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5 Quantization Nonuniform

This document discusses companding in pulse code modulation (PCM) systems. It explains that companding uses a non-linear mapping to compress signal amplitudes before quantization and then expand them after quantization. This results in approximately constant signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over a wide dynamic range of input signals. Two common companding standards are μ-law used in North America and A-law used elsewhere. The document provides equations for μ-law and A-law encoding and decoding and discusses how companding improves SNR performance compared to uniform quantization.

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Mohamed shabana
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58 views6 pages

5 Quantization Nonuniform

This document discusses companding in pulse code modulation (PCM) systems. It explains that companding uses a non-linear mapping to compress signal amplitudes before quantization and then expand them after quantization. This results in approximately constant signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over a wide dynamic range of input signals. Two common companding standards are μ-law used in North America and A-law used elsewhere. The document provides equations for μ-law and A-law encoding and decoding and discusses how companding improves SNR performance compared to uniform quantization.

Uploaded by

Mohamed shabana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Dr.

Ali Muqaibel
ver 3.2

01101110101
Source of Low-pass
continuous time Sampler Quantizer Encoder PCM signal
message signal filter applied to
channel input

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel


Dr. Ali Muqaibel 1
 Statistically (for voice): most of the time the signal has small amplitudes
(Low SNR most of the time).
 Signals (voices) varies as much as 40dB (104 power ratio).
 Ideally we want constant 𝑆𝑁𝑅 for all values of the message.
2𝑚𝑝 ∆𝑣 2
 For uniform quantization ∆𝑣 = and 𝑁𝑞 =
𝐿 12

 The error depend on the step size. The solution is to use small steps for
small amplitudes and large steps for large amplitudes (Progressive
taxation)
 This is equivalent to first compress the signal samples & then use uniform
quantizer. (Later we will have to decompress).
 Since at the transmitter/receiver we do compress/expand, we call the
compensation Compander =Compresser +Expander.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 2


Two standards are accepted by the CCITT now known as ITU

𝐴-law (Europe & the rest of the


 An approximately logarithmic compression µ-law (North America & Japan)
world & international routes)
characteristic yields a quantization noise nearly
proportional to the signal power.

 The SNR becomes practically independent of


the signal power over a large dynamic range.
(Loud talks and stronger signals are penalized
more than soft ones)

𝑚
Normalized message
𝑚
Normalized message
𝑚𝑝 𝑚𝑝

𝐴 and µ determines the degree of compression (compression parameter).

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 3


 For input variation greater than 40𝑑𝐵, 𝜇 > 100.
 For practical telephone systems
◦ 𝜇 = 100 for 7bit (128 levels)
◦ 𝜇 = 255 for 8bit (256 levels)
 The compander with logarithmic compression can be
realized by a semiconductor diode. We can also use
piecewise approximation with small end-to-end inferiority.
 See Wikipedia for “𝜇-law algorithm” 𝑚
Normalized message
𝑚𝑝

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 4


 For a given input 𝑥, the equation for 𝐴-law encoding is as
𝐹 𝑥
 𝐴-law expansion is given by the inverse function, 𝐹 −1 (𝑦)
 In Europe, 𝐴 = 87.7; the value 87.6 is also used.
 Example: how many levels will be used to represent the
lowest 20% of the signal level for the case of 𝐴 = 1 and 𝐴
= 10?

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 5


 When 𝜇-law is used:
2
𝑆0 3𝐿2 𝑚𝑝
= for 𝜇2 ≫
𝑁0 ln(1+𝜇) 2 𝑚෫
2 (𝑡)

 The output SNR is almost independent


from the input SNR.
 Note the scale is in dB.

Signal-to-Quantization-noise ratio in
PCM with and without compression

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 6

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