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17ESD064
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17ESD081
Air Pollution Modeling
&
Effect of Topography on Air Pollution
Definition of Air
The mixture of invisible odorless tasteless gases (such as
nitrogen and oxygen) that surrounds the earth.
(Stefano S. Coledan)
Air is the mixture of gases which forms the Earth's
atmosphere and which we breathe.
Air Pollution
Air pollution is the presence of
substances in the atmosphere that are
harmful to the health of humans and other
living beings, or cause damage to the
climate or to materials..
Air Pollution Modelling
Definition:
• It’s the term used to describe using mathematical
theory to understand, or predict the way pollutants
behave in the atmosphere.
• Air pollution Modelling is a numerical tool used to
describe the casual relationship between emissions,
meteorology, atmospheric concentrations, deposition
and other factors (Zannetti P. and Daly A., 2007).
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How is modelling used
To predict the
impacts.
To simulate
ambient pollution
concentrations.
To determine the
relative
contributions.
Factors affecting Air Pollution Modelling
Pollutant
Advection
Emission Diffusion
Meteorological Source
conditions characteristics
Types of Air Pollution Modelling
Dispersion
Models
Meteorological Conceptual
Models Models
Statistical Physical
Models Model
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Gaussian Model
Most commonly used.
Based on the assumptions
I. Plume spread results primarily by
molecular diffusion
II. Horizontal and vertical spread
of plume
Gaussian Dispersion Equation
Plume Rise
The dispersion of emitted gases from the
source of their production is known as
plume.
Types of plume
I. Continuous plume
II. Instantaneous plume
Fig: Plume Rise Model
Types of plume Rise Source: Houyoux, 1998
i. Buoyancy effect
ii. Momentum rise
Plume rise model
.
• The Plume Rise is defined as the difference between the effective stack height (He) and
the physical stack height (H).
Plume Rise (ΔH) = He – H
• There are a number of plume rise equations, but all of them have the same
basic relationships.
• Plume rise is directly proportional to the ejection velocity and the plume
buoyancy.
• It is inversely proportional to the wind speed and to stability.
Formulae for plume rise
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Advantages of Modelling
Policy Analysis
Prevention of
significant Regional
deterioration Planning
(PSD)
Supplementary
Control
Long Range
Systems/ Air
Transport (Acid
Quality
Rain)
Prediction
System
Emergency
preparedness
Modelling Adverse effects:
Special models or mathematical techniques are available to calculate the adverse effects of air
pollution
These effects includes:
Health effects.
Visibility impairment.
Global effects such as: climate change, global warming.
Ozone depletion.
Eutrophication and ecological effects.
Chemical sensitivity and damage to materials.
Smog effects and acid rain.
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Topography
• Describes the surface
configuration and relief features of
the earth surface.
• Includes both geographical
features and man-made
structures.
• May strongly affect winds and air
currents.
Fig: Topography.
Source:
https://www.google.com/search?q=topography&sxsrf=
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Effects of topography
Surface topography like ocean, mountain valley and buildings can influence the air
In the following process:
I. Ocean/ sea/ land sea breeze.
II. Mountain valley wind.
III. Obstacle like building or structures.
IV. Upper heat island
Fig: Effect of topography.
Source:S. Kaan Kurtural, 2010
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Sea and Land Breeze
• Sea breeze
• During day, the sun heats up both the
ocean and land surface.
• The air over land is heated and
expands more rapidly than that over
water body.
• Expansion occurs in less dense warm
air over land.
• Due to the pressure difference the air
flows from the sea to the land. Fig: Sea breeze
https://www.pinterest.com/pin67371223977858129
• This process is termed as sea-breeze.
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Land Breeze
• Land breeze is the reverse effect of see
breeze.
• At night, the land cools off faster than
the ocean.
• Air pressure over the water become
lower than that of the land.
• It sets up a land breeze blowing air from
land to the sea.
Fig: Land breeze
Source:https://www.pinterest.com/pin/7673712
239778
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Influence of Sea-Land Breezes on Atmospheric Pollutants
• Sea-land breezes (SLBs) play an important role in
transporting air pollutants.
• Marine aerosols from ship, marine transport system
etc. are generally higher in the daytime than at night.
• Sea breeze transports air pollutants like aerosols,
smog, various PM, etc.
• A amount of pollutants return at night time through
land breeze.
Fig: Influence of Sea-Land Breezes
https://wx.erau.edu/faculty/mullerb/Wx365/Sea_
breeze/sea_breeze.html
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Valley and mountain breeze
Valley breeze
During day, air on the mountain tops
gets
heated faster than the air in the valley.
.
Pressure gradient creates in mountain
& valley area.
Hence air movement start from the
valley
to the mountain.
Fig: Valley Breeze
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/57132390270815
This is known as valley breeze. 3389/
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Valley and mountain breeze:
Mountain Breeze
At night, mountain tops cool down faster.
So, the air in the valley is warmer.
As a result, air pressure near mountain
is greater than in the valley region.
Now, wind start blowing from mountain
top towards valley.
These are called mountain winds.
Fig: Mountain breeze
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/571323902708
153389/
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Impact of valley and mountain Breeze on air pollution:
Mountain and valley wind is responsible for trapping air
pollutants.
Trapped pollutants are converted into harmful ozone by
sunlight.
No movement of air traps things in. They can't be carried
away by wind.
Smoke mixed with other valley pollutants and blanket the
valley in a fog of nasty air.
Cities located in basins surrounded by mountains may have
smog problems. Fig: Influence of Sea-Land Breezes
https://wx.erau.edu/faculty/mullerb/Wx365/Sea
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Obstacle Like Building
• Two types of conditions are described below-
Obstacle or Structures
Location of stack Location of stuck
behind the building. before the building
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(1) Location of Stack behind the Hill or Building
It may allow the effluents to down wash.
Here, the stack gas velocity is equal to or
less than the ambient velocity.
So, the pollutants may be carried
downward on the backside of the stack .
Figure: Hill behind the stack.
Source: (BN Raju,1997)
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Due to sudden obstruction, the
.
flow separates to form a cavity
behind the building.
The backwash of flow is behind the
structure.
If flow reverses in its direction near
.
the ground level, separation can
occur on the backside of the
building
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Location of Stack before the Hill or Building
• If the stack height is more, the
plume may be away from the
cavity behind the structure.
• The wake behind the building will
help to increase the turbulence.
• High pollutant concentrations Figure: Higher stack height before building,
accumulate along the backside of
the building.
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Urban
Causes of Urban Heat Heat
islandIsland
• An UHI is a metropolitan area that's a lot
warmer than the rural areas surrounding it.
• Heat is created by energy from the people,
buses, and trains in big cities like New York
or London.
Vancouver's downtown
Source: http://www.aboutvancouver.co.uk
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Causes of Urban Heat island
• Built surfaces are composed of a
high percentage of non-
reflective materials.
• They tend to absorb a significant
proportion of the radiation,
released as heat.
• Radiation is absorbed by the
building walls which enhancing
the urban heat release.
www.weatgernationtv.com
References
www.mdpi.com
B.N. Raju Air Pollution,1997
https://www.urbanheatislands.com/home
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/urban-heat-island/Daly, A. and P. Zannetti. 2007
www.aeroqual.com , air pollution modeling
Houyoux, M.R., 1998. Technical Report: Plume Rise Algorithm Summary for the Sparse Matrix Operator Modeling System (SMOKE). MCNC –
North Carolina Supercomputing Center, ENV-98TR004-v1.0.
B.N. Raju-Air Pollution
Zanetti and Sire,2020 World Meteorological Organization(WMO)
Meng Q., Yang W., Wang Y., Li F., Zeng M. Adapting an Ant Colony Metaphor for Multi-Robot Chemical Plume Tracing. Sensors. 2012; 12:4737
Martinez D., Teixidó M., Font D., Moreno J., Tresanchez M., Marco S., Palacín J. Ambient Intelligence Application Based on Environmental
Measurements Performed with an Assistant Mobile Robot.
De Nevers N. Air Pollution Control Engineering. 3rd ed. Waveland Press Inc.; Long Grove, IL, USA: 2017. Air Pollutant Concentration Models.
Turner D.B. Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Cincinnati, OH, USA: 1970. Estimates of
Atmospheric Dispersion.
https://www.tecamgroup.comhttps://www.home.iitk.ac.in.com
Bei, N., Zhao, L., Wu, J., Li, X., Feng, T., & Li, G. (2018). Impacts of sea-land and mountain-valley circulations on the air pollution in Beijing-
Tianjin-Hebei (BTH): A case study. Environmental Pollution, 234, 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.066
https://www.livescience.com/1346-air-pollution-cuts-rainfall-
mountains.html#:~:text=Air%20pollution%20from%20vehicles%2C%20industry,sources%2C%20a%20new%20study%20finds.
Thank
you
Contribution Table
Slide Making
Picture and Animation
Data collectors: Shamiun Nahar
Collection:
17ESD068
Estiak Ahmed ID : 17ESD064 Estiak Ahmed
Msr Jannati Rahman ID: 17ESD065 Slide Editing 17ESD064
Mahamud Gazi ID : 17ESD066
Mst. Kaniz Fatama
Shahadat Hossain ID:17ESD067 Shamiun Nahar
Shamiun Nahar ID: 17ESD068
17ESD072
17ESD068
Susmita Kundu ID: 17ESD069 Rayhanul Islam
Sauda Moni ID: 17ESD070 17ESD073 Ananya Dhar,
Ananya Dhar ID: 17ESD071 17ESD071
Mst. Kaniz Fatama ID: 17ESD072 Presentation:
Rayhanul Islam ID: 17ESD073 Ananya Dhar Mst. Kaniz Fatama
Tanzir Ahmed ID: 17ESD074 17ESD071 17ESD072
Mehedi Hasan ID: 17ESD075
Prosanjit Das ID: 17ESD077 Mst. Kaniz Fatama Rayhanul Islam
Chaiti Das ID: 17ESD078 17ESD072. 17ESD073
Nusrat Jahan ID: 17ESD080
Tanmoy Sarker ID: 17ESD081 Rayhanul Islam
17ESD073.
