 180° is

called a reflex angle.
i.e., 180° < q < 360°

vi) Complementary Angle:

Two angles, whose sum is 90°, are called
complementary angles
If, Ðx + Ðy = 90°
Ðx & Ðy are called complementary angles.
e.g., (40°, 50°), (45°, 45°), (35°, 55°), etc

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
vii) Supplementary Angles:
Two angles, whose sum measures 180°, are called
the supplementary angles.
If, Ðp + Ðq = 180°
Ðp & Ðq are called supplementary angles.
e.g., (120°, 60°), (100° 80°), etc

viii) Adjacent Angles:

Two angles are called adjacent
angles if they have:
§ the same vertex,
§ a common arm, and
§ Uncommon arms are on
either side of the common
arm.
e.g., ÐADB & ÐCDB are adjacent angles.

ix) Linear pair of Angles:

Two adjacent angles are
said to form a linear pair of
angles, if their non-
common arms are two
opposite rays.
i.e.,if ÐAOC + ÐBOC = 180°,
then ÐAOC & ÐBOC form a linear pair.

x) Vertically Opposite Angles:

Two angles are called a pair of
vertically opposite angles, if
their arms form two pairs of
opposite rays.
i.e., ÐAOC & ÐDOB are
vertically opposite. Also,
ÐAOD & ÐCOB are vertically
opposite.

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
# If two lines intersect, then vertically opposite angles
are equal. Here, ÐAOC = ÐDOB & ÐAOD = ÐCOB
When a transversal intersects two
parallel lines:
Here,
L7 = L5
L6 = L8 vertically
L1 = L3 opposite angles
L2 = L4

L3 = L5
L2 = L8 → Corresponding angles
L1 = L7
L4 = L6

L3 = L7
L2 = L6 → Alternate angles
L1 = L5
L4 = L8

L7 + L2 = 180°
L3 + L6 = 180° → Sum of consecutive interior
angles is 180°

2 TRIANGLES :
Types of Triangles:
On the basis of sides –
i) Scalene Triangle: -
A triangle with 3 unequal
sides is called a scalene
triangle.
e.g.,In DABC, for a ¹ b ¹ c,
DABC is scalene

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
ii) Isosceles Triangle:
A triangle with (at least)
two equal sides is called an
isosceles triangle.
e.g., If a, b & c are the sides
of DABC and a ¹ c = b, then
DABC is isosceles triangle.

iii) Equilateral Triangle:

A triangle in which all three
sides are equal is called an
equilateral triangle.
i.e., DABC is equilateral,
if a = b = c

On the basis of angles:

iv) Acute Triangle: -
A triangle with all three internal angles less than 90°
i.e., all three internal angles are acute

RaMo Mantra :-
If a, b & c are the sides of a triangle,
such that c > b, c > a
And, a2 + b2 > c2
=> Triangle is an acute triangle

v) Right Triangle: -
A triangle with one angle that
measures 90° is called a right
triangle.
DABC is right triangle, if ÐC = 90°

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

RaMo Mantra :
If a, b & c are the sides of a triangle,
such that, c > a, c > b
and "! + $! = & !
then, Triangle is called right angled
triangle.
vi) Obtuse Triangle:
A triangle with one angle greater than 90° i.e.,
obtuse angle, is known as an obtuse angled
triangle.

RaMo Mantra :
If a, b and c are the sides of a triangle
such that c > a, c > b, and
and "! + $! < & !
then, Triangle is called obtuse angled
triangle.

Condition for formation of a triangle: -

The formation of a triangle is possible if the sum
of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is
always greater than the length of third side.
OR
The difference of the lengths of any two side of a
triangle is always smaller than the length of the
third side.
i.e., if DABC is a triangle with sides a, b and c, then
a + b > c and |" − $| < &
b+c>a |$ − &| < "
c+a>b |& − "| < $

