SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

GENERAL ACADEMIC STRAND

ORAL COMMUNICATION (ACADEMIC)

(APPLIED SUBJECT)

EduKahon® is duly registered at the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines under application number 4/2021/00528566 by Kingsville Advanced School
Inc.
 Subject: Oral Communication in Context

Module No. 1 of 4 Strand: Academic - GAS

Guide Questions
REMINDER: DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THE MODULE

1. Determine the meaning of communication

2. Distinguish between and among models of communication
a. Aristotle's Model of Communication
b. Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication
c. Wilbur Schramm’s Model of Communication
d. White’s Model of Communication

Discussion

Good day, Royals! For this week, we will understand

communication by exploring and explaining the nature of
communication.

Are you ready? Then let’s get started!

Lesson 1: The Nature of Communication

Authored by Ramona S. Flores

What do you think of when you hear the word communication? A speaker delivering a speech before
an audience is the first thing that probably comes to mind for many in the class. Communication is not just
the mere transfer of messages from one person to another just like a balikbayan box being delivered to
one's doorstep. It involves a speaker imparting ideas, concepts, and data to a group of listeners (the
audience)—this is communication.

Communication is about one person talking with another such as with a sibling, a parent, a teacher,
or a friend, face-to-face or even via the Internet. It is also a group of people talking to one another to solve
a problem, for example, discussing with classmates about how a report should be done. Even buying a snack
from a vendor outside the school campus is considered communication.

Why is this the case? Every communication involves a transaction: a person wants to talk to someone
about something because that person needs something from that someone. For example, if a student needs
permission to attend a school field trip, the student has to ask his or her parents. When a group needs to
submit a report, all the group members have to discuss how to go about it. Anyone who needs to buy
something has to tell the vendor exactly what it is he or she wants and has to ask how much it costs.

Communication is stirring up ideas in the mind of another. It is the sharing of ideas among a group
of people. It is imparting concepts to an audience. Monroe and Ehninger (1974) described it as the sharing

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
of experiences publicly for the common good. Almost everything that each student has done or encountered
this morning may be considered communication.
Note that even the ringing of the alarm and listening to the radio are considered communication.
This is because central to all communication is the sending of a message that stirs up ideas in the mind of
another. What is the message of a ringing alarm or an announcer on the radio? Such a message is
communicated to a listener through verbal and nonverbal communication behavior. However, being able to
talk does not guarantee that the student is already a good communicator. Pace et al. (1979) observed that
communication has to be learned. More importantly, communication has to be mastered. However, before
these, the process of communication must first be understood.

Lesson 2: Introducing the Models of Communication

The best way to understand communication is to see it graphically. Many authors and researchers
have come up with their own models based on what they want to emphasize as being an important
component of communication. The following four models of communication will introduce the elements of
communication.

1. The first and earliest model is that of Aristotle (384-322 BCE), who was a teacher of rhetoric and who
even put up an academy to produce good speakers. Below is a representation of his model:

Although Aristotle focused on the speaker and the message, the most important part in his model is
the setting, where the listener is situated. It is the setting that dictates the type of message to be delivered.
The three settings in Aristotle's time were the legal, deliberative, and ceremonial. The legal setting meant
the courts where ordinary people defended themselves (there were no lawyers then). The deliberative
setting meant the political assemblies, the highest being the Roman senate. The ceremonial setting meant
the celebrations held when Romans won a war, when
they lost a leader or had a new one, and when they
welcomed a visiting leader from another kingdom or
country. Such celebrations called for welcome
speeches, poems of tribute or of eulogies, and
poems of lament.

2. The second model is that of Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver (1948) that introduced the concept of
"noise." This is often called the Telephone Model because it is based on the experience of having the message
interfered by "noise" from the telephone
switchboard back in the 1940s.
Shannon and Weaver asserted that the
Message sent by the source (speaker) is not
necessarily the message received by the destination
(listener). This is due to the intervention of "noise"
or anything that hampers the communication. Even
today, with our advanced mobile technology, there
are still barriers to clear transmission and reception
of calls. Dropped calls, calls that echo, faint
signals—all interfere with the communication of the
message.

3. The third model is that of Wilbur Schramm, who is considered the Father of Mass Communication. He
came up with five models, but the Schramm Model (1955) is the model that explains why communication

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
breakdown occurs. Schramm affirmed that communication can take place if and only if there is an overlap
between the field of experience of the speaker and the field of experience of the listener.
What is the field of experience? It is everything that makes a person unique—everything he or she has ever
learned, watched, seen, heard, read, and studied.
In other words, it is everything a person has ever
experienced or not experienced, done or not done.

In fact, this is practically everything thai has

happened in his or her life. It is this field of
experience that is used to interpret the message and
to create a response. It is also this field of experience
of the listener that needs to overlap with the speaker's field of experience, which can only happen when the
two fields have commonalities. For example, in the Philippines, the teacher must deliver his or her lecture
in either English or Filipino because that is the language that students know and use. If the teacher suddenly
started using Chinese in the lecture, the students will not understand a single thing! The teacher may
perhaps be understood only if he or she was teaching in a Chinese school, or be understood in class by
students who speak Chinese.

