CODE OF PRACTICE ON WIND EFFECTS HONG KONG - 1983 (REPRINTED 1993) BUILDING AUTHORITY HONG KONGFOREWORD ‘This Code of Practice on Wind Effects prepared under the direction of the Working Party on the Review of the Building (Construction) Regulations, revises and supersedes the 1976 edition. ‘Aa important change in this edition from the 1976 edition is the adoption of gust velocity as the basis for design and the re-assessment of the probable wind speeds on a statistical basis in accordance with records from the Hong, Kong Royal Observatory. ‘This edition treats wind loading in moze detail and takes account of the focal variation in the ground surface in a similar manner to that used in BS CP 3: Chapter V: Part 2: 1972 This edition also uses wind data that has become available since 1976 and itis intended that when further data becomes available the code will be reviewed and updated. A draft of the code was circulated for general comment to selected practising engineers and Government Departments. All comments and views expressed have been taken into consideration in the preparation of the ‘code now published.CONTENTS SCOPE DEFINITIONS DESIGN WIND PRESSURES FORCES ON COMPLETE BUILDINGS FORCES ON BUILDING ELEMENTS DYNAMIC EFFECTS STABILITY OF BUILDINGS APPENDICES . ARTIFICIAL BASE LEVEL FORCE COEFFICIENTS TOTAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS C, FOR INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS Page 10 2score 1 This Code of Practice gives general methods for calculating the wind loads to be used in the structural design of buildings or parts of buildings. The Code does not apply to buildings of an unusual shape or buildings situated al locations where the local topography significantly affects the wind conditions. Experimental wind tunnel data with reference to local conditions. where available, may be used in place of the coefficients given in this Code. 1.2. The design wind pressures given in this Code have been determined from the peak gust velocities having a 2 mean return period of 50 years and are the normal wind loads on completed buildings. Design wind pressures fon buildings where a longer period of exposure to the wind is required or buildings where greater than normal safety is required shall be determined for peak gust velocities having a mean return period greater than $0 years. DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this Code, the fllowing definitions apply: “Breadth” means the horizontal dimension normal to the direction of the wind, “Depth” means the horizontal dimension parallel to the direction of the wind. “Fronial projected area” means the area of the shadow projection on a plane normal to the direction of the wind, “Height of building” means the height of the building above the site-ground level in the immediate vicinity of the building. DESIGN WIND PRESSURES 3.1 Except as provided in 3.3 and 3.4 the design wind pressure q at height z shall be taken as the value given in Table 14. 3.2 The height z shall be measured from the artificial base level 2, determined in accordance with Appendix A, 3. Where the ground on the windward side of the building is it-up terrain with closely spaced tall buildings (@¢ least 30 per cent ofthe ground surface i covered with buildings and atleast 50 percent of the buildings in the terrain are over 25 m in height) the design wind pressure q for the dizection under consideration may be token as the value given in Table 1B fora height upto h, above the artifiia! base level z,. For any portion of building at a level above fy che design wind pressure given in Table {A shall be used. The height hy is given by the following equation aczording to the upwind distance x of the Built-up tereain infront of the building” Be BSYE (Met ore scstnn “ 34 Temporary buildings or structures which will remain in position for a period of net more than one year may bbe designed with wind pressures equal to 70 per cent of the pressures given in Table 1A or Table 1B as appropriate to the terrain. 