GEED 10053

for the sole noncommercial use of the

Faculty of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Polytechnic University of the Philippines

2020

Conributors:

Abdul, Alsafat
Atienza, Jacky Boy
Bang-as, Pamela
Bernardino, Rhea
Cabanig, Sarah Jean
Criseno, Regine
Dilla, Perlyn Mae
Duarte, Rafael
Elizon, Katrina
Equiza, Cynthia
Hernandez, Andrew
Isaac, Emelita
Lara, Jose Alejandro Constantino
Longhas, Paul Ryan
Macatangay, Shaina Lyra
Malvar, Rolan
Nuguid, Kenneth James
Saguindan, Ian
Sta. Maria, John Patrick
 Republic of the Philippines
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
Department of Mathematics and Statistics

Course Title : MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Course Code : GEED 10053

Course Credit : 3 units

Pre-Requisite : GENERAL MATHEMATICS, STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY (SHS)

Course Description :

The course deals with the nature of mathematics, appreciation of its practical, intellectual and
aesthetic dimensions, and application of mathematical tools in daily life. It also bridges the study of
mathematics to other domains of interest like business, finance, social sciences and arts and design.

COURSE LEARNING PLAN

Week Dates Topics and Subtopics

I. Nature of Mathematics

Mathematics in Nature

Week 1 10/5 – 10/11 1. Patterns and Numbers in Nature

2. Fibonacci Sequence
3. Mathematics for Our World

Language of Mathematics
10/12 – 10/18
Week 2-3
10/19 – 10/25 1. Propositions and Logical Connectives
2. Sets, Operations and Venn Diagrams

Problem Solving
10/26 – 11/1
Week 4-5
11/2 – 11/8 1. Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
2. Polya’s Guidelines for Problem Solving
3. Mathematical Problems involving Patterns
 II. Mathematics as a Tool: Statistics and Data Management

Week 6 11/9 – 11/15 Data Gatheing and Sampling Techniques

1. Steps in Statistical Investigation

2. Sampling Techniques, Sample Size Considerations, Methods of
Data Collection
3. Levels of Measurement

Data Presentation

Week 7 11/16 – 11/22 1. Tabular Presentations: Frequency Distributions and

Crosstabulations
2. Graphical Presentations: Graphs, Charts, Time Series Plots

Descriptive Measures

Week 8 11/23 – 11/29 1. Measures of Central Tendency

2. Measures of Dispersion or Variation

III. Special Topics

Graphical Solution of LP Models

Week 9-11 11/30– 12/20
1. Modeling with Linear Programming
2. Solution Set of Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
3. Graphical Solution for a Linear Programming Model

Mathematics of Graphs

Week 12-14 1/4– 1/24 1. Basic Concepts in Graphs and Networks

2. Euler’s Theorem and Fleury’s Algorithms
3. Hamiltonian Circuits and the Traveling Salesman Problem
4. Spanning Trees and Kruskal Algorithm
5. Graph Coloring
 FINAL ASSESSMENT

*Note: Graphical Solution of LP Models and Mathematics of Graphs and Networks are required special topics for
the programs under the ff. colleges: Architecture and Fine Arts (CAFA), Computer and Information Sciences
(CCIS), Engineering (CE), Science (CS) and Technology (ITECH).

COURSE GRADING SYSTEM

The final grade will be based on the weighted average of the student’s scores on each test assigned at
the end of each lesson. The final SIS grade equivalent will be based on the following table according to
the approved University Student Handbook.

Class Standing (CS) = (Weighted Average of all the Chapter/Unit Tests ÷ 2) + 50%
Midterm and/or Final Exam (MFE) = (Weighted Average of the Midterm and/or FinalTests ÷ 2) + 50%

Final Grade = (70% x CS) + (30% x MFE)

SIS Grade Percentage/Equivalent Description

1.00 97.00 - 100 Excellent
1.25 94.00-96.99 Excellent
1.50 91.00-93.99 Very Good
1.75 88.00-90.99 Very Good
2.00 85.00-87.99 Good
2.25 82.00-84.99 Good
2.50 79.00-81.99 Satisfactory
2.75 77.00-78.99 Satisfactory
3.00 75.00-76.99 Passing
5.00 65.00-74.99 Failure
Inc Incomplete
W Withdrawn
Final grades are rounded off to 2 decimal places.
Reference Materials:

• Smith, Karl J. The Nature of Mathematics. 12ed. Cengage Learning. 2012

• Angel, Abbott, Runde. Survey of Mathematics with Applications. 10ed. Pearson. 2016
• Lippman, David. Mathematics in Society. 2ed. 2017
• Thomas, Christopher. Schaum’s Outline of Mathematics for the Liberal Arts. McGrawHill. 2009

Prepared by: Noted by:

Kenneth James T. Nuguid/ Ian J. Saguindan Edcon B. Baccay

Faculty Members Chairperson
Department of Mathematics and Statistics Department of Mathematics and Statistics

Approved by:

Dr. Lincoln A. Bautista

Dean, College of Science

Dr. Emanuel C. de Guzman

Vice President for Academic Affairs
Sample Size Considerations
Traveling-Salesman Problems
Lesson 1 6

The human mind is programmed to make sense of data or to bring order where there is disorder.
It seeks to discover relationships and connections between seemingly unrelated bits of
information. In doing so, it sees patterns.