4. The fourth model is that of Eugene White (1960), who stated that communication is circular and
continuous, without a beginning or end. This is why he made a cyclical model. He also pointed out that
although we can assume that communication begins with thinking, communication can actually be observed
from any point in the circle.

Eugene White contributed the concept of

feedback to the field of communication. Feedback is the
speaker's perception about the listener's response. The
speaker can only receive feedback if the speaker is
monitoring the listener. The speaker will know what the
listener's response is only if he or she is paying
attention.

Readings
● Study the organizational structure of Kingsville Advanced Schools System.
● View the link below for more interesting stories about exploring and explaining the nature of
communication.
● https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/santa-fe-college/communications/oral-communication-in-
context-lm-for-shs/6468025
● https://www.slideshare.net/hmmh26/nature-elements-models-and-functions-of-communication

Assessment
Choose the correct answer. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before the number.

_____1. Every communication involves a ________: a person wants to talk to someone about something
because that person needs something from that someone.
a. transaction c. story
b. experience d. tool

_____2. It is stirring up ideas in the mind of another.

a. communication c. concept
b. text d. feedback

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
_____3. __________ described communication as the sharing of experiences publicly for the common
good.
a. Eugene White c. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
b. Wilbur Schramm d. Monroe and Ehninger

_____4. According to _________ communication has to be learned.

a. Claude Shannon c. Aristotle
b. Monroe and Ehninger d. Pace et al.

_____5. He was a teacher of rhetoric and even put up an academy to produce good speakers.
a. Aristotle c. Warren Weaver
b. Monroe and Ehninger d. Pace et al.

_____6. The model that explains why communication breakdown occurs.

a. White’s Model of Communication c. Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication
b. Aristotle’s Model of Communication d. Wilbur Schramm’s Model of Communication

_____7. This is often called the Telephone Model because it is based on the experience of having the
message interfered by "noise" from the telephone switchboard back in the 1940s.
a. White’s Model of Communication c. Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication
b. Aristotle’s Model of Communication d. Wilbur Schramm’s Model of Communication

_____8. He was considered as the Father of Mass Communication.

a. Eugene White c. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
b. Wilbur Schramm d. Aristotle

_____9. He stated that communication is circular and continuous, without a beginning or end.
a. Eugene White c. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
b. Wilbur Schramm d. Aristotle

_____10. __________contributed the concept of feedback to the field of communication.

a. Aristotle c. Wilbur Schramm
b. Eugene White d. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver

-----End of Module 1---

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
 Subject: Oral Communication in Context

Module No. 2 of 4 Strand: Academic - GAS

Guide Questions REMINDER: DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THE MODULE

1. Distinguish between and among functions of communication

a. regulation control
b. social interaction
c. motivation
d. emotional expression

Discussion
Good day, Royals! For this week, we will know the reason why we
communicate.

Are you ready? Then let’s get started!

Lesson 1: Learning the Functions of Communication

Authored by Ramona S. Flores

Why do people communicate with others, whether it is with a friend, a teacher, or a parent? Is it
because someone wants something from someone else or is it because other people are asking for
something from them? People also communicate with groups or with an audience—be it in real life or on
radio and TV or via the Internet.

Communication is a complex process—with elements, levels, and dimensions. People do not just
communicate because people love to talk. Humans communicate for several reasons: regulation and control,
social interaction, motivation, information, and emotional expression. Collectively, these reasons are called
the functions of communication. Each function is based on the speaker's purpose for communicating.

If the speaker's purpose is to control others by managing their behavior, then the speaker is using
the function of regulation/control. This can be seen in the example of making an announcement that the
community will start garbage segregation. This function is also demonstrated by the simple act of telling
someone to be quiet or encouraging someone to continue discussing the topic.

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
 The second function is social interaction, the most familiar
and the primary reason why people communicate. This is because
people do love to talk and love to talk with each other. Conversing with
one another pleases and entertains them while passing the time.
Humans talk for the coming together as a society. Social interaction
allows people to be connected with one another. A family becomes
close not because they live under the same roof, but because each
member interacts with another.
Friends get together to interact and enjoy each other’s
company. A new acquaintance can become a friend by getting to know
that person through more opportunities for interaction.

Motivation is the third function of communication. This is when the speaker's purpose is to persuade
or try to persuade another person to change his or her opinion, attitude, or behavior. This is different from
regulation and control where the speaker simply directs others and insists on his or her own agenda. In this
function, persuasion is used to move the listener away from his or her own position toward the speaker's
own or the position where the speaker wants the other person to move. For example, having the listener
agree with the speaker there is a "Pope Francis effect" is one such agenda. Convincing your friends to go to
the mall to watch a movie after school is another example.

The fourth function is the most useful: information. This function is used when the speaker wants
to make others aware of certain data, concepts, and processes—knowledge that may be useful to them.
This may be something as serious as knowing what methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) virus
is and how to avoid getting it. It could be about something less serious but just as important such as when
and where the school graduation will be held and what the other details are.

