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WINTER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Database Management System Model Answer Subject Code: 22319
Important Instructions to examiners: XXXXX
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students in first year (first and second semesters) write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English
+Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with
model answer.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.

1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 M

a) Define 2M
i) Data Abstraction
ii) Instance.
Ans i) Data Abstraction: Each correct
Hiding complexity of data structures from end user through different levels is known definition: 1M
as data abstraction.
Many end users are not computer trained so it is needed to hide complex data
structures from them.
It has 3 levels :
a. Physical level
b. logical level
c. view level

ii) Instance:
The data stored in database at a particular moment of time is called instance of
database.
Example:
Let’s say a table teacher in our database whose name is School, suppose the table has
50 records so the instance of the database has 50 records for now and tomorrow we
are going to add another fifty records so tomorrow the instance have total 100 records.
This is called an instance.

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b) State any two advantages of DBMS. 2M

Ans  Reduction in Data redundancy Any two correct

 Data consistency and integrity advantages each
1M
 Data security
 Privacy
 Easy access of data
 Easy recovery
 Flexibility
c) Define Normalization. Enlist its types. 2M

Ans Normalization is a process of organizing the data in database to avoid data 1 M for correct
redundancy, insertion anomaly, update anomaly & deletion anomaly. definition, 1 M
for correct types
Types of normalization are:
• First normal form(1NF)
• Second normal form(2NF)
• Third normal form(3NF)
• Boyce & Codd normal form (BCNF)

• Fourth normal form(4NF)

d) Write syntax for creating and Renaming a table. 2M

Ans Syntax of the CREATE TABLE statement is as follows: Correct Syntax

of Create Table:
CREATE TABLE table_name 1M,
(
column1 datatype (size),
column2 datatype(size),
column3 datatype(size),
.... Correct Syntax
of Rename
); Table: 1M
Syntax of RENAME TABLE statement is as follows:
RENAME old_table _name To new_table_name ;
e) Enlist arithmetic and logical SQL operators. 2M

Ans SQL Arithmetic Operators: SQL arithmetic

operators: 1M,
Addition Operator (+)
SQL logical

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Subtraction Operator (-) operators: 1M
Multiplication Operator (+)
Division Operator (-)
Modulus Operator (+)

SQL Logical Operators:

ALL operator

AND operator
OR operator
BETWEEN operator
IN operator
NOT operator
ANY operator

LIKE operator

f) Write syntax for creating and dropping views. 2M

Ans CREATE VIEW Syntax: Correct syntax

for create view:
create view view_name As 1M,
select column1, column2… Correct syntax
for drop view:
from table_name
1M
where condition ;
DROP VIEW Syntax:
DROP VIEW view_name;

g) State two advantages of PL/SQL 2M

Ans Advantages of PL/SQL are: Any two correct

advantages each
 Work can be divided into smaller modules so that it can be manageable and 1M
also enhances the readability of the code.
 It promotes reusability.
 It is secure, as the code is in the database and hides the internal database details
from the user.
 It improves performance against running SQL queries multiple times.

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2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Explain three level architecture of Database system. 4M

Ans Explanation=3M
Diagram=1M

Fig: Three Level Architecture of DBMS

This architecture has three levels:

1. External level
2. Conceptual level
3. Internal level

1. External level

It is also called view level because several users can view their desired data from this
level which is internally fetched from database with the help of conceptual and
internal level mapping.

The user doesn’t need to know the database schema details such as data structure;
table definition etc. user is only concerned about data which is what returned back to
the view level after it has been fetched from database which is present at the internal
level. External level is the top level of the three level DBMS architecture.

2. Conceptual level

It is also called logical level. The whole design of the database such as relationship
among data, schema of data etc. are described in this level.

Database constraints and security are also implemented in this level of architecture.

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This level is maintained by DBA (database administrator).

3. Internal level

This level is also known as physical level. This level describes how the data is stored
in the storage devices.

This level is also responsible for allocating space to the data. This is the lowest level
of the architecture.

b) Write SQL queries for following: 4M

i) Create table student with following attributes using suitable data
types. Roll no., as primary key, name, marks as not null and city.
ii) Add column Date of Birth in above student table.
iii) Increase the size of attribute name by 10 in above student table.
iv) Change name of Student table to stud.
Ans i) Correct Query
CREATE TABLE Student 1M Each
( Rollno int PRIMARY KEY,
name varchar(30) NOT NULL,
marks int NOT NULL,
city varchar(20)
);
ii)
ALTER TABLE student
ADD DateofBirth varchar(20);
iii)
ALTER TABLE student
Modify name varchar(40);
iv)
RENAME Student to Stud;
c) Write and Explain the syntax for creating and dropping indexes with an 4M
example.
Ans Correct
CREATE INDEX explanation of
CREATE
The CREATE INDEX command is used to create indexes in tables. It allows INDEX Syntax
duplicate values. Indexes are used to retrieve data from the database very fast. The with example:
users cannot see the indexes; they are just used to speed up searches/queries. 2M,
Syntax:

CREATE INDEX index_name

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ON table_name (column1, column2, ...);

Example:

The following SQL creates an index named id_firstname on the FirstName column in
the Student table: Correct
explanation of
CREATE INDEX id_firstname DROP INDEX
ON Student (FirstName); Syntax with
example: 2M
DROP INDEX

The DROP INDEX statement is used to delete an index in a table.

