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S NP + VP: Name: Ayu Febriani Amaliaputri Class: IV C NIM: 2223090323

The document provides an overview of grammatical concepts including generative transform grammar, adverb phrases, prepositional phrases, adjective phrases, verb phrases, verb groups, and theta roles. It defines key terms such as subject, object, and complement. It provides examples to illustrate different clause structures and uses of auxiliary verbs, tenses, aspects, and voices.

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155 views

S NP + VP: Name: Ayu Febriani Amaliaputri Class: IV C NIM: 2223090323

The document provides an overview of grammatical concepts including generative transform grammar, adverb phrases, prepositional phrases, adjective phrases, verb phrases, verb groups, and theta roles. It defines key terms such as subject, object, and complement. It provides examples to illustrate different clause structures and uses of auxiliary verbs, tenses, aspects, and voices.

Uploaded by

mputz
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name : Ayu Febriani Amaliaputri Class: IV C NIM : 2223090323

Generative Transform Grammar

S NP + VP
Transitive = Need object Intransitive = No need object Example : The boy is happy.
S S = NP + VP NP = D + N VP B e VP = Be + Adj N = Boy D N Adj Be = is D = the The boy is happy Adj = happy

NP

Adverb Phrase

A phrase formed by one or more than one constituent. There are four adverb phrase circumstances; there are place, time, manner, etc. Example : Ken snores loudly.
S N P

Ken snores very loudly.


S

NP

VP Adv. P Adv Adverb Phrase = Degree (optional) + Adverb

VP V DE G Adv. P Ad v

Functional

Adverb

Degree : so, quite, too, rather, more, less, very. Adverb sentence can move. For example:

Unfortunately the cat killed the mouse. becomes

The cat killed the mouse unfortunately.

Prepositional Phrase Sally looked up


S

Sally looked up the chimney


S

NP

VP

NP

VP

PP

PP

NP

D Prepositional Phrase = P + (NP) F A

Adjective Phrase The [disgustingly fat] dog chased the [amazingly thin] girl. Quite disgustingly fat
AP Adv. P Adv

Amazingly thin
A P

Adv.P

Adj

Adj

DEG

Adv

Adverb Phrase = (Adverb Phrase) + Adjective

Verb Phrase There are 6 clauses of verb: Transitive

NP N

S VP PDNP N V P

Ditransitive Intensive Complex transitive Prepositional

1. Transitive Transitive has to have a direct object. Example :


a. The dog found a bone. b. Alan played the piano. Rule: VP =Transitive + Direct Object DO = VP

The words a bone and the piano are the direct object (Do) 2. Intransitive Intransitive has no object. Example :
a. Ken snores very loudly. b. The baby slept soundly.

The words snores and slept are intransitive verb (V.intrans) 3. Ditransitive Ditransitive needs two objects. Example :
a. Ray told the children a story. b. Ray told a story to the children.
V = ditransitive + iO (indirect object) + dO (direct object) iO = NP dO = VP or VP = ditransitive + dO + iO dO = NP iO = PP

4. Intensive Intensive refers to linking, copula, be, become, appear, seem. Example : She seems unhappy
S NP N V V P AP Adj Rule : VP = Intensive + sC (Subject Compliment) SC = AP, NP, PP

5. Complex transitive Complex transitive works with complements. Example :


a. The voters vote SBY President. Rule : T + dO + Oc dO = NP oC = NP. AP,

S S P

P dO

dO Oc

Oc

b. Kate made John happy.

6. Prepositional Deal with glance at, lean on, refer to, etc. Example : I glanced at the picture. S P Po Verb Group [Vgp]
1. Kate hugged the baby (1 element)

PP = P (+ NP) F A, iO, sC, oC, PO

Vgp Vgp

VP

2. Kate was hugging the baby (2 elements)

3. Kate has been hugging the baby (3 elements)

Vgp Auxiliary : MODALITY, ASPECT VOICE, TENSE.


VP = Vgp + dO Vgp = Aux + V dO = NP VP = Vgp (intransitive) Vgp = aux + V

Tense : Present + Past

Example :
a. Kate hugs the baby. (Present) b. The baby cried loudly. (Past)

Primary Auxiliary

Deal with do, have, be. Aspect : Perfect, progressive. Example : a. Kate has given a bone to the dog. (perfect) b. Kate was giving a bone to the dog. (progressive) c. Kate may have been giving a dog a bone. (be) Voice Deals with passive. Example : I was chased by a dog. Do (Primary Auxiliary) Example : I like bananas. She does like bananas. ~THETA ROLES~ Agent : the participant who deliberately initiates the action denotes by the verb. Theme : the participant moved by the action. Patient : an affected participant undergoing by the action. Experiencer : the participant that experiences some (psychological, emotional) state. Beneficiary : the participant that gains by the action denoted by the verb. Goal : the participant toward which the activity is directed. Source : the place from which something is moved as a result of an action. Location : the place in which the action or state denoted by the verb is situated. Propositional : clausal arguments have the propositional theta roles.

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