LIC LAB MANUAL 19-20

LAB MANUAL

LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Rough record and Fair record are needed to record the experiments conducted in the
laboratory. Rough records are needed to be certified immediately on completion of the
experiment. Fair records are due at the beginning of the next lab period. Fair records must be
submitted as neat, legible, and complete.

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS FOR WRITING THE FAIR RECORD

In the fair record, the index page should be filled properly by writing the corresponding
experiment number, experiment name , date on which it was done and the page number.

On the right side page of the record following has to be written:

1. Title: The title of the experiment should be written in the page in capital letters.
2. In the left top margin, experiment number and date should be written.
3. Aim: The purpose of the experiment should be written clearly.
4. Apparatus/Tools/Equipments/Components used: A list of the Apparatus/Tools/
Equipments
/Components used for doing the experiment should be entered.
Principle: Simple working of the circuit/experimental set up/algorithm
5. should be written.
Procedure: steps for doing the experiment and recording the readings briefl
6. should be y
described(flow chart/programs in the case of computer/processor related
experiments)
7. Results: The results of the experiment must be summarized in writing and should be
fulfilling the aim.
8. Inference: Inference from the results is to be mentioned.
On the Left side page of the record following has to be recorded:

1. Circuit/Program: Neatly drawn circuit diagrams/experimental set up.

2. Design: The design of the circuit/experimental set up for selecting the

components should be clearly shown if necessary.

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3. Observations:

i) Data should be clearly recorded using Tabular Columns.

ii) Unit of the observed data should be clearly mentioned

iii) Relevant calculations should be shown. If repetitive calculations are needed, only show
a sample calculation and summarize the others in a table.

4. Graphs: Graphs can used to present data in a form that show the results obtained, as one or
more of the parameters are varied. A graph has the advantage of presenting large amounts
of data in a concise visual form. Graph should be in a square format.

GENERAL RULES FOR PERSONAL SAFETY

1. Always wear tight shirt/lab coat, pants and shoes inside workshops.
2. REMOVE ALL METAL JEWELLERY since rings, wrist watches or bands, necklaces,
etc. make excellent electrodes in the event of accidental contact with electric power
sources.
3. DO NOT MAKE CIRCUIT CHANGES without turning off the power.
4. Make sure that equipment working on electrical power are grounded properly.
5. Avoid standing on metal surfaces or wet concrete. Keep your shoes dry.
6. Never handle electrical equipment with wet skin.
7. Hot soldering irons should be rested in its holder. Never leave a hot iron unattended.
8. Avoid use of loose clothing and hair near machines and avoid running around inside lab.

TO PROTECT EQUIPMENT AND MINIMIZE MAINTENANCE:

DO: 1. SET MULTIRANGE METERS to highest range before connecting to an unknown

source.

2. INFORM YOUR INSTRUCTOR about faulty equipment so that it can

be sent for repair.

DO NOT: 1. Do not MOVE EQUIPMENT around the room except under the
supervision of an instructor.

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Experiment No. 1
VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
Aim: To design and setup a voltage follower circuit with OPAMP IC 741C and observe the
waveforms.
Objectives: After completion of this experiment, student will be able to design and setup a
voltage follower using OP AMP. He/she will get ability to design a voltage follower circuit.
Equipments/Components:
Sl. No Name and Specification Quantity required
1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0- 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Principle:
A voltage follower (also called a unity-gain amplifier or buffer amplifier or isolation
amplifier) is an op-amp circuit which has a voltage gain of 1. This means that the op amp
does not provide any amplification to the signal. It is called a voltage follower because the
output voltage follows the input voltage; means the output voltage is same as the input
voltage. Though the gain is unity, this circuit offers high input impedance and low output
impedance and hence it is used as buffer , which is used to isolate a low impedance load from
a voltage source to eliminate any loading that might occur.
Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give 2Vpp/ 1 KHz sine wave as input.
5. Observe input and output on the two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
7. Verify that the input and output waveforms are same in magnitude and phase.