35 No allowance shall be made for the general or specific shielding of other buildings, structures or natural features, ‘Table 1A: Design wind pressure for general terai Height above artificial Desiga wind pressure q base level (KPa) 10m 12 10- 30m, 22 30- 50m 75 50-100 m 30 100-150 m 38 130-200 m 38 200-250 m 4 above 250 m 434, 4 42 Sa 52 61 62 Table 1B: Design wind pressure for built-up terrain Height above artificial Design wind pressure 4 ‘base level (kPa) o- 30m 12 30- 30m 19 50-100 m 24 100-150 m 30 150-200 m Ba 200-250 m 3 250-300 m 49 above 300 m 43 FORCES ON COMPLETE BUILDINGS “The total wind force F on a complete building shall be taken to be the summation of the pressures acting on the effective projected areas of the building and shall be determined by the following eaation: Fa Claa, sen where C; isthe fore coefficient for the building, determined in accordance with Appendix Bs 4, is the design wind pressure at height z, determined in accordance with section 3; and ‘A, is the effective projected area of the part of the building corresponding to 4, 2) ‘The effective projected arcu of an enclosed building shall be the frontal projected area. The effective projected area of an open framework building such as sign frames and lattice towers shall be the aggregate projected area of all members on a plane normal to the direction of the wind. FORCES ON BUILDING ELEMENTS “The total force F, wcting in a ditection normal to the individual elements such as walls, roofs, cladding panels ‘or members of open framework buildings shall be determined by the following equation: Fy = CGA nesnnnnmnnannnnne ; 0) where C, is the total pressure coeficient for individual elements, determined in accordance with Appendix G a. is the design wind pressure corresponding to the height z of the clement, determined in accordance with section 3; and A, isthe surface area of the element. Where the design wind pressure q, operating on the surface of the element varies because of height, the surface area Ay, of the clement shall be subdivided so that the specified pressures are taken over the appropriate area. DYNAMIC EFFECTS Buildings whose light weight, low frequency and low damping properties make them susceptible to wind-induced oscillations or excitations shall be investigated to ascertain the significance of dynamic effects. For the purpose of design of chimneys and similar structures it may be assurned that if the Sirouhal critical velocity of the structure is greater than the maximum design wind velocity severe oscillation produced by ‘vortex shedding i unlikely to occur. The maximum design wind velocity V is obtained from the design wind pressure q atthe top of the structure by the following equation: v= a4 where Vis the maximum design wind velocity in mys; and 4 is the design wind pressure in kPa as defined in section 3. ay7. STABILITY OF BUILDINGS ‘The stability of the building or part of a building shall be investigated and the resistance to sliding, uplift and overturning shall be not less than 1,5 times the maximum sliding force, uplift force and over-turning moment due to the design wind load.APPENDIX A: ARTIFICIAL BASE LEVEL, AL. In the case where within an upwind distance of 400 m in front of the building the variation of ground level is Rot more than 3 m in any 10 m horizontal distance, and in the case where the wind stream is downhill towards the building, the artificial base level z, shall be taken as the average ground level adjacent to the windward face of the building AA2. In all other cases the artificial base level shall be established from the ground profile in the direction of the wind as shown ia Figure Al: where A is the point adjacent to the windward face of the building; Bis the point on the windward side such that the difference in level between A and Bis 0.1h; C__ isa point on the windward side such that the horizontal distance from A to C is 400 m; h isthe difference in level between A and C; 8 _ isthe horizontal distance between A and B; @ isthe inclination of the mean slope between A and C; Gifky <0,k, = Oifk, > Li = I by ABS Gry <= Bithe> tay Deane the arf el shall be ken ata depth G below he ata ound evel ajcent othe nda face of the building, such that— G = kin Provided that where hte ate rial variations of spe ncnation long AC the round prof sale subdivided so that individual coefficients are applied to the appropriate slope angles as illustrated by Figure Renekahe lkouhy + Roxby + Kaahy +.) GPK, < 0k, = Fi, > Ik, sand 03 a 17 By = EOS Gk < Oke = OhiPke > Lek = D (ifhkyy < Ojkyy Op ikyy > Heke = 1) ete,‘A3. Where the calculated value of G determined by the method given in A2 is more than 100 m, the artifical base level may be taken at 100m below the average ground level