Finally, if the purpose is to move another person to action—more than regulation and control, or
motivation—then the speaker uses emotional expression. The speaker appeals to the listener's feelings
and emotions to encourage him or her to act in a particular direction. Receiving messages that include
pictures of the devastation brought about by a typhoon such as Yolanda, or photos of children dying or
crying because of hunger, the receiver of the message cannot help but be moved to do something: donate
money, clothes, food, and water, or even volunteer to help build new houses for the victims.

Therefore, a speaker has five major reasons for communicating, also known as the functions of
communication. It must be remembered that these functions overlap. To regulate or motivate, it is
sometimes necessary to first inform. On the other hand, social interaction also involves emotional
expression, so does motivation. Moreover, these functions use both verbal and nonverbal cues to accomplish
a specific purpose of communication that the speaker has in mind.

Explaining Regulation/Control as a Function of Communication

Regulation/Control as a function of communication means being able to use language, gestures, and
emotions to manage individual or group activities such as a parent telling a child not to misbehave or a
policeman directing pedestrians not to jaywalk but cross on the pedestrian lane.

Regulation/Control is also observed when a student asks his or her parents to stop teasing him or
her about having a crush in school. He or she also urges his or her siblings not to look for that crush in
school. His or her friends/classmates are likewise under strict orders not to talk about that crush at all.

Regulation/Control is observable if we focus on the verbal and nonverbal cues used by the speaker
to achieve his or her purpose. The speaker and the listener, when using verbal cues, should be respectful
of each other's culture as well as of their age, gender, social status, and religion.

1. Verbal cues are the specific words chosen and used. The words are usually directives, orders, requests,
and so on, meant to regulate and control other people's behavior. In certain cases that involve women or

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
in situations in the Philippines that involve a superior and a subordinate, an order is oftentimes worded as
a request.

2. Nonverbal cues include hand gestures, bodily action (including posture), vocal tone (paralanguage), and
eye contact. The tone and the bodily action that accompany the words are authoritative and firm. Eye
contact is direct. In our culture, these cues may be softened for children and the elderly.

Both verbal and nonverbal cues are necessary for a successful outcome of communication, the achievement
of the speaker's purpose: regulation and control.

Explaining Social Interaction as a Function of Communication

Social interaction is the most obvious, the most often used, and the most popular function of
communication. Just think of how many times people interact with other people by talking to them,
conversing with them, laughing with them, and just enjoying each other's company.

Recall what communication activity one recently engaged in that used social interaction involving
friends, classmates, neighbors, or even other people like vendors and jeepney/bus/tricycle drivers. Notice
that one's interaction with different people from different groups will not be the same interaction experience.
Still, communication happens between you and them.

Like regulation/control, social interaction occurs when verbal and nonverbal cues are appropriately
applied. The speaker and the listener, when using verbal cues, should be respectful of each other's culture
as well as of their age, gender, social status, and religion.

1. Verbal cues are the specific words chosen and used. The words usually used are mostly informal terms
and casually delivered, although Philippine society dictates certain decorum when talking to elders or figures
of authority.

2. Nonverbal cues include hand gestures, bodily action (including posture), vocal tone (paralanguage), and
eye contact. The tone used is friendly, even teasing, and bodily action is relaxed.

Social interaction uses the most verbal and nonverbal cues with the most adaptation for the simple
reason that it occurs every day, nearly 24 hours a day. Given the number of people interacting with each
other, the verbal and nonverbal cues used, including possible combinations, make interactions uncountable.

Explaining Motivation as a Function of Communication

Motivation is the third function of communication and is the most purposive. When people
communicate, they always have a purpose or a reason. Why do people talk about this and not that? Why
talk to him but not to her? It is because there is a goal to be achieved, a motive that must be accomplished.

The motivation to talk with the teacher is perhaps to ask him or her for more time to finish a class
project. The members of a church youth group listen to a certain candidate in the upcoming Church Council
elections. A customer convinces a vendor to sell a bigger sized mango for the same price as a smaller one.
The speaker and the listener, when using verbal cues, should be respectful of each other's culture as well
as of their age, gender, social status, and religion. Motivation is accomplished using the following:

1. Verbal cues are the words chosen and used specifically to achieve this function. More direct and purposeful
words are chosen for both men and women, although these can be softened for children and the elderly.

2. Nonverbal cues include hand gestures, bodily action (including posture), vocal tone (paralanguage), and
eye contact. Strong words are accompanied by emphatic gestures and a forceful tone of voice. Direct eye
contact is necessary to underscore the speaker’s sincerity and conviction.