Result:

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Circuit Diagram

741 pin diagram

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Design:
The voltage follower is a non-inverting amplifier with unity gain.
A = 1+ R f / Ri = 1
Or R f / Ri = 0

Therefore R f = 0

Observation:
Vi =

Vo =
Voltage gain = Vo / Vi =
Phase difference between input and output waveforms =

Graph:

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Experiment No.2
INVERTING AMPLIFIER
Aim: To design and setup an inverting amplifier circuit with OP AMP 741C for a gain of
10, plot the waveforms, observe the phase reversal, measure the gain.
Objectives: After completion of this experiment, student will be able to design and setup
an inverting amplifier using OP AMP. He/she will be able to design and implement
OPAMP inverting amplifier circuit.
Equipments/Components:
Sl .No Name and Specification Quantity required
1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0 - 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistors 2
7 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Principle:
It is a closed loop mode application of opamp and employs negative feedback. The
Rf and Ri are the feedback and input resistance of the circuit respectively. The input
terminals of the opamp draws no current because of the large differential input impedance.
The potential difference across the input terminals of an opamp is zero because of the
large open loop gain. Due to these two conditions, the inverting terminal is at virtual
ground potential. So the current flowing through Ri and Rf are the same.

Ii = If

That is Vin/Ri = - Vo /Rf

Therefore Vo/Vin = Av = - Rf/ Ri,

Here the –Ve sign indicates that the output will be an amplified wave with 1800
phase shift (inverted output). By varying the Rf or Ri, the gain of the amplifier can be
varied to any desired value.

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Procedure

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.

3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give 1 Vpp / 1 KHz sine wave as input.
5. Observe input and output on the two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
7. Verify the input and output waveforms are out of phase.
8. Verify the obtained gain is same as designed value of gain.

Result:

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Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Gain of an inverting amplifier Av = Vo/Vin = - Rf / Ri

The required gain = 10,

That is Av = - Rf/ Ri = 10
Let Ri = 1KΩ, Then Rf = 10KΩ

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Observations:
Vin =
Vo=
Gain, Av = Vo/Vin =
Observed phase difference between the input and the output on the CRO =

Graph:

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Experiment No 3
NON- INVERTING AMPLIFIER
Aim: To design and setup a non-inverting amplifier circuit with OPAMP IC 741C for a
gain of 11, plot the waveform, observe the phase reversal, measure the gain.
Objectives: After completion of this experiment, student will be able to design and setup a
non-inverting amplifier using OP AMP. He/she will acquire skill to design and implement
OPAMP non-inverting amplifier circuit.
Equipments/Components:
Sl .No Name and Specification Quantity required
1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0 - 1MHz ) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistors 2
7 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Principle:

It is a linear closed loop mode application of op-amp and employs negative feedback.
The Rf and R i are the feedback and input resistance of the circuit respectively. There will be no
phase difference between the output and input. Hence it is called non-inverting amplifier.

Av = Vo / Vin = 1+ Rf/ Ri ,

Here the +Ve sign indicates that the output will be an amplified wave in phase with the
input. By varying the Rf or Ri, the gain of the amplifier can be varied to any desired value.

Procedure

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give 1 Vpp / 1 KHz sine wave as input.
5. Observe input and output on the two channels of the CRO simultaneously.
6. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
7. Verify the input and output waveforms are in phase.
8. Verify the obtained gain is same as designed value.

Result:

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Circuit Diagram

Design:
Gain of an inverting amplifier Av=Vo/Vin
= 1+Rf/R i,
Let the required gain be 11,
Therefore Av= 1+Rf/ Ri= 11
Rf/ Ri = 10
Take Ri= 1KΩ, Then Rf = 10KΩ

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Observations:
Vin = 1Vpp
Vo = ?
Gain Av = Vo/Vin =?
Observed phase difference between the input and the output on the CRO =?

Graph:

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Experiment No 4
SUMMING AMPLIFIER
Aim: To design and setup a summing amplifier circuit with OP AMP 741C for a gain
of 2 and verify the output.
Objectives: After completion of this experiment, student will be able to design and
setup a summing amplifier using OP AMP.
Equipments/Components:
Sl .No Name and Specification Quantity required
1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 DC power source 1.5V 2
3 Function generator (0- 1MHz) 1
4 Oscilloscope 1
5 Bread board 1
6 IC 741C 1
7 Resistor 3
8 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Principle:
Op-amp can be used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of several input
signals. Such a circuit is called a summing amplifier or an adder. Summing amplifier can
be classified as inverting & non-inverting summer depending on the input applied to
inverting & non-inverting terminals respectively. Circuit Diagram shows an inverting
summing amplifier with 2 inputs. Here the output will be amplified version of the sum of
the two input voltages with 1800 phase reversal.
Vo = - ( Rf/ Ri )(V1+V2)

Procedure

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give V1 =V2 = +1.5V DC with polarity as shown in fig.1.
5. Make sure that the CRO selector is in the D.C. coupling position.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
7. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.

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8. Verify that the output voltage is -6VDC

9. Repeat the procedure with V1 =1Vpp / 1 KHz sine wave and V2 = +1.5Vdc as
shown in fig2.
10. Verify the output .

Result:

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Circuit Diagram

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Design:
The output voltage of an inverting summing amplifier is given by
Vo = -( Rf / Ri)(V1+V2)
Let Ri = 1.1KΩ
Then Rf = 2.2KΩ
Then Vo = -2(V1+V2)

Observations:
Part1:
V1= 1.5 DC
V2= 1.5 DC
Then Vo=?
Part 2:
V1= 1Vpp sine wave
V2= 1.5 DC
Then Vo=?

Graph:

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Experiment No 4
ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR
Aim: To design and setup a zero crossing detector circuit with OP AMP 741C and plot the
waveforms.
Objectives: After completion of this experiment, student will be able to design and setup a
zero crossing detector using OP AMP.
Equipments/Components:
Sl .No Name and Specification Quantity required
1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0- 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Principle:
It is the open loop/ saturation mode operation of op-amp. Here the signal is given the
non-inverting terminal. So the output signal is in phase with the input signal. Such a circuit is
called non-inverting zero crossing detector. In open loop configuration, the gain of the opamp is
very high, so when the input voltage is above zero voltage, output of the circuit goes to
+ Vsat which is approximately +13V. Similarly when the input voltage is below zero
voltage, the output goes to - Vsat which is approximately -13V
Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give Vin= 2 Vpp/ 1KHz sine wave.
5. Observe input and output on the oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
7. Verify the output .

Result:

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Circuit Diagram

Graph:

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Experiment No 5
SCHMITT TRIGGER
Aim: To design and setup a Schmitt trigger, plot the input output waveforms and
measure VUT and VLT.
Objectives: After completion of this experiment, student will be able to design and setup a
Schmitt trigger circuit using OP AMP.
Equipments/Components:
Sl .No Name and Specification Quantity required
1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator(0- 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistor 3
7 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Principle:
It is a regenerative comparator or it is a comparator with hysteresis. This circuit uses
positive feedback and the op-amp is operated in saturation. The output can take two values
+Vsat and –Vsat. When output = +Vsat, the voltage appearing at the non-inverting
terminal is VUT or UTP = +Vsat( R1/R1+R2) called the upper threshold point. Similarly
When output = - Vsat, the voltage appearing at the non-inverting terminal is VLT or
LTP = -Vsat( R1/R1+R2) called the lower threshold point. When Vin is greater than UTP, the
output will switch from +Vsat to –Vsat. Similarly When Vin is less than LTP; the output will
switch from -Vsat to +Vsat which is shown in the graph. The difference between UTP-LTP is
called hysteresis. Hysteresis avoids false triggering of the circuit by noise. Hysteresis curve is
the plot of Vo versus Vin . Schmitt trigger circuit is used to convert any irregular wave into
square wave.
Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give Vi= 10 Vpp / 1KHz sine wave.
5. Observe input and output on two channels of oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.

Result:

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Circuit Diagram

Design:
UTP = +Vsat( R1/R1+R2)
Let UTP = +3V and LTP = -3V,
Vsat=+13V
UTP, +3 = +13( R1/R1+R2)
Let R1 = 1KΩ
Then R2 = 3.3KΩ

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Observations:
UTP =?
LTP =?

Graph:

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Experiment No 6
DIFFERENTIATOR
Aim: To design and setup a Differentiator circuit using OP AMP 741C and plot their pulse
response.
Objectives: After completion of this experiment, student will be able to design and setup a
differentiator circuit using OP AMP.
Equipments/Components:
Sl. No Name and Specification Quantity required
1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0- 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistor 1
7 Capacitor 1
8 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Principle:
It is an opamp circuit which performs the mathematical operation of differentiation. That
is the output waveform is the derivative or differentia l of the input voltage. That is Vo= -
RfCd(Vin)/dt. The differentiator circuit is constructed from basic inverting amplifier by replacing
the input resistance Ri with capacitor C. This circuit also works as high pass filter.

Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Keep the oscilloscope in AC coupling mode.
5. Give Vi= 2Vpp, 1KHz square wave.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
7. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.

Result:

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Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given f = 1 KHz
So T = 1/f = 1ms
Design equation is T = 2πRfC

Let C = 0.01µF
Then Rf = 15KΩ
Let Ri = Rf/10 = 1.5KΩ

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Graph:

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Experiment No 7
INTEGRATOR
Aim: To design and setup an integrator circuit using OP AMP 741C and plot its pulse
response.
Objectives: After completion of this experiment, student will be able to design and setup an
integrator circuit using OP AMP.
Equipments/Components:
Sl. No Name and Specification Quantity required
1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0-1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistor 1
7 Capacitor 0.01µF 1
8 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Principle:
It is a closed loop op-amp circuit which performs the mathematical operation of
integration. That is the output waveform is the integral of the input voltage and is given by
Vo = ( -1/RfC) ∫Vindt. The integrator circuit is constructed from basic inverting amplifier
by replacing the feedback resistance Rf with capacitor C. This circuit also works as low
pass filter.
Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give Vi= 2Vpp, 1KHz square wave.
5. Keep the oscilloscope in AC coupling mode.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
7. Draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.

Result:

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Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given f =1 KHz
So T = 1/f = 1ms
Design equation is T = 2πRiC

Let C = 0.01µF
Then Ri = 15KΩ
Take Rf = 10Ri = 150KΩ

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Graph:

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Experiment No 8
SYMMETRICAL AND ASYMMETRICAL ASTABLE
MULTIVIBRATORS USING OP AMP
Aim: To design and setup symmetrical and asymmetrical astable multivibrators using Op-
amp 741, plot the waveforms and measure the frequency of oscillation

Objectives: After completion of this experiment, student will be able to design and setup an
astable multivibrators circuit using OP AMP.
Equipments/Components:
Sl. No Name and Specification Quantity required
1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0- 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistor 5
7 Capacitor 0.1µF 1
8 Diode 1N4001 2
9 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Principle:
In this circuit, the opamp is operated in saturation mode and the output swings
between +Vsat and –Vsat giving square wave output. This circuit is also called free
running oscillator or square wave generator . A positive feedback with feedback factor
β = R1 / (R1+R2) is provided to the non-inverting terminal. When Vo= +Vsat, the capacitor C
starts to charge to + Vsat through R. when the capacitor voltage crosses +βVsat, output
switches from +Vsat to –Vsat. Now the voltage appearing at the non-inverting terminal is –
βVsat and capacitor discharges through R towards -Vsat. When the capacitor voltage
crosses –βVsat, the output switches from –Vsat to + Vsat and this process continues to
generate square wave output with time period T=Ton + Toff= 2RC ln[(1+β)/(1-β)]. In
asymmetrical astable multivibrators, the charging and discharging time of capacitor is made
unequal to get asymmetrical square wave with different Ton and Toff.

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Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the symmetric astable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and check the
connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Observe output and capacitor voltage on two channels of the
oscilloscope simultaneously.
5. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
6. Measure the frequency of oscillation and duty cycle .
7. Repeat the procedures for asymmetric astable multivibrator.

Result:

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a) SYMMETRICAL ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Circuit Diagram:

Note: Use 10KΩ pot instead of R = 4.7KΩ resistor and vary it for accurate time period.

Design:

Given f = 1 KHz
So T = 1/f = 1ms
And β = R1 / (R1+R2)
Let R1 = 10KΩ , and R2 =10KΩ
Then β = 0.5
Therefore T= 2.2RC =1ms

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Let C = 0.1µF
Then R = 4.7KΩ

b) ASYMMETRCAL ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Circuit Diagram:

Note: Use two 10KΩ potentiometers instead of Rf1 and Rf2 resistor and vary it for accurate
time period.

Design:
Given f = 1 KHz
So T = Ton + Toff = 1/f = 1ms

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Also Duty cycle = Ton/(Ton+Toff) = 0.66 or 66%

Solving above two equations, T on = 0.66ms
Toff = 0.33ms
For β=0.5,
Ton= 1.1Rf1C = 0.66ms
Let C = 0.1µF
Then Rf1 = 6.2KΩ = 5.6KΩ (Std)
Similarly Toff = 1.1Rf2C = 0.33ms
Then Rf 2 = 3KΩ = 3.3 KΩ (Std)

Observation:
a) Symmetrical astable multivibrators

Vo(p-p)= ?

f=?
Duty cycle = ?

b) Asymmetrical astable multivibrators

Vo(p-p)= ?

f=?
Duty cycle = ?

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Graph:
a) Symmetrical astable multivibrators

b) Asymmetrical astable multivibrators

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Experiment No. 6

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP AMP

Aim: To design and setup a monostable multivibrator using Op-amp 741 and
(i) Plot the waveforms (ii) Measure the time delay

Objectives: After completion of this experiment the students are able to design and set up the
monostable multivibrator circuit and delay circuits.
Equipments/Components

Sl. No. Name and specification Quantity

1 Dual Power Supply +/-15V 1
2 Resistors 4
3 Capacitor 0.1μF;0.01μF 1 each
4 IC µA 741 1
5 Function generator (0-1)MHz 1
6. Oscilloscope 1
7. Diode 1N 4001 2
8 Bread board 1
9 Connecting wires and probes As required

Principle:

The monostable multivibrator is also called as one shot multivibrator.

The circuit produces a single pulse of specified duration in response to each external trigger
pulse. It always has one stable state (+Vsat). When an external trigger is applied, the output
state changes and the new state is called quasi stable state (-Vsat). The circuit remains in this
state for a fixed interval of time and then it returns to the original state after this interval. This
time interval is determined discharging of the capacitor from 0.7V to -βVsat.The time period
of quasi stable state or the delay is given by
T = 0.69RC

Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the monostable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and check the
connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Put the function generator output to square wave mode. Adjust the amplitude to 5V.

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5. Observe trigger input , output and capacitor voltage on different channels of the
oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
7. Measure the time delay .

Result:



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Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Time Period T= 0.69RC
Let T = 1ms; and C = 0.1µF.
Then R = 15KΩ
Feedback factor β = R2/(R1+R2)
Let β = 0.5 or 1/2
R2/(R1+R2) = 1/2
If R1=10KΩ ; R2 =10KΩ
For triggering circuit
RdCd= 0.0016t
Let t = 3ms and Cd = 0.01 µF; then Rd = 470Ω
D1 & D2 are diodes 1N 4001

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Observations:
Measured time period or delay =

Graph:

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Experiment No. 7

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING OP AMP

Aim: To Design and setup a RC phase shift oscillator using Op-Amp 741 and (i) Plot the
output waveform (ii) Measure the frequency of oscillation
Objectives: After completion of this experiment the students are able to design and set up
the RC phase shift oscillator for desired frequency.
Equipments/Components

Sl. No. Name and specification Quantity

1 Dual Power Supply +/-15V 1
2 Resistors 5
3 Capacitor 0.01µF 3
4 IC µA 741 1
5 Oscilloscope 1
6 Bread board 1
7 Connecting wires and probes As required

Principle:
RC phase shift oscillator uses op-amp, in inverting amplifier
mode and the circuit generates its own output signal. It consists of an op-amp as an amplifier
and 3 RC cascaded network as the feedback circuit. Since the op-amp is used in the inverting
mode, any signal that appears at the inverting terminal is shifted by 1800 at the output. An
additional 1800 phase shift required for oscillation is provided by the cascaded RC network.
Thus the total phase shift around the circuit is 3600 or 00 . At some specific frequency, the
phase shift of the cascaded RC network is exactly 1800 and feedback factor is 1/29. If the
gain of the amplifier is 29, the total loop gain of the circuit becomes 1. The circuit will
oscillate at this specific frequency and is given by

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Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the RC phase shift oscillator circuit on the breadboard and check
the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Observe output voltage on oscilloscope.
5. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
6. Measure the frequency of oscillation .

Result:

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Circuit Diagram:

Note: Instead of 100KΩ pot, use 47KΩ pot in series with 68KΩ resister for distortion less sine wave

Design:

Let f = 1 KHz, and C= 0.01µF

R = 6.8KΩ
Gain = 29
Rf/R1 = 29
If R1 = 3.3KΩ ; Rf = 95.7KΩ Use 100KΩ pot

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Observations:
Measured frequency of oscillation is =?