According to the National Council of Teachers of

Mathematics (1991) defines the nature of mathematics
as follows: Mathematics is a study of patterns and
relationship, a way of thinking, an art, a language, and
a tool. It is about patterns and relationships. Numbers
are just a way to express those patterns and
relationships. patterns

Patterns are everywhere. They are deeply embedded

all around us. You can observe patterns- things like
colors, shapes, actions, line or curves of building,
pathways or even in the grocery store where boxes of
various items are lined up. Number patterns such as
2,4,6,8 and 5,10,15,20 are among the first patterns
encountered in younger years.

As we advance, we encounter more patterns and discover that number patterns are not
restricted to a few types. They could be ascending, descending, multiples of a certain number.
We learned patterns through the concept of functions and sequences like arithmetic and
geometric sequences. Number patterns, logic patterns, geometric patterns and word patterns
are examples of the various patterns we learned in school. However, patterns are not limited to
these types. One can observe patterns in nature, art, architecture, human behavior, anywhere.
On this section, we will discuss the different patterns in nature, arts and architecture.

Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world. These patterns recur
in different contexts and can sometimes be modeled mathematically. Natural patterns include
symmetries, fractals, spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tessellations, cracks, and stripes. Studying
patterns allows one to watch, guess, create, and discover. The present mathematics is
considerably more than arithmetic, algebra, and geometry. The method of doing it has advanced
from simply performing computations or derivations into observing patterns, testing guesses,
and evaluating results.

Let us focus on the different types of symmetric patterns, analyze and observe the similarities as
well as the differences and give examples of these types of patterns as seen in nature, arts,
architecture and mathematics.
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 An Old man by Leonardo Da Vinci: Leonardo Da Vinci explored

Vetruvian Man (“The Man in Action”) by Leonardo Da Vinci;

Holy Family by Micahelangelo; Crucifixion by Raphael; The
sacrament of the Last Supper by Salvador Dali (1904-1989),

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Lesson 1 19

Earth scientists have relied in the past on statistical methods to forecast natural hazard events.
However, Benoit Mandelbrot, a professor of mathematical sciences at Yale University described
how he has been using fractals to find order within complex systems in nature, such as the natural
shape of a coastline. As a result of his research, earth scientists are taking Mandelbrot’s fractal
approach one step further and are measuring past events and making probability forecasts about
the size, location, and timing of future natural disasters.
Mathematics helps control nature and occurrences in the world for our own good.

Mathematical modelling and control theory can be used. By mathematical modeling we see the
inputs to events and their most likely outcomes. Knowing these inputs and seeing their
consequences and establishing their relationship defined quantitatively, we can prepare for
calamities or natural disasters, or better yet, we can probably stop them from happening.

Control theory is defined as a field of applied mathematics that is relevant to the control of
certain physical processes and systems. As long as human culture has existed, control has meant
some kind of power over the environment and control theory may be viewed as the science of
modifying that environment, in the physical, biological, or even social sense. Control theory
played a major role in many technological advances in the second half of the 20th century.

Mathematics has applications in many human endeavors making it indispensable.

Mathematics existed since the beginning of time, written or unwritten. Its unwritten history is
carved in all things found in cosmos , found in the patterns created in nature, appreciated in the
juxtaposition of the heavens and the earth, contrast between darkness and light , made sense in
the harmony created not just by a well-known orchestra but even by the rain drops falling on
offshore wind-turbines. Its language, though considered by many as abstract is in fact easy to
grasp when the logic and formula that govern it are understood by the inquisitive minds of
students, bakers, chemists , carpenters and appreciated by the receptive hearts of the musicians
- drummers, guitarists, pianists and composers; dance choreographers, gymnasts and marathon
runners.

Mathematics permeates every area of man’s life , leaving every man convinced of its value. As a
tool, mathematics is indispensable. It is needed by all people in honing their logical thinking and
reasoning, in making wise financial decisions - in budgeting or making both ends meet when
financial resources are scarce. It is needed in choosing the best interior and outdoor designs of
houses , offices and business sites. It is useful in determining traveling time and calculating the
amount of fuel needed to get to the destination. It is not just needed in the classrooms but also
at home when doing the mundane baking or preparing foods for breakfast , dinner or lunch;
calculating steps when performing simple to complex acrobatic stance; determining speed in a
short distance or marathon run, preparing chemical solutions in
Beyond the Walls (Performance Task)