Generalisation: For a DABC with sides a, b and c

()) |! − #| < % < |! + #|
(+) |% − #| < ! < |% + #|
(,) |! − %| < # < |% + !|
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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
Properties of a
triangle:-
i) Angle sum property: -
The sum of the three internal
angles of a triangle is always
180°.
i.e., In DABC, ÐA + ÐB + ÐC = 180°

ii) Exterior angle property: -

An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum
of the opposite interior angles.
i.e., In DABC,
ÐACD =ÐCAB + ÐCBA
Ð1 = Ð2 + Ð3
OR
Ext. ÐC = ÐA + ÐB

iii) If the bisectors of angles

ÐABC and an ÐACB of a
triangle ABC meet at a
point O,
ÐA
then, ÐBOC = 90° +
2

iv) If sides AB and AC of a

DABC are produced to P
and Q respectively and if
the bisectors of ÐPBC and
ÐQCB intersect at O, then:
ÐA
ÐBOC = 90° − 2

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
v) The angle between
internal bisector of one
base angle and the
external bisector of the
other base angle of a
triangle is equal to one-
half of the vertical angle.
"
i.e., In adjacent fig., ÐBPC = !ÐBAC

vi) In D PQR,
PS is the bisector of
ÐQPR, & PT ^ QR.
|Ð/0Ð1|
Then ÐTPS =
2

Congruent
Triangle:
Two triangles are congruent if and only if one of
them can be made to superimpose on the other so
as to cover it exactly. Corresponding elements of
congruent triangles are equal.
If DABC @ D DEF, then

=> AB = DE; BC = EF; AC = DF

=> ÐA = ÐD; ÐB = ÐE; ÐC = ÐF

Sufficient conditions for congruence of

triangles:
§ SAS (Side-Angle-Side):
Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the
included angle of one triangle are equal to the

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
corresponding sides and the included angle of the
other triangle.

§ ASA (Angle-Side-Angle):
Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the
included side of one triangle are equal to the
corresponding two angles and the included side of
other triangle.

§ AAS (Angle-Angle-Side):
If any two angles and non-included side of one
triangle are equal to the corresponding angles and
side of another triangle, the two triangles are
congruent.

§ SSS (Side-Side-Side):
Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of
one triangle are equal to the corresponding three
sides of the other triangle.

§ (RHS) Right angle – Hypotenuse – Side:

Two right triangles are congruent if the
hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are
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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one side
of the other triangle.

Similarity of Triangles:
Two triangles, DABC and D PQR, are similar if and
only if corresponding angles have the same
measures.
OR
If and only if the lengths of corresponding sides
are proportional.

RaMo Mantra :
If D ABC ~ D PQR, then
!" !% "%
→ #$ = #& = $&
This is equivalent to saying that one triangle is an
enlargement or diminution of the other.

So, if D ABC ~ D PQR, then

#$ $' #' ℎ * ( + % D
= %& = &( = %( = ℎ1 = *1 = (1 = +1 = %1 = 3D1
2 2 2 2 2 2

where h1 is height, R1 is circumradius, M1 is

median, r1 is inradius, P1 is perimeter and D, is area
of DABC.

and h2 is height, R2 is circumradius, M2 is median,

P2 is perimeter, r2 is inradius and D2 is area of DPQR.
OR
→ Simply, every corresponding ratio will be equal.

→ Criteria for similarity of triangles,

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
i) AAA OR AA ii) SSS iii) SAS

→ Every congruent triangles are similar triangles.

But converse is not always true.

MPT (Mid-point theorem) :

The line segment joining
the mid-points of any two
sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side
and equal to half of it.

If PQ || BC & P is the
midpoint of AB and Q is the midpoint of AC.

"
Then, 45 = ! 67

Converse is also true:

→ The line drawn through the mid-point of one

side of a triangle, parallel to another side,
intersects, the third side at its mid-point.

'()'(D+,-) 1
ð '()'(D/0-)
=2

BPT (Basic Proportionality Theorem) :

If DE || BC, then

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

D ABC ~ D ADE,

!3 !4 34
!"
= !% = "%

Also,

!3 !4
3"
= 4%

Inequality Relations in a Triangle:

In DABC,
If ÐB = ÐC, then b = c
If ÐB > ÐC, then b > c
If ÐB < ÐC, then b < c

Angle Bisector
Theorem:
i) In D ABC, AD is the angle
bisector of ÐBAC, then
!" !$
"#
= #$

ii) In D ABC, if AD is
an angle
bisector of
ext.ÐA, then
!" !%
= 3%
"3

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
Centroid:
i) The point in which the three medians of the triangle
intersect is known as the centroid of a triangle.
ii) The median is a line that joins the midpoint of a side
and the opposite vertex of the triangle.
iii) The centroid of the triangle divides the median in
the ratio of 2 : 1.
Centroid always lies inside the triangle
In DABC, if G is the centroid of
triangle, then

AG : GD = 2 : 1
BG : GE = 2 : 1
CG : FG = 2 : 1

iv) Median divides the triangle into two parts of equal

area. Here,
area(DABD) = area(DADC)
area(DBCF) = area(DACF)
area(DABE) = area(DCBE)

RaMo Mantra :
With respect to centroid,
triangle is divided into
three parts of equal area
i.e., the centroid divides
the triangle in three equal
parts
i.e. Area (AGB) = Area (AGC) = Area (BGC)

All three medians

divide the triangle into
6 equal parts.

• 4{AD+BE+CF} > 3{AB + BC + CA}

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
• 4{AD2 + BE2 + CF2} = 3{AB2 + BC2 + CA2}

• 4{Area of triangle formed by medians (as

sides)} = 3{area of DABC}
i.e. 4{area of triangle with sides CF, BE & AD}
= 3{area of DABC}
In Simple terms:
• 4 [ åmedians] > 3 [ å sides]

• 4[ å(medians)2] = 3 [ å (sides)2]

• 4 {Area of triangle formed by medians} = 3 {Area

of DABC}

v) Formula for length of Medians :-

!
89:;<= >?@"A2(B" CD " )0<"
!
>?@"A2(>E" C>F " )0EF "

vi) If medians intersect at 90° :-

→ 5BC2 = AB2 + AC2

→ 5a2 = b2 + c2

vii) Relation of Medians in

a right triangle:
4(AL² + BM²) = 5AB²

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
Circumcenter :-
i) The circumcenter of a
triangle is defined as the
point where the
perpendicular bisectors of
the sides of that particular
triangle intersects.

PC=QC= RC = circumradius (R)

ii) Here, ÐQCR = 2(ÐQPR)

!"#
iii) Circumradius(R) =
$D
where a, b and c are the sides of a triangle and 'D'
is the area of triangle.

.
iv) R =
/ 0123
. 7 9
v)
456 3
= 456 8 = 456 : = 2R

vi) Location of circumcenter: -

• The circumcenter of an acute triangle is inside
the triangle.

• The circumcenter of an obtuse triangle is

outside the triangle.

• The circumcenter of a right-angled triangle is

on the hypotenuse.

It is the midpoint of hypotenuse.

%&'()*+,-* /*+0)%
So, R = 1
in right triangle

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
Incenter:-
i) Intersection point of all the
angle bisectors of a triangle
is known as incenter.
It is equidistant from all the
sides of the triangle.

ii) Radius of incircle is known as inradius "r".

∆
; = . , where D is the area of the triangle & “s” is
semi perimeter.

∠!
iii) ∠6M7 = 90° +
1

iv) Incenter always lies inside the triangle.

v) In right angle D,
QCB0R
!= 2

% − %'(%)*+,-./(
0 − 0/1'
ℎ − ℎ3%45')'-1

3< 7>9 8= 38
vi)
<=
= .
; =: = 3:

vii) Distance between circumcenter(R) & incenter(r).

?@AB%C#D = √F/ − 2;F

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
Ex-center :-
The intersection point of internal angle bisector of
one angle and bisectors of other two opposite
exterior angles.

Ð-
i) ÐBEC= 90° -
5
ii) ex-radii :
D D D
ra = ; rb = ;r =
S0< S0B c S0D
(6 8(679)(67:)
iii) ra = 67' = !
87'
34546
where, s = 1

iv) D (area) = AT T3 T5 T6

v) T3 + T5 + T6 = 4R + r

vi) T3 T5 + T5 T6 + T6 T3 = s2

vii) T3 1 + T5 1 + T6 1 = (4R + r)2 – 2s2

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
Orthocenter:-
The point where the three altitudes of
a triangle intersect is Orthocenter.
The orthocenter is not always inside the triangle. If
the triangle is obtuse, it will be outside.

Here, "H" is orthocenter.

i) ÐBHC = 180° - ÐA
ÐAHC = 180° - ÐB
ÐAHB = 180° - ÐC

ii) D BFH ~ D CEH

BH ´ HE = CH ´ HF
Also,

BH ´ HE = CH ´ HF = AH ´ HD

iii) FH = FF1; HE = EE1; HD = DD1

iv) BD ´ DC = AD ´ DH
BE ´ EH = CE ´ EA
CF ´ FH = AF ´ FB

v) (AB + BC + CA) > (AD + CF + BC)

å sides > å Altitudes

vi) Location of orthocenter:

• Inside in acute triangle
• Outside if it is an obtuse triangle
• At right vertex if it is a right triangle

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
RaMo Mantra :

→BD2 = CD ´ AD
>E ´ UV
→BD =
>F
!"0 "% 0
→AD = ; CD =
!% !%

→AD : CD = AB2 : BC2

W W W
→ " = +
Q <" B"

Relation between Orthocenter, centroid and

circumcenter:
In any triangle, orthocenter, centroid and circumcenter
are co-linear and centroid divides the line in 2:1 as in
figure.

Sine Rule :-
' 9 :
= 6;< " = 6;< % = 2R
6;< !

Cosine Rule :-
5 ! 46 ! 73!
cos A =
156

3! 46 ! 75 !
cos B = 136

5 ! 4 3! 76 !
cos C = 135
2 2 2
a = b + c – 2bc cosA
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cosB
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cosC

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

Expression for area :-

Perimeter = a+b+c
34546
Semi perimeter (s) = 1

8
Area (D) = 1 ´ height ´ base
Generally,
8
Area of triangle = 1 ac sin B
8
Area of triangle = 1 ab sin C
8
Area of triangle = 1 bc sin A
8
∴ Area of triangle = 1 ´ xy sin q

By heron’s formula,
Area of triangle = AX(X − ")(X − $)(X − &)

How to find length of cevian – Stewart’s

Theorem
i) Stewart's theorem :-
Here, AD = d (known as
cevian)
Cevian is any line from
the vertex to the base
opposite to it.
b²m + c²n = a(d² + mn)

If cevian is median :-
8
So, d = A2($1 + & 1 ) − "1
1

if cevian is angle bisector :-

56
d = 23546 X(X − ")
34546
where s = 1
and side of length a is divided in the proportion
b:c
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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
Ceva’s Theorem :-

In ∆ABC, let AD, BE and CF are the cevians (i.e., any

line from vertex to opposite base), then

!" #% &'
× × =1
"# %& '!
Routh Theorem:

If in ∆ABC, points D, E and F lie on segments BC, CA

and AB, then writing –

-. 23 /8
= 0 ; = 4 567 =9
/. -3 28
The area of the triangle formed by the cevians AD, BE
and CF is:

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
(=>?71)0
= area of ∆ABC × * +
(=>@>@1)(>?@?@1)(?=@=@1)

Standard Equilateral Triangle :-

Perimeter = 3a
√: 1
Area = "
;
√:
height = a
1
3 3
R= , r = 1√:
√:

area(circumcircle) : area(incircle) = 4 : 1

RaMo Mantra :
If side = 2
Perimeter = 6
Height = √3
1 8
R= ,r=
√: √:
Area = √3 sq. unit.

• All angle bisectors, all medians, all ^ bisectors

& all altitudes are same.

• All 4 types of center are on same point.

• If length of perpendiculars on sides from any

point inside the equilateral are P1, P2 and P3.
Then, side is given by :-

2
5= (=! + =" + =# )
√3
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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
=> P1+ P2+ P3 = h
Right angled Triangle :-
8
• Area = 1 ´ p ´ b
'457%
• r= 1
%
• R=1
• 2(r + R) = p +b

• Area of triangle = s(s – hypotenuse)

Area of triangle = s(s - 2R) or
Area of triangle = s(s - 2m) {m is the shortest median}

• If, Area = 6 sq. unit

and Perimeter = 12 units, then
r = 1 unit, R = 2.5 unit
R:r=5:2

• Special right angled triangle: -

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
• Pythagoras triplets for right angled
triangle :-
We can generate by using these
2m, m2 + 1, m2 – 1
2xy, x2 + y2, x2 – y2
(3, 4, 5)
(6, 8, 10)
(5, 12, 13)
(7, 24, 25)
(8, 15, 17)

(9, 40, 41)

(11, 60, 61)
(12, 35, 37)
(13, 84, 85)
(16, 63, 65)
(20, 21, 29)

• Isosceles-right triangle :-
P = perimeter = a(2+√2)
8
area = 1 a2
<!
=
1(>4;√1)
'!
= (3 − 2√2)
;

• For isosceles triangle :-

3²
height; h =
1A
3!
circumradius; R =
√;3! 75 !
3
b = A(2c + ")(2c − ")
A

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
Mass Point Geometry:-

m₁x = m₂y
@! 0
=
@" 4
Let’s take an example to understand -

Q. In a ∆ABC, side BC is divided by D in the ratio of

5:2 and BA is divided by E in a ratio 3:4 as shown in
the figure. Find the ratios in which F divides the
cevians AD & CE i.e.,EF:FC
= ?,DF:FA = ?

Sol.

Step-1: In order to have D as the balancing point of

BC.

We assign a mass of 2 kg to B and 5 kg to C.

Step-2: Now mass at D-

2kg +5kg=7kg, i.e.,7kg at D.

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COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

Step-3: Now on side AB, to have E as a balancing point,

we assign weight on A
:
= 2 × ; ef
:
= 1 ef "g h

Step-4: Now mass at E.

:
= i2 + j ef
1

B
= ef
1

Step-5: Now the ratio of DF:FA to have F as balancing

point
:
DF : FA = : 7 = 3:14
1

B
And, EF : FC = 5: 1 = 10:7

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
3 Quadrilateral :-
• ÐA + ÐB + ÐC + ÐD = 360°
8
• Area(ABCD) = 1AC(h1 + h2)
• If four sides a, b, c and d
are given, then
area(ABCD) =
A(X − ")(X − $)(X − &)(X − n)
345464C
where, s =
1
• If d1,d2 are the diagonals :
8
area = d1 d2 sinq
1
where q is the angle at
which diagonals intersect.
• If diagonals intersect at 90°.
h61 + 7o1 = 67 1 + ho²

• If a circle touches all the

sides of quad. ABCD, then
Sum of opposite sides is
equal.
=> AB+CD = BC + AD

• O is the center of the circle,

(Not the intersection point of diagonals),then
=>ÐAOB + ÐCOD = ÐDOA + ÐBOC

• Cyclic quadrilateral :-
If all the vertex of quadrilateral
are on the circle,
Quadrilateral is called cyclic
Here, ÐA + ÐC = 180°
ÐB + ÐD = 180°
AC ´ BD = AB ´ CD + BC ´ AD

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

• If one diagonal bisects other:

D DPC ~ D APB
D DPA ~ D CPB

AB ´ AD = BC ´ CD

• Quadrilateral formed by
joining the mid-points of the
pairs of consecutive sides of
a quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
PQRS is a || gm.

Rectangle :-
AB = DC;AD = BC; AC = BD
ÐA = ÐB = ÐC = ÐD = 90°

• Diagonals AC & BD bisect each other.

• Diagonals divide rectangle into four equal
parts.
• area(DABC) = area(D BCD) = area(D ABD) =
8
area(D ACD) = 1(D ABCD)
• area(D OAB) = area(D OBC) = area(D OCD) =
8
area(DOAD) = (ABCD)
;
If P is any point inside the
rectangle.
AP2 + CP2 = BP2 + PD2
• Quadrilateral formed by
joining the mid-points of the
consecutive sides of a
rectangle is a rhombus.

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
Square :-
• AB = BC= CD = DA = a
• ÐA = ÐB = ÐC = ÐD = 90°
• AC = BD = a√2
• area = a2
• Diagonals bisect each other at 90°
• O is mid point of diagonals.
• Square has all the properties
of rectangle.
• area(AOB) = area(BOC) =
8
area(COD) = area(DOA) = ; a2
• R = OA = OC & OM = r
3√1 3
=> R : r = :
1 1
= √2 : 1

Parallelogram :-
• AB || CD; AB = CD
• BC || AD; AD = BC
• ÐA = ÐC; ÐB = ÐD
• ÐA + ÐB = ÐC + ÐD = ÐC + ÐB = ÐA + ÐD =
180°
• AC ¹ BD, but bisect each other.
• area of D ABC = D BCD = D ABD = D ACD =
8
(ABCD)
1
• area(D AOB) = area(D BOC) = area(DCOD) =
8
area(D DOA) = ; area(ABCD)
• area(ABCD) = height ´ base
• area( ||gm ABCD) = AD ´ AB sin ÐDAB
In a ||gm, the bisectors of any
two consecutive angles
intersect at right angle.
ÐAPB = 90°

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
ii) The angle bisectors of a
parallelogram form a
rectangle.
PQRS is a rectangle.

iii) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its opposite

sides are equal.

iv) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its opposite

angles are equal.

v) If diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other,

then the quadrilateral is a || gm.

vi) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram, if its one pair of

opposite sides are equal and parallel.

vii) If the diagonals of a || gm are equal and intersect at

90°, the || gm is a square.

viii) area of || gm = (s – a) (s – b), where s is

semiperimeter.

ix) If P is any point inside || gm, then

Area(D APD) + area(D BPC)

= area(D APB) + area(D PDC)
8
= 1 area( || gm)

x) If ABCD is a || gm, then

8
Area of shaded region = 1 ( || gm area)
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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

8
xi) Area of shaded region = 1 (area of || gm)

xii) If A, B, C and D are the midpoints of PS, PQ, QR & RS

respectively, then
8
Area ( || gm ABCD) = ; area (PQRS)
8
(ABCD) Perimeter = 1(PQRS)

xiii) AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + DA2 = 2(AB2 + BC2)

= 2[2(BO2 + CO2)]
= (2B0)2 + (2CO)2
= AC2 + BD2
So,å (diagonals)2 = å(sides)2

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
Rhombus :-

• AB = BC = CD = DA,

• AC is not equal to DB,

{but bisect each
other at 90°}

• Diagonals bisect the vertex angle.

8
• Area = height ´ base = 1 ´ d1 ´ d2

• 4a2 = d12 + d22

8
a = 1 3n8 1 + n1 1

• A ||gm is a rhombus if adjacent sides are equal.

• Diagonal divides the rhombus into 4 congruent

right triangles.

• Quadrilateral formed by mid

points of sides of a rhombus is
a rectangle.
Here ABCD is a rhombus.
and PQRS is a rectangle.

Trapezium :-
i) AB | | CD, ÐA + ÐD = ÐB + ÐC = 180°
8
Area = 1 h (AB + CD)

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
area
ii)
area area
area

iii)
• D AOB ~ D COD

• AO ´ DO = CO ´ BO

• AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + BC2 + 2AB.CD

• If E & F are the mid points of diagonals

8
pq = 1 [h6 − 7o]

iv) P is the mid point of AD.

Q is the mid point of
BC.
8
45 = [h6 + 7o]
1

D
v) PQ= ´longer side(AB)
D4+
+
+ D4+´shorter side (DC)
Note: m towards shorter
side (Here, it is CD)

vi) Isosceles trapezium :-

• ÐA + ÐD = ÐB + ÐC =

180°

• ÐA + ÐC = ÐB + ÐD = 180°

• Isosceles trapezium is a cyclic quadrilateral

• AC = BD

• ÐA = ÐB; ÐC = ÐD

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
• AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + BC2 + 2AB.CD

h7 1 = ho1 + h6. 7o

• Only isosceles trapezium can be inscribed in a

circle.
Kite :-
• Two pair of adjacent sides will be
equal.
• Larger diagonal perpendicularly
bisect the shorter diagonal.
8
• Area =1 d1 ´ d2
• d1, d2 are the diagonals.
• Larger diagonal divides kite in 2 congruent Ds.
• A convex kite always inscribes a circle.

4 Polygon :-
• A region bounded by many lines.
• Sum of internal angles = (n – 2) ´
180°,where n is the number of
sides.
• Sum of external angles of
polygon = 360°
+(+7:)
• Number of diagonals = 1
:>E°
• Each internal angle = i180° − j
+
:>E°
• Each external angle = +
A<B.D<EFG (I75)
• =
GHB.D<EFG 5
Regular Polygon :-
No. of Each
Each ext. Int. :
sides åInt. åExt.
int. FGH° ext.
(n) ( I
)
3 180° 60° 360° 120° 1:2
4 360° 90° 360° 90° 1:1
5 540° 108° 360° 72° 3:2
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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
6 720° 120° 360° 60° 2:1
7 900° 900°/7 360° 360°/7 5:2
8 1080° 135° 360° 45° 3:1
9 1260° 140° 360° 40° 7:2
10 1440° 144° 360° 36° 4:1

v General formula for a regular polygon :-

[n-sided]
3! p
• Area = n ; cot i+j
At n = 3,
√:
Area of Equilateral triangle = a2
;
At n = 4,
Square area = a2
At n = 6,
: √: 2
Area of regular hexagon = 1
a

v Circum radius :-
3 p
Rn = 1 cosec iJj

v Inradius :-
3 p
rn = 1 cot iJj

v Side :-
p
a= 2r tan iJj
8KE°
a = 2R sin
+

v Area :-
p
= nr2 tan i j
J
1p
= nR2 sini J j

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
Regular Hexagon :-
Number of sides = 6
å interior angles = 720°;
each interior angle = 120°
Each exterior angle = 60°

• area = 6 ´ area of eq. D

√: : √:
• area = 6 i ; "1 j = "1
1
• Circumradius = a
√:
• In-radius = a
1
• d1 = AC = EC = AE = FB = BD = DF = a√3 {smaller
diagonals}
• d2 = AD = BE = CF = 2a {larger diagonals}

• d1 : d2 = √3 : 2
• For standard value, with side = 2,
Area 6√3 sq. unit
Perimeter = 12
• Area of hexagon, when (d1;smaller diagonal is
given)
√: 2
A= d1
1
• Area of hexagon when (d2 ;larger diagonal is
given)
:√:
A= K
d22
v Divisions in equal area :-

• 3 equal area division :

• 6 equal area division :

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

• 6 equal area division :

• 2 equal area division :

• 12 equal area division :

• 4 equal area division :

• 24 equal area division :

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

Special Case-

• Inradius(r) : Circumradius(R)
= √3 : 2

=> Incircle : Circumcircle = 3 : 4

=> Circumcircle : area of hexagon : Incircle

:√ : 2 :3!
= pa2 : a : p
1 ;
= 4p : 6√2 : 3p

v Regular Hexagon from equilateral D :-

= Area of hexagon : area of
equilateral D ABC
=6 : 9
=2 : 3

Regular Octagon :-
Octagon area = 1 square + 4 rectangles + 4
triangles
8
= 2 ´ 2 + 4 ´ 2 ´ √2 + 4 ´ 1 √2 ´ √2

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
= 4 + 8√2 + 4
Area = 8(1+√2)
= 2 ´ 22(1+√2)

Area = 2a2(1+√2)

• Side of square ABCD

x = a(1+√2)

• Side of octagon
a = x (√2-1)

$ &'()(+,-). &0,%.)) !3√"

= &'()('22). &0,%.)) =
% !
L!
= 3 + 2√2
3!
3!
L!
= 3 - 2√2

• Number of diagonals = 20

• a (side of octagon)
d1 = HF = aA2 + √2
d2 = HE = a(1+√2)
d3 = HD = a√2(A2 + √2 )
"
d1 : d2 = 2# : A1 + √2

" " $
d1:d2:d3 = 2# : (1 + √2)! : 2#

5 Circle :-
"A circle is the locus of a point which moves in a
plane in such a way that its distance from a given
fixed point in the plane is always constant"

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
Ø OB = OA = radius
Ø AB is diameter.
Ø Diameter = 2 ´ radius
Ø CD is chord.
Ø CR is secant line.
Ø AB is the largest chord.
ARC : A continuous piece
of a circle is called an arc of the circle. CD is an
arc.

Minor arc :-
A minor arc of a circle in the collection of those
points of the circle that lie on or inside a central
angle.
CD is minor arc.
DC is major arc.

Major arc :-
A major arc of a circle is the collection of points
of the circle that lie on or outside a central
angle.
DC in major arc.

Segment of a circle :-

Chord PQ divides
the circle into two
parts, each part is
called a segment of
circle.

• Segment containing minor arc is called minor

segment

• Segment containing major arc is called major

segment

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

• The major and minor segments of a circle are

called the alternate segments of each other.

• The perpendicular from the

centre of a circle to a chord
bisects the chord.

• There is one and only one circle

passing through 3 non-collinear points.

• Equal chords of a circle are

equidistant from centre.

• Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at

centre.

• If a chord subtends 2q at
centre of a circle, it will
subtend q at
circumference.

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

• Any chord subtends equal

angle at circumference in the
same segment.

• Angle in semicircle is 90°

Alternate segment Theorem :-

The angle between a chord
and a tangent through one
of the end points of the
chord is equal to the angle
in the alternate segment.

• 4h × 46 = 47 × 4o

• 4h × 46 = 47 × 4o

• 4y 1 = 4h × 46

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

• Tangent point

8
• ∠h47 = ∠64o = 1 (z + {)

8
• ÐAPC =1 |{ − z|

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
Tangents from external points :-
PA = PB
Here, D OPA @ D
OPB

Direct common tangent :-

Here, length of ||||||
78 71 = d
DCT = An − (T8 − T1 )1
1

Transverse common tangent :-

TCT = An1 − (T8 + T1 )1
Here, d > (T8 + T1 )

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

For Externally touching circles :-

PQ = 2√T8 T1 ,
PM = MQ = MR = √T8 T1

• PAC1 ~ D PBC2 ~ D PCC3

1√M" M! M 4M
1NM! M$
= M"4M!
! $

r22 = r1r3
T1 = AT8 T:

• r1, r2, r3, r4… are in GP.

r2 = AT8 T:

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

• When two circles are away,

Maximum number of tangents = 4
Minimum number of tangents = 0

• When two circles touch externally,

Maximum number of tangents = 3
Minimum number of tangents = 1

• When two circles cut each other :-

Maximum number of tangents = 2
Minimum number of tangents = 0

• When two circles touch internally,

Maximum number of tangents = 1
Minimum number of tangents = 1

• PA = PB, AQ = QB, PQ ^ AB
3 ´ O
D PAQ @ D PBQ such that PA = 5
D PAO @ D PBO
ÐAOP = ÐBOP

• ∠4h5 + ∠465 = 180°

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

• PQ2 = XY2 - AB2

• PA = PB,QA =
QM & RM = RB
So, PQ + QA = PR + RB
PQ + QM = PR + RM

• Perimeter of D PQR = PA + PB

• in fig., if l || m, then Ð DOE = 90°

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

• Perimeter of DABC = 2(x + y + z)

• AB + CD = AC + BD
• AF + BD + CE
= AE + CD + BF
8
= (Perimeter of DABC)
1

8 8 8
• = + ,where a,b,c are radii
√6 √3 √5

• Radius of the smaller circle :-

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
1
a=i − 1j T
√:
• Radius of larger circle
(outer circle)
1
b=i + 1j T
√:

• $ = " + 2T

• a = √2 − 1)T {smaller
circle}
b = (√2+1)r {outer circle}

• r = (√2 – 1)R

• r = (√2 − 1)1 a
r = (3 − 2√2)a

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES

3
• r = (√2 − 1)1 1

3
• r = 8>

3
• r=
>

:3
• r= K

• If two chords of a circle of lengths 2a and 2b are

mutually perpendicular and the distance of the
point at which the chords intersect from the
centre of the circle is c.

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GEOMETRY
COMPLETE THEORY NOTES
then radius of circle ‘r’
is given by,
5%P 36P 37²
r=
"

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