Graph:

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Experiment No. 8
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING IC 555

Aim: To design and setup symmetrical and asymmetrical astable multivibrators using IC 555
and (i) Plot the output waveform (ii) Measure the frequency of oscillation
Objectives: After completion of this experiment the students are able to design and set up
the astable multivibrator using timer IC 555.
Equipments/Components

Sl. No. Name and specification Quantity

1 Power Supply 10V 1
2 Resistors 4
3 Capacitor 0.01µF 2
4 IC 555 1
5 Diode 1N 4001 1
6 Oscilloscope 1
7 Bread board 1
8 Connecting wires and probes As required

Principle: The 555 timer is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delay .The
internal structure of 555 is shown in which there are two comparators, a flip flop, an output
stage, a voltage divider network and a transistor. The comparator is a device whose output is
high when the non-inverting input voltage is greater than inverting input voltage and output
is low when inverting input voltage is greater than non-inverting input voltage. The voltage
divider network consist of three 5KΩ resistors and provides a trigger voltage level of 1/3VCC
and threshold voltage level of 2/3VCC.The control voltage is used for changing the threshold
and trigger voltages externally.
555 as Astable multivibrator: Astable multivibrator means it has no stable states. It has two
quasi stable states (high and low).In the figure given , there are 2 external resistors RA and RB
and a capacitor C. When the power is given to the circuit the capacitor C will charge towards
VCC through RA and RB ,when the capacitor voltage exceeds the level of 2/3VCC (threshold
voltage) the output of the comparator I goes high which resets the flip flop so the output Q of
the flip-flop becomes low and becomes high. Now the transistor which is connected to
becomes ON. The capacitor C started to discharge through RB and transistor exponentially.
When voltage across capacitor reaches just below of 1/3VCC (trigger voltage) the output of the
comparator II becomes high and sets the flip flop, turning OFF the transistor since it is
connected to the of the flip flop. The capacitor C will begin to charge towards VCC through
RA and RB. when the capacitor voltage exceeds the level of 2/3V CC, the output of the
comparator I goes high which resets the flip-flop so the output Q of the flip flop becomes low

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and becomes high. The cycle continues which gives a square wave at the output (pin 3)
and charging and discharging wave form across capacitor (pin 2&6).
555 as Symmetrical astable multivibrator: Symmetrical astable multivibrator means the
multivibrator has equal ON time & OFF time (duty cycle =50%).we can achieve this by
making the charging (towards 2/3 VCC) and discharging (towards 1/3VCC) process of
capacitor through equal resistance path. In the circuit diagram the diode (1N 4001) is
connected across the resistor RB so the charging of capacitor above threshold voltage
(2/3VCC) takes place through the resistor RA and forward biased diode. The discharging
below trigger voltage (1/3VCC) is through the resistor RB. Since RA and RB have same
value, charging and discharging time of the capacitor will be same.
555 as Asymmetrical astable multivibrator: Asymmetrical astable multivibrator means the
multivibrator has unequal ON time & OFF time (duty cycle other than50%).In the circuit
diagram the charging of capacitor towards threshold voltage (2/3VCC) takes place through
the resistor RA and RB, discharging towards trigger voltage (1/3VCC) is through the resistor
R B. Since charging and discharging process of the capacitor takes place through different
resistance path, the charging time and discharging time of the capacitor will be different,
which results in asymmetrical output wave.

Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the symmetric astable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and check the
connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Observe output and capacitor voltage on different channels of the oscilloscope
simultaneously.
5. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
6. Measure the frequency of oscillation and duty cycle .
7. Repeat the procedures for asymmetric astable multivibrator.

Result:

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a) Symmetrical astable multivibrator:

Circuit Diagram :

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 LIC LAB MANUAL 19-20

Internal diagram of IC 555

IC 555 Pin out

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Design:
SYMMETRICAL ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

T = 0.69(RA+RB)C or f = 1.44/(RA+RB)C

Duty cycle D = 0.5 or 50%

D = RA/(RA+RB) = 0.5

So RA= RB

Let T = 1ms ; and C = 0.1 µF

0.693(RA+RB) 0.1 µF = 1ms

RA + RB = 14.49KΩ

or 2 RA = 14.49KΩ

RA = 7.25KΩ = 6.8KΩ(std)

RB = 7.25KΩ = 6.8KΩ(std)

Observations:
T =?
Measured frequency of oscillation is =?

Graph:

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Experiment No. 9

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING IC 555

Aim: To design and construct a monostable multivibrator using 555 IC and (i) Plot the
output waveform (ii) Measure the time delay
Objectives: Upon completion of this experiment the students are able to design and setup
monostable multivibrator using IC 555.
Equipments/Components

Sl. No. Name and specification Quantity

1 Power Supply 10V 1
2 Resistors 2
3 Capacitor 0.01µF ,0.1 µF 2 +1
4 IC 555 1
5 Diode 1N 4001 1
6 Oscilloscope 1
7 Function generator 0 – 1MHz 1
8 Bread board 1
9 Connecting wires and probes As required

Principle:
The monostable multivibrator has one stable state and one quasi stable state.
Monostable multivibrator produces an output pulse with defined time period for each
external trigger pulse applied. It comes out of the stable state only by use of an external
signal called trigger.
When the output is low, that is, the circuit is in stable state. Upon application of
trigger pulse to pin 2, the output of the comparator II becomes high which sets the flip flop
high. As the output is high, the transistor becomes OFF since it is connected to the of the
flip flop. Capacitor starts to charge through R towards VCC, as soon as the capacitor voltage
crosses 2/3 VCC (threshold voltage) the output of the comparator I becomes high so the flip-
flop will reset and out goes to low. At the same time transistor turns ON and hence
capacitor rapidly discharges through the transistor. The output of this circuit remains low
until a trigger pulse is again applied . The time during which the output remains high is
given by T = 1.1 RC.
Procedure

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the monostable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and check the
connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.

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4. Put the function generator output to square wave mode. Adjust the amplitude to 5V.
5. Observe trigger input , output and capacitor voltage on different channels of the
oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
7. Measure the time delay .

Result:



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Circuit Diagram :

D is diode 1N4001

Design:
Time period T = 1.1RC
Let T = 1ms ; C = 0.1µF
R = 1 x 10-3 / (1.1 x0.1 x 10-6)

R = 9.09x103Ω = 10KΩ (std)

For triggering circuit
RdCd = 0.016t
Let t = 3ms, and Cd = 0.01 µF ; then Rd = 4.7KΩ

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Observations:
Measured time period or delay=?

Graph:

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Experiment No. 10

VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING IC723

Aim: To set up a low voltage regulator using IC723 and plot the regulation characteristics.
Objectives: After completion of this experiment the student will be able to construct voltage
regulator using IC 723 for the required voltage and know about regulation characteristics

Equipments/Components:

Sl. No. Name and specifications Quantity

1 Variable Power Supply (0- 30 V) 1
2 Resistors, rheostat 3
3 Capacitor 2
4 IC 723 1
Volt meter (0-30V) 1
5 Voltmeter (0-10V) 1
6. Ammeter (0-10 mA) 1
7 Bread board 1
8 Connecting Wires As required

Principle:
Type 723 is the most versatile of the monolithic voltage regulators. It can be used to
provide high and low positive regulated voltages .Current can be boosted to provide 5A or
more. It has short circuit protection. The input voltage of IC723 vary from 9.5V to 40V and
provide output voltage from 2V to 37V.
IC 723 regulator has two separate sections. One section provides a fixed voltage of 7.15v at
the terminal Vref, other section consists of an error amplifier. These two sections are not
internally connected. For constructing low voltage regulator using 723, Vref point is
connected through a resistance to the non-inverting terminal and the output is feedback to the
inverting terminal of the error amplifier. If the output voltage becomes low, the voltage at
the inverting terminal of error amplifier also goes down. Thus make the output of the error
amplifier become more positive, there by driving transistor more into conduction. This
reduces the voltage across transistor and drives more current into the load, causing voltage
across the load to increase. Thus the initial decrease in the load voltage is compensated.
Similarly any increase in the load voltage gets regulated.

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Procedure:
1. Check all the components
2. Set up circuit on the breadboard and check the connections
3. Switch on the power supply
4. Vary the input dc voltage and measure the input and output voltages using voltmeter
5. Vary the load resistance potentiometer and measure output voltage and current
6. Plot line regulation and load regulation characteristics on the graph
7. Calculate percentage load regulation

Result :

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Circuit Diagram:

IC 723 internal block diagram

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IC 723 Pin details

Design:
(Optional)

Let the regulated output voltage Vo = 6V

Vo = Vref x { R2 / (R1+R2)}
6 = 7.15 x R2/(R1+R2)
Let the current through resistor R1 and R2 I1 = 1mA

Then R1 = (Vref - Vo)/I1 = (7.15 – 6) /1ma = 1.1K = 1K (std)

Then R2 = 6 / 1.15 = 5.6K (std)
For room temp. Stability R3 = R1 || R2

As per data sheet 966 Ω< R3 < 3.52K

Take R2=2.2K, choose C1=0.1µF and C2 = 100PF

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Observations:

Sl.No Vi Vo (volts )
(volts)

GRAPH

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Sl.No Vo Io (amps)
(volts)

Percentage load regulation = {(VNL-VFL)/VNL} x 100 % = ?

Graph:

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Experiment No. 11

5V REGULATED POWER SUPPLY USING IC 7805

Aim: To construct a +5v, 1A Power supply using IC 7805

Objectives: After completion of this experiment the student will be able to construct + 5V 1A
power supply using IC7805 and must have knowledge about 78xx series and 79xx series

Equipments /Components:

Sl. No. Name and specifications Quantity

1 Multimeter 1
2 Diode 1N4007 2
3 Capacitor 3
4 IC 7805 1
5 Transformer (230 / 6-0-6 , 1A) 1
6 Bread board 1
7 Connecting Wires As required
Principle:
The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits where a regulated power supply is
required due to their ease of use and low cost. IC 7805 has a 5volt output.The78xx series are
positive voltage regulator, while 79xx devices are negative voltage regulators. IC 7805 has 3
terminals.7805 can deliver up to 1.5A current. The device may get damaged if there is any
deviation from the rated voltage, A regulated power supply is very much essential for
several electronics devices. The AC power gets converted into constant DC by this circuits.
The circuit is made up of linear voltage regulator 7805 along with capacitors and resistors
with a full wave rectifier. A regulator is employed with capacitor connected in parallel to the
input terminal and the output terminal. The capacitor C2 is bypass capacitor and is employed
to bypass extremely tiny duration spikes to ground. C1 is the filter capacitor employed in the
circuit to steady the slow alterations in the voltage.
Procedure:
1. Check all the components
2. Set up circuit on the breadboard and check the connections
3. Switch on the AC supply
4. Measure input AC and output DC voltages using multimeter.

Result:

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Circuit Diagram:

IC 7805 pin details

Observations:

AC input voltage =?
Dc output voltage =?

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Experiment No. 12
VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY USING LM317
AIM: To construct variable power supply using IC LM317
Objectives: After completion of this experiment the student will be able to construct variable
power supply using IC LM317 and must have knowledge about LM317
Equipments/Components :

Sl. No. Name of item & specifications Quantity

1 Multimeter 2
2 Resistor 1
3 Potentiometer 1
4 Capacitor 3

4 IC LM 317 1

5 Transformer (230 / 12 V) 1

7. Diode 1N4001 4

8 Bread board 1
9 Connecting Wires As required

Principle:
IC LM 317 is an adjustable linear voltage regulator. LM 317 has 3 pin. Input, Output and
adjustment. Its output voltage range is from 1.25 - 37 V and maximum output current is 1.5A.
The device is conceptually an op-amp with relatively high output current capacity. The non-
inverting input of the op-amp is the adjustment pin while the inverting input is set by an
internal voltage reference of 1.25V. A resistive voltage divider between the output and
ground configures the op-amp as a non-inverting amplifier. So that the voltage of the output
pin is continuously adjusted to a fixed amount of reference voltage. In the circuit transformer
steps down to AC 230V to 12V and is applied to bridge rectifier diodes D1 to D4. C1 and C2
are filter capacitors. Capacitor C3 is for the better performance of filter IC. The output
voltage from IC depending on the voltage ADJ pin of the IC. The voltage across variable
resistor R2 controls the DC output. Vout = 1.25 (1 + R1 / R2 ) . By varying the resistor R2
DC output voltage can be varied

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Procedure:
1. Check all the components
2. Set up circuit on the breadboard and check the connections
3. Switch on the AC supply
4. Measure AC input and DC output voltages using multimeter
5. Vary the potentiometer R2 to vary the DC output voltage

Result:

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Circuit diagram:

Observations:

AC input voltage = ?
Min. DC. Output voltage =?
Max. DC. Output voltage =?

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