adjacent to the windward face of the building. uAPPENDIX B: FORCE COEFFI BI, Enctosed buildings BLI The force coefficient C for an enclosed building shall be— (4) the product ofthe height aspect factor C, and the shape factor C, given in Table BI and Table B2 respectively; or (6) the appropriate value specified in BS CP3: Chapter V: Part 2 BLL2._ The force cocficient shall be applied to the building as a whole: Provided that in the case of 2 building with isolated blocks projecting above a general roof level individual force coefficients corresponding to the height and shape of each block shal be applied. B13. if the frontal projected area of that part of the building for which C, operates is greater than 500 ra? the force coefficient determined by Bl.1 may be multiplied by a reduction Factor Ry given in Table B3. B2. Open framemork buildings B21 The force coefficient C; for an open framework building shall be— (2). the value given in Table BS; or (6) appropriate value spociied in BS CP3: Chapter V: Part 2 ‘Table BI: Height aspect factors C, for enclosed boildings of generally uniform section Height [eight aspect factor ae Height aspect factor C, 1.0 or less 095 20 10 40 1.05 60 m1 100 2 ‘Note: Linear interpolation may be used to obiain intermediate values. ‘Table B2: Shape factors C, for enclosed bolldings of generally uniform section General plan shape Shape factor G, Rectangular Pn gy B eosortess os Dor 09 B 10 10 | interpotate wind 20 LL linearly > 30 3 40 and over vas Gireular 075 Value of C, for the enclosing rectangular Other shapes shape in the direction ofthe wind,‘Table B3: Reduction factor R, for enclosed buildings according to frontal projected area Frontal projected area, m? Reduction factor Ry 500 or less 1.00 00 037 1000 0.96 3000 092 5000 0.89 8.000 0.86 10000 0.84 15000 and over 0.80 ‘Note: Linear intempolation may be used to obtain intermediate values ‘Table BA: Force coefficients C, for open framework buildings. Solidity ratio @ Force coefficient Cy 0.01 20 a 19 0.2 1s 03 7 04 7 as 16 08 16. 09 Ls 10 20 Note: The solidity ratio @ is equal to the effective projected area of the open framework building divided by the area enclosed by the boundary of the frame normal to the direction of the wind. Lincar interpolation may be used to obtain intermediate values,APPENDIX C: TOTAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS C, FOR INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS Cl. The total pressure coefficient C, for individual clements in a particular arca of an enclosed building shall be— (a) in the case where there is only a negligible probability of « dominant opening occuring during a severe o storm, the value given in Table Cl; and fn the case where a dominant opening is likely to occur during a severe storm, the value determined by the following equation: = Ce = Cy where C,. is the appropriate external pressure coefficient; and Ch isthe appropriate incernal pressure coefficient. specified in BS CP 3: Chapter V: Part 2 C2. The total pressure coefficient C, for individual members of an open framework building shall be— (@ 20:0 (®) appropriate value specified in BS CP 3: Chapter V: Part 2. ‘Table Cl: Total pressure coefficients C, for enclosed buildings with negligible probability of dominant epening ‘oceuring during a severe storm Walls and claddings {@) edge zones of te builtin. ~l4or + 0 @) other surfaces : =lor +10 Flat roofs (a) edge zones of the r00f sn. 22 () other surfaces... =12 roof angle Pitched roofs wor_| 30 | « (2) exige zones of the roof. 22 iT =10 (®) ridge zones of the roof i. 14 13 =10 (©) other surfaces: () wind across ridge, windward surface -14] =120r403 | +10 ') wind across ridge, leeward surface -08 07 “08 wind paralel to ridge =10 =10 Gnterpolate linearly) ‘Negative value of G, indicates that the resultant force is outwards. 2. Where alternative coefficients are given the element should be designed to accept both loading conditions. 3. Edge zones of the building are the areas within a distance from the edge of the building ‘equal 100.25 times the lesser horizontal dimension ofthe building. 4. Edge zones of the roof are the areas within a distance from the edge of the roof equal to (0.15 times the lesser horizontal dimension of the roof, 5. Ridge zones of the roof are che areas within @ distance from the ridge of the roof equal to 0.15 times the span of the pitched roof. 4