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
 Explaining Information as a Function of Communication

Whether talking to friends or acquaintances, to convince or to motivate them, what is usually

necessary is to provide information. To illustrate, a Filipino scientist provides information to a low-income
community on how to light up their homes by using a bottle filled with water and a teaspoon of bleach. The
school dentist tells a kindergarten class how to brush one's teeth properly. A weather forecaster on a TV
news program tracks the path of a low-pressure area (LPA), which might turn into a typhoon. The speaker
and the listener, when using verbal cues, should be respectful of each other's culture as well as of their age,
gender, social status, and religion.
1. Verbal cues in this case have to be carefully chosen. Most likely, the scientist will speak in Filipino language
to be understood by many and will use po and opo. The dentist will use simple words for the benefit of the
kindergartners. The weather forecaster will not use too much technical jargon to be understood by people
listening to the radio and watching TV.

2. Nonverbal cues include hand gestures, bodily action (including posture), vocal tone (paralanguage), and
eye contact. To convince the community to try the experiment, the scientist can do an actual demonstration.
The dentist can show pictures or videos that the children can understand, displaying what happens when
they do not brush their teeth. The weather forecaster can calmly gesture on the map, pointing out the path
of the LPA, using a soothing tone of voice to avoid alarming the audience.

Explaining Emotional Expression as a Function of Communication

Appealing to the listener's feelings is the function called emotional expression. It is used by a speaker
for the purpose of making a person to act or to move toward a particular direction. Filipinos can be moved
to tears by a movie, drama series, or song. A speaker may appeal to Filipino listeners by disclosing how he
or she Was also moved by that particular movie, drama series, or song. Photos of suffering or devastation
tug at the heartstrings of Filipinos. The speaker and the listener, when using verbal cues, should be
respectful of each other's culture as well as of their age, gender, social status, and religion.

1. Verbal cues are the chosen words used specifically to achieve this function. Words that may appeal to
men may not appeal to women. There are words children use that the elderly might find insulting and vice
versa. Also, be careful about using English words in different cultures. For example, the word "gift" means
poison in German. So, do not tell a German visitor that one has a gift for him or her. Words should be
carefully chosen.

2. Nonverbal cues include hand gestures, bodily action (including posture), vocal tone (paralanguage), and
eye contact. The speaker and the listener, when using nonverbal cues, should be respectful of each other's
culture as well as of their age, gender, social status, and religion, when we appeal to someone by using
emotions, we accompany this appeal with touching, holding hands or hugging, or even putting an arm
around someone’s shoulder. Certain societies like Japan, where personal space is respected, do not allow
casual touching, while those that practice Islam still frown on men and women intermingling freely (unless
they are married or related by blood). This has to be considered when using the function of emotional
expression.

Readings
● Study the organizational structure of Kingsville Advanced Schools System.
● View the link below for more interesting stories about exploring and explaining the nature of
communication.
● Oral Communication in Context
● https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fround-lake.dustinice.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.mercycare.org%2Fbhs%2Femployee-
assistance-program%2Feapforemployers%2Fresources%2Fhealth-benefits-of-social-
interaction%2F&psig=AOvVaw1pbqLkkPxFd-

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
Assessment
Choose the correct answer. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before the number.

_____1. Communication is a complex process—with elements, levels, and ___________.

a. transaction c. dimensions
b. experience d. tool
_____2. If the speaker's purpose is to control others by managing their behavior, then the speaker is using
the function of ______________.
a. regulation and control c. motivation
b. social interaction d. emotional expression

_____3. The _____________ function of communication is the most familiar and the primary reason why
people communicate.
a. regulation and control c. motivation
b. social interaction d. emotional expression

_____4. This is when the speaker's purpose is to persuade or try to persuade another person to change
his or her opinion, attitude, or behavior.
a. regulation and control c. motivation
b. social interaction d. emotional expression

_____5. This function is used when the speaker wants to make others aware of certain data, concepts,
and processes—knowledge that may be useful to them.
a. regulation and control c. motivation
b. social interaction d. information

_____6. If the purpose is to move another person to action—more than regulation and control, or motivation—
then the speaker uses ______________.
a. regulation and control c. motivation
b. social interaction d. emotional expression

_____7. The speaker appeals to the listener's feelings and emotions to encourage him or her to act in a
particular direction.
a. regulation and control c. motivation
b. social interaction d. emotional expression

_____8. _________is the most obvious, the most often used, and the most popular function of communication.
a. regulation and control c. motivation
b. social interaction d. emotional expression

_____9. In this function, persuasion is used to move the listener away from his or her own position toward
the speaker's own or the position where the speaker wants the other person to move.
a. regulation and control c. motivation
b. social interaction d. emotional expression

_____10. This function is also demonstrated by the simple act of telling someone to be quiet or encouraging
someone to continue discussing the topic.
a. regulation and control c. motivation
b. social interaction d. emotional expression

-----End of Module 2---

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
 Subject: Oral Communication in Context

Module No. 3 of 4 Strand: Academic - GAS

Guide Questions REMINDER: DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THE MODULE

1. Distinguish between and among types of speech context

a. intrapersonal communication
b. interpersonal communication
● Dyadic communication
● Small group communication
● Public communication
● Mass communication
● Organizational communication
● Intercultural communication

Discussion
Good day, Royals! For this week, we will know the use of communicative
strategies.