Syntax:
DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name;

Example:
DROP INDEX id_firstname ON Student;

d) Write a PL/SQL code to print reverse of a number. 4M

Ans PL/SQL code to print reverse of a number: Correct Logic:

2M, Correct
declare Code: 2M,
n number;
i number; Any other
rev number:=0; correct logic
r number; shall be
considered
begin
n:=&n;
while n>0
loop
r:=mod(n,10);
rev:=(rev*10)+r;
n:=trunc(n/10);
end loop;

dbms_output.put_line('reverse is '||rev);
end;

3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Write down any four Dr. E.F Codd's rules. 4M

Ans Dr. E. F. Codd’s Rules: Any 4: 1 M each

Rule 1: The information Rule: all data viewed to users.

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Rule 2: Guaranteed Access Rule: all user get access to database
Rule 3: Systematic treatment of null values: null value should be empty
Rule 4: Dynamic online Catalog: record all transactions in database
Rule 5: Data Sub language rule: use only one language
Rule 6: View updating rule: table and view updated simultaneously
Rule 7: High level insert, delete and update: multiple insert delete update
Rule 8: Physical data independence: hardware change
Rule 9: Logical data independence: structure change
Rule 10: Integrity independence: store correct data
Rule 11: Distribution independence: distributed database
Rule 12: No subversion rule: no version of language used.
b) State the use of group by and order by clauses. 4M

Ans Group by Clause: 2 M=group by

Group by clause is used to collect the data as multiple records and group them to
produce the result.
Syntax:
1. SELECT column_name, function(column_name)
2 M=order by
2. FROM table_name
3. WHERE condition
4. GROUP BY column_name;

Ex: select avg(sal) from emp_details group by deptno;

Order by Clause:
To view the data in sorted order, the order by clause is used.
By default, the data is sorted in ascending order.
Syntax:
5. SELECT expressions
6. FROM tables
7. [WHERE conditions]
8. ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC ];

Ex: select deptno from emp_details order by deptno;

Ex: select deptno from emp_details order by deptno desc; (for descending order)
c) Explain the steps of cursor implementation with syntax and example. 4M

Ans Cursor Implementation: 2 M=cursor

Steps to create Cursor: implementation

a. Declaring cursor: 1M=syntax

Cursor is declared in the declaration section.
Syntax: cursor <cursor_name>is<select query>; 1M=example
Ex: cursor a is select ename from emp_details where empno=3;
b. Opening cursor:
After declaring the cursor, the cursor needs to open.
Syntax: open <cursor_name>;
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Ex: open a;
c. Fetching a record from cursor:
Once the cursor is declared and opened, we need to get records or rows from
the cursor. These records are accessed using the FETCH statement.
Syntax: fetch <cursor_name> into <variable_list>;
Ex: fetch a into name;
d. Closing cursor:
Once the cursor is opened and processing is over, we need to close it.
Syntax: close <cursor_name>;
Ex: close a;

Example:
declare
name emp_details.ename%type;
cursor a is select ename from emp_details where empno=3;//cursor declaration
begin
open a;//opening the cursor
loop
2M
fetch a into name;//fetching the rows from cursor
update emp_details set comm=3000 where empno=3;
exit when a%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line('record updated');
end loop;
close a;//closing the cursor
end;

d) Explain ACID properties of transaction. 4M

Ans ACID Properties of Transaction: 1M for each

properties
1. Atomicity
2. Consistency
3. Isolation
4. Durability
1. Atomicity:
Atomicity means all the operations included in the single transaction gets executed at a
time or none.

2. Consistency:
Consistency means update or edits the same data stored at different locations.

3. Isolation:
Isolation means all the transactions gets executed independent of each other.

4. Durability:
Durability means data can be saved in database permanently until user change it.

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4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Describe any four responsibilities of Database Administrator. 4M

Ans Responsibilities of Database Administrator (DBA): Any 4: 1 M each

1. Schema Definition:
Database or schema can be designed or defined by DBA.
2. Creating storage structure:
DBA allocate or decide the space to store the database.
3. Create grant access methods:
Different access methods to access the database can be granted by DBA to the
users.
4. Schema modification:
The database or schema which is already defined can be modified by DBA as per
the requirements.
5. Granting authorization:
To access the different databases, DBA can grant the authorization to authorized
users only.
6. Performance tuning:
The problems/errors arise in database accessing; can be resolved by DBA to
increase the performance.
7. Regular maintenance:
DBA can monitor the transactions in database and maintain the database error free by
doing the regular maintenance.

b) Explain Primary and Unique key constraint with syntax. 4M

Ans Primary key constraint: 1 M=primary

Primary key constraint applied to any column can’t accept the duplicate and null key use
values.
This constraint can be applied at the time of table creation. 1M=syntax for
primary key
Syntax for Primary Key: 1 M=unique key
CREATE TABLE <Table_Name>
use
(
Column1 datatype, 1M=syntax for
Column2 datatype,CONSTRAINT <Name> