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Temperature and Heat 2

This document discusses heat transfer and temperature. It defines heat transfer as the transfer of energy between objects due to a temperature difference, and explains that heat transfer only occurs when systems are not in thermal equilibrium. It then discusses various units used to measure heat, including joules, calories, and British thermal units. The rest of the document covers the relationships between heat, temperature change, and phase changes; the different mechanisms of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation; and concepts like specific heat and heat of fusion/vaporization.

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Jonaluz Pagalpalan
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34 views

Temperature and Heat 2

This document discusses heat transfer and temperature. It defines heat transfer as the transfer of energy between objects due to a temperature difference, and explains that heat transfer only occurs when systems are not in thermal equilibrium. It then discusses various units used to measure heat, including joules, calories, and British thermal units. The rest of the document covers the relationships between heat, temperature change, and phase changes; the different mechanisms of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation; and concepts like specific heat and heat of fusion/vaporization.

Uploaded by

Jonaluz Pagalpalan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Temperature

and
Heat
Part 2
Quantity of Heat
Transfer of energy

𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶

Heat Transfer

𝑇𝐻 > 𝑇𝐶
Due to temperature difference

▪ This energy transfer is called “Heat Flow” or “Heat Transfer”


▪ Energy transferred in this way is called “Heat”
▪ Heat transfer is only valid if the system is not in Thermal Equilibrium.
Quantity of Heat
• Standard Unit (SI) – Joules ( 𝐽 )
• Calorie ( 𝑐𝑎𝑙 )

1 𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 4.186 𝐽 James Prescott Joule


• British thermal unit ( 𝑏𝑡𝑢 )
1 𝑏𝑡𝑢 = 252 𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 1055 𝐽
How is heat related to the change of temperature?

As we increase the temperature of the system, its heat increases!

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/energy-forms-and-changes/latest/energy-forms-and-
changes_en.html
How is heat related to the change of temperature?

As we decrease the temperature of the system, its heat decreases!

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/energy-forms-and-changes/latest/energy-forms-and-
changes_en.html
Change in
Heat 𝑄 ∝ Δ𝑇 temperature
Heat required for temperature
change Δ𝑇 of mass 𝑚

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐Δ𝑇

Specific heat (constant)


Mass
𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐾

If Δ𝑇 is positive, then 𝑄 is positive


➢ Heat goes into the system
If Δ𝑇 is negative, then 𝑄 is negative
➢ Heat goes out of the system
Sometime it is convenient to describe a quantity of substance in terms
of number of moles 𝑛:
Relation of mass 𝑚 to number of moles 𝑛
and molar mass 𝑀
𝑚 = 𝑛𝑀
Molar mass
𝑔 𝑘𝑔
number of moles or
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Heat required for temperature
change Δ𝑇 of 𝑛 moles

𝑄 = 𝑛CΔ𝑇
Molar heat capacity
𝐽
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
https://matmatch.com/learn/property/specific-heat-capacity
1.) While preparing for a morning drink you filled a kettle with 10 𝑔 of water which has
a temperature of 32 ℃. How much heat is required to increase the waters temperature
up to 100 ℃ ?

2.) If you had an Iron rod weighing 10 𝑘𝑔, initially at room temperature (25℃), what
would be its temperature after you apply 1 × 106 𝐽 of heat?

3.) You are given a sample of metal and asked to determine its specific heat. You weigh
the sample and find that it has a mass of 3 𝑘𝑔. You carefully add 1.25 × 104 𝐽 of heat
energy to the sample and find that its temperature rises 18.0 ℃. What is the sample’s
specific heat?
Calorimetry
For a close system:
|𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 | = |𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 |
∑𝑄 = 0
where;
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = −𝑚𝑐Δ𝑇

Same gist as conservation of energy.


Phase Change
Freezing/Melting
Solid Liquid

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑓
The amount of heat it takes to
freeze/melt a certain mass m.

Now if +𝑚𝐿𝑓 , then heat is added


(Melting)
if −𝑚𝐿𝑓 , then heat is discarded
(Freezing)
Evaporation/Condensation
Liquid Gas

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑣
The amount of heat it takes to
evaporate/condense a certain
mass m.

Now if +𝑚𝐿𝑣 , then heat is added


(Evaporation)
if −𝑚𝐿𝑣 , then heat is discarded
(Condensation)
Sublimation/Deposition
Solid Gas

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑠
The amount of heat it takes to
sublimate/deposit a certain
mass m.

Now if +𝑚𝐿𝑠 , then heat is added


(Sublimation)
if −𝑚𝐿𝑠 , then heat is discarded
(Deposition)
Mechanism of Phase Change

Temperature Change

Phase Transition

Temperature Change
Mechanism of Phase Change
Mechanism of Heat Transfer

Conduction
➢ Occurs within a body or between two
bodies in contact

𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶
Mechanism of Heat Transfer

Conduction 𝑄 𝑇1 −𝑇2
➢ Occurs within a body or between two = 𝑘𝐴
bodies in contact 𝑡 𝑙
Heat Flow Heat Rate

𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶
Mechanism of Heat Transfer

𝑄 𝑇𝐻 −𝑇𝐶
= 𝑘𝐴
𝑡 𝑙
Mechanism of Heat Transfer

Convection
➢ is the transfer of
heat by mass
motion of a fluid
from one region
of space to
another
Mechanism of Heat Transfer

Radiation
➢ is the transfer of heat via
electromagnetic waves
Mechanism of Heat Transfer

Radiation
➢ is the transfer of heat via
electromagnetic waves

𝑄
= 𝜖𝜎𝐴𝑇 4
𝑡
Stefan-Boltzmann Equation

−8 4
𝜎 = 5.67 × 10 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾
Science Fact: Everything in the universe glows with its own internal heat.
➢ Temperature/Heat is just energy produced due to
the random motion of particles (“Brownian
motion”)
3
K ave = k BT
2

➢ Since their motion is


random/accelerated,
then they can produce
electromagnetic waves

➢ As the temperature of
the object increases
the average energy of
generated EM wave
also increases
➢The sun is orange-yellow
because its 6000K surface
produces more orange-yellow
light than anywhere else.

➢Your temperature is around ≈


310𝐾 , so it produces low
energy infrared light.

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