Are you ready? Then let’s get started!

Lesson 1: Enhancing Competence ins Using Communicative Strategies

Authored by Ramona S. Flores

People do not communicate in just one way, using only one method. When communicating with
others, people interact in different ways. and be reserved with another. People might joke with one and be
reserved with another. They might be casual with a best friend, but formal with their parents. Group
discussion is different from public speaking. A different communicative strategy—one that leads to effective
communication—is needed for every situation. Each speech context requires an understanding of the speech
act. With understanding comes an adjustment of speech style to ensure the delivery of the message.

Although we always communicate with one another, we interact based on a specific speech context.
After all, a speaker cannot whisper a speech to an audience, nor can an applicant talk to the person giving
the job interview as though he or she is a public speaker. Communication is divided into certain levels based
on the number of participants in the process. Intrapersonal communication means one person (yourself) is
both communicator and receiver.

Interpersonal communication involves more than one person, from two (such as in dyadic
communication) to many persons (such as in group discussion or public communication). The level of
communication dictates the type of speech style and speech act to be used in a communicative strategy.
The communication competence of any person can be judged, first and foremost, based on how clear that
person realizes what level the communication is occurring based on the number of participants.

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
 Each speech style (or the way language is used) varies with the purpose of communication and the
speech context (or the level of communication) engaged in. Intimate and casual styles are used in dyadic
communication, particularly in conversation and dialogue, while consultative style may be used for group
discussions. Formal, and sometimes frozen styles, are most often associated with public communication.
The use of a particular speech style within that particular communication level also shows a person's
communication competence.

As for the three types of speech act, these are helpful in elaborating the meaning of what is being
said. For a locutionary speech act to make sense, the same meaning should be shared by both the speaker
and the listener. While an illocutionary act embodies the speaker's intention, the perlocutionary act is meant
to elicit a response from the listener. The use of these three types of speech act to suit the speech Context
within a communication level leads to effective communication by the communicator.

All the aforementioned points are crucial in building a communicative strategy- a way, a plan, a
means of sharing information to achieve a purpose. The seven types of communicative strategy will be
discussed and practiced by the students; nomination, restriction, turn-taking, topic-shifting, repair and
termination.

Lesson 2: Learning the Types of Speech Context

Intrapersonal Communication

Many thinks of " communication" as public speaking or as a situation in

which one speaker addresses many listeners. Others think of it as involving
only two people talking to each other, but communication can involve more
than two people or an audience. It can be a group discussion on cancer
awareness, an organizational program to save the environment, a radio or
TV show focused on corruption in government, or it could even be a
showcase of tribal dances from all over the Philippines. Indeed,
communication may be classified into different types based on the number
of participants in the process.

The first type of speech context is intrapersonal communication: communicating with oneself. What
does this mean? Intrapersonal communication may be seen in situations involving talking to or writing to
oneself, even thinking to oneself. To clarify further, talking to oneself may mean repeating a song heard
while looking in the mirror, memorizing out loud a dialogue in a play, or berating oneself in a mutter on the
way to school for forgetting one's homework. A teenager may write in a diary or on a private blog which
nobody else is supposed to read. One also writes on sticky labels to remind oneself of things to be done.
And, of course, there is daydreaming, meditating, or mental planning.

Clearly, in intrapersonal communication, the speaker and the listener are one and the same: you.
You send the message to yourself and you yourself receive that message.

Interpersonal Communication

Beyond intrapersonal communication are several types of speech context which we are more familiar
with, such as interpersonal communication which involves more than one person. Of course, it is not just
the number of participants that determine each particular type of communication. They can each be
differentiated by its purpose. Remember, communication is always intentional.

1. Dyadic communication involves only two participants forming a dyad. One

speaker and one listener come together to exchange thoughts, ideas,
opinions, and in formation. The roles of speaker and listener are not fixed,
they are interchangeable.

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
 Conversation is informal dyadic communication, while interview and dialogue are formal
examples of dyadic communication. Conversation is the most common, most frequent, and most
Popular of all dyadic communication. Talking with others is one way people amuse themselves.
Dialogues usually happen during guidance counseling, consulting with a priest, or heart-to-heart
talks with a trusted person. One bares his or her heart and soul to go deeper into his or her
motivations, attitudes, and beliefs. Interviews are almost always highly formal compared to
conversation, but not as in-depth as a dialogue is.

2. Small group communication requires from 3-15 people to study an issue, discuss a problem, and
come up with a solution or a plan. This is not just a gathering of people with no goal in mind but to
pass the time. The group has an agenda, a leader, and an outcome to accomplish. Because everyone
can be both speaker and listener in this setting, rules
must be followed to facilitate order. Order allows for a
full discussion, which leads to a compromise and the
hoped-for result: a solution or a plan. Small groups may
be divided into two accordi ng to purpose: study groups
and task-oriented groups. Study groups are meant to
look into a problem but not necessarily come up with a
solution. It is the task-oriented groups that study an
issue, such as the perennial traffic problem of Metro
Manila or the pollution of Laguna de Bay, to come up
with a plan to resolve that issue. Examples of small
groups are panel discussions, symposia, and
roundtables.

3. Public communication is different from dyadic or small group communication in that one speaker
addresses many listeners, collectively known as an audience. There is no interchanging of the
speaker and listener roles. Many public communication events are formal. The speech is well-
prepared, the speaker is dressed appropriately, and the listeners are set to listen to the message.
Moreover, there is usually a stage, a lectern, and a microphone coupled with a sound system, and
sometimes, spotlights.
Usually, the programs are formally structured, with a Master of Ceremonies or MC (emcee),
a welcome address, an introduction of the keynote speaker, the speech by the keynote speaker or
paper presenter, and closing remarks. The informal
version of public communication does not necessarily
have a stage, the speaker may he dressed
informally, and there may or may not he a
microphone or, sometimes, just a megaphone. With
no sound system at all, the speaker has to project
his or her voice to he heard by the audience. This
informal form of public communication happens
when the gathering is impromptu such as family
reunions and is most often seen during protest
rallies, especially while participants are moving
through the streets.

4. Mass communication is any of the above human verbal interactions carried out with the aid of mass
media technology. Mass media, back in the day, used to mean only radio and television, which
reached more people with the use of their technical systems. With the advent of the Internet and
the World Wide Web, mass communication now includes social media, which allow for the use of
technology by everyone, not just journalists, broadcasters, and technical crew. Social media serves
as a platform for viral videos as well as webcasts/podcasts that can reach millions of people, more
than radio or TV ever could. In fact, radio and TV networks have joined social media by putting up
their own websites to communicate to a larger audience.

5. Organizational communication refers to the interaction of members along the links in an

organizational structure. There are two variations of organizational communication. Formal
organizational communication uses the proper channels graphically illustrated by an organizational

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
 chart. Memos, announcements, and reports are passed along to the members of the organization
following the chain of command. An example is a memo on salary increase that is issued by the
company president, sent along to the vice president, then is passed on to the managers, and finally,
handed on to the supervisors before reaching the employees. The informal version bypasses the
links, skips forward or backward, or even goes sideways just to achieve the same goal: for example,
to pass on a memo, announcement, or a report. The memo on salary increase will probably reach
the employees faster than the formal announcement because the secretary who typed the memo
told another secretary who told the supervisor who shared it with coworkers. The latter may not be
ideal and even discouraged in the practice of professionalism and confidentiality. Nevertheless, both
types exist in most, if not all, organizations.

6. Intercultural communication is the exchange of concepts, traditions, values, and practices between
and among people of different nationalities and ways of life. It goes beyond showcasing folk dances,
local songs, and native delicacies. To make the exchange more meaningful, there should be a deeper
understanding and aware-ness of what makes
various nationalities different and unique, but also
similar and familiar. For example, a roundtable
discussion to exchange views about how we relate
with our families can show the differences and
similarities in Korean and Philippine cultures. A
lecture on the Chinese way of doing business might
enlighten Filipino business-men. Chatting with a
friend from Abu Dhabi might bring out the
difficulties of a Catholic Filipino migrant worker in a
Muslim country.

In summary, all communication, whatever the speech context is, has to have a purpose. Each
context that one may be engaged in is according to what best suits the purpose and how best to
accomplish it; however, the contexts are not mutually exclusive. Before public communication can
take place, the speaker subjects himself or herself to intrapersonal communication by thinking,
writing, and talking to oneself. Small group communication happens because of something that may
have come up in a dyadic communication, and so on. Given the context and purpose, communication
strategies are also based on different types of speech style.

Readings
● Study the organizational structure of Kingsville Advanced Schools System.
● View the link below for more interesting stories about exploring and explaining the nature of
communication.
● Oral Communication in Context
● https://aalyssalachicasblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/images952305110.jpg?w=640
● https://scc.spokane.edu/ccsglobal/media/Global/Area%20of%20Study%20855x500/SCC/pu
blicSpeaking_P.jpg?ext=.jpg
● https://media.sciencephoto.com/f0/28/40/73/f0284073-800px-wm.jpg

Assessment
Choose the correct answer. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before the number.

_____1. It means one person (yourself) is both communicator and receiver.

a. intrapersonal communication c. communicative strategy`
b. interpersonal communication d. mass communication

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
_____2. It may be seen in situations involving talking to or writing to oneself, even thinking to oneself.
a. intrapersonal communication c. communicative strategy`
b. interpersonal communication d. mass communication

_____3. This communication involves more than one person.

a. intrapersonal communication c. communicative strategy`
b. interpersonal communication d. mass communication

_____4. This communication involves only two participants forming a dyad. One speaker and one listener
come together to exchange thoughts, ideas, opinions, and in formation.
a. dyadic communication c. public communication
b. small group communication d. mass communication

_____5. A communication where one speaker addresses many listeners, collectively known as an audience.
a. dyadic communication c. public communication
b. small group communication d. mass communication

_____6. This communication requires 3-15 people to study an issue, discuss a problem, and come up with a
solution or a plan.
a. dyadic communication c. public communication
b. small group communication d. mass communication

_____7. This communication includes social media, which allow for the use of technology by everyone.
a. mass communication c. intercultural communication
b. organizational communication d. public communication

_____8. This communication refers to the interaction of members along the links in an organizational structure.
a. mass communication c. intercultural communication
b. organizational communication d. public communication

_____9. It is the exchange of concepts, traditions, values, and practices between and among people of
different nationalities and ways of life.
a. mass communication c. intercultural communication
b. organizational communication d. public communication

_____10. It is when the speech is well-prepared, the speaker is dressed appropriately, and the listeners are
set to listen to the message.
a. mass communication c. intercultural communication
b. organizational communication d. public communication

-----End of Module 3---

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
 Subject: Oral Communication in Context

Module No. 4 of 4 Strand: Academic - GAS

Guide Questions REMINDER: DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THE MODULE

1. Distinguish the types of speech according to purpose

2. Determine the purpose of constructed speech

Discussion
Good day, Royals! For this week, we will focus on the why and how of
communicating the message.

Are you ready? Then let’s get started!

Lesson 1: Preparing and Delivering a Speech

Authored by Ramona S. Flores

Preparing and Delivering a Speech

Of all the speech contexts already discussed, public

communication is the most recognizable to anyone. As a
situation where there is only one speaker talking to a group of
listeners, also known as the audience, it is not merely giving
a speech. More than just delivery, public communication
requires preparation, which may take only a few minutes as in
an impromptu speech or may take as long as a week or more,
even a month, if need be, for an extemporaneous speech.

Preparation means, first, choosing a topic. The choice is based

on the interests of both the audience and the speaker. The
next step is finding out what the speaker already knows about the topic, then sourcing the information
through research. The speaker then organizes the speech according to the purpose of the speech. This
speech purpose decides what information goes into the speech and what does not. An expository or
informative speech needs data for sharing with the audience. A persuasive speech uses specific data to
help the speaker in convincing the listeners to change their minds about a certain issue and possibly move
them to act. A speech to entertain may or may not need data unless that data can be used in a humorous
way.

Combining all that was learned from the previous lessons and the accompanying exercises should
have honed one's ability toward the preparation of a speech for a public communication context. The first
thing to be decided on is the purpose of the speech. From the purpose will flow the writing of the speech
and the decision as to the manner of delivery of the speech.

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
 Lesson 2: Understanding the Types of Speeches

Speech According to Purpose

A speaker communicates for five reasons, known as the Functions of Communication. However, a
speaker also creates a speech based on it becomes poses he or she wants to achieve. These purposes are
called the goals of speech obvious as the speaker shows through the speech what he or she wants to
achieve. The speaker, through the speech, can make one think, change one's mind, smile, or laugh.

The purposes of speech are studied in order to deepen one's knowledge and learn how to apply them
in one's own speech. The three types of speech according to purpose are expository or informative,
persuasive, and entertainment.

Let us say one wants to talk about the Ebola virus pandemic, its causes, symptoms, and treatment.
The purpose best suited for this topic is expository or informative. The speaker wants the listeners to be
informed about the Ebola pandemic. The audience will be informed on how the pandemic came about and
how to tell if one is infected with it. At the end, the audience will be told about the treatments available now
and in the near future to stop this virus and prevent people from dying from it.

Another example is a speech about ejeepneys. "What are eieepneys?" can be presented as an
expository or informative speech. The purpose is to introduce the vehicle called an ejeepney and inform the
listeners of this new type of vehicle. Most especially, the speaker must cite the benefits of these new
jeepneys.

The purpose of an expository or informative speech is to provide

information history, theories, practical applications, and so on, that can help the
listeners understand something that is unknown to them or already known to
them but not yet clearly understood. A speech of this nature is meant to help
the listeners understand a topic in a more in-depth manner by providing the
following in an organized way: new data, data that are not readily available to
everyone, or data already known by the audience but looked at in a different
way.

An expository or informative speech must follow these guidelines (some

of which have been previously discussed): it must have a message prepared at
the level of knowledge of the speaker (so one does not sound like a know-it-
all); it must be tailored to fit the level of knowledge of the audience (so one
does not make it incomprehensible); and most importantly, it has to consider
the age, gender, social status, religion, and cultural affiliation of the listeners
(to avoid offending anyone).

A topic like "We should prepare for another Typhoon

Yolanda" can be better presented as a persuasive speech,.
Although information is disseminated, the goal is to convince
Filipinos to be prepared as our country is visited by an average of
20 typhoons per year, several of them as devastating as Yolanda
was. Such a speech, if persuasive enough, may help save lives.

When you want the audience to agree that "A total log ban
will save our forests," then the purpose is also persuasive. The
listeners have to be convinced first that a total log ban is doable,
and second, that this is the way to save our forests.

The second type of speech based on purpose is the persuasive speech. This is a speech whose goal
is to change the listener's opinion, attitude, or belief regarding a certain topic (usually controversial) by
providing materials that can or will help convince the listener.

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
 A speech that is persuasive is meant to convince the listeners why the speaker's side of the equation
is more beneficial. The speaker's assertion must be supported by historical data in the form of statistical
results and experts' testimonies as well as comparisons and contrasts (e.g., before and after) between the
speaker's side and the listeners' side of the equation.

Again, like the expository or informative speech, the persuasive speech must also follow these
guidelines (some of which have been previously discussed): It must have a message at the level of
knowledge of the speaker (given that one does not know everything); it must be tailored to fit the level of
knowledge of the audience (as they will not like being talked down to); and most importantly, it has to
consider the age, gender, social status, religion, and cultural affiliation of the listener (so as not to offend
anyone).

When you relate what a person has to go through "To find his or her true love," for example, the
goal of the speech is entertainment. There might be information involved such as explaining what true love
means, and persuasion is present in the act of choosing someone as his or her true love. However, the
purpose is entertainment as the speaker makes light of the whole process of looking for and probably not
finding the sought after "true love."
"The characters who ride a jeepney or bus with me" can also be an entertainment speech. The quirks
and strange behavior of co-passengers are bound to elicit laughter, especially when the listeners see
themselves in the characters.

The entertainment speech is not a comedy sketch—the purpose is not only to tell a series of jokes.
Neither is it the purpose of the speaker to have the audience laughing throughout the speech. To make the
listeners smile or feel lighthearted after the speech is enough.

An entertainment speech must lead the audience into looking at something familiar in a totally
different and completely humorous light by providing comparisons and contrasts, especially with the strange
or unusual; highlighting the quirks of important personages such as officials, celebrities, actors, and athletes
and applying them to regular people like, say, the listeners; or assigning human characteristics to inanimate
objects. It can also be highly entertaining to engage in word play like puns, and giving funny meanings to
acronyms or anagrams.

Although it is an entertainment speech, it must still follow these guidelines (some of which have
been previously discussed): It must be prepared at the level of knowledge of the speaker (you are there to
entertain not to show off); it must be tailored to fit the level of knowledge of the audience (a simple
presentation works every time); and most importantly, it has to consider the age, gender, social status,
religion, and cultural affiliation of the audience (so as not to offend any of them).

These three purposes—expository/informative, persuasive, and entertainment- direct the

speaker toward the correct treatment of the topic. After all, every speech has a purpose in reaching out to
the listener.

Readings
● Study the organizational structure of Kingsville Advanced Schools System.
● View the link below for more interesting stories about exploring and explaining the nature of
communication.
● Oral Communication in Context
● https://www.iberdrola.com/documents/20125/40774/Discurso_mujer_746x419.jpg/3e3a2a2c-b2bf-
2d7e-6db2-f3e30fd1ca7b?t=1627626240197
● https://i0.wp.com/lastingimpact.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/8FCB43E1-317E-421E-
9EC7-C8925D9ABAD5.jpeg?resize=683%2C1024&ssl=1

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
Assessment
Choose the correct answer. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before the number.

_____1. It is the first thing to consider when preparing a speech.

a. choose a topic c. memorize the context
b. read the text d. prepare the conclusion

_____2. This speech __________ needs data for sharing with the audience
a. expository or informative speech c. entertainment speech
b. persuasive speech d. public speech

_____3. A speech that uses specific data to help the speaker in convincing the listeners to change their
minds about a certain issue and possibly move them to act
a. expository or informative speech c. entertainment speech
b. persuasive speech d. public speech

_____4. An __________ may or may not need data unless that data can be used in a humorous way.
a. expository or informative speech c. entertainment speech
b. persuasive speech d. public speech

_____5. The purposes of speech are ___________ in order to deepen one's knowledge and learn how to
apply them in one's own speech.
a. written c. provided
b. applied d. studied

_____6. Its purpose is to provide information history, theories, practical applications, and so on, that can help
the listeners understand something that is unknown to them or already known to them but not yet
clearly understood.
a. expository or informative speech c. entertainment speech
b. persuasive speech d. public speech

_____7. A speech whose goal is to change the listener's opinion, attitude, or belief regarding a certain topic
(usually controversial) by providing materials that can or will help convince the listener.
a. expository or informative speech c. entertainment speech
b. persuasive speech d. public speech

_____8. It must lead the audience into looking at something familiar in a totally different and completely
humorous light by providing comparisons and contrast.
a. expository or informative speech c. entertainment speech
b. persuasive speech d. public speech

_____9. A speech that is _________ is meant to convince the listeners why the speaker's side of the
equation is more beneficial.
a. expository or informative c. public
b. persuasive d. entertainment

_____10. Let us say one wants to talk about the Ebola virus pandemic, its causes, symptoms, and treatment.
The purpose best suited for this topic is ______________.
a. expository or informative c. public
b. persuasive d. entertainment

-----End of Module 4---

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: [email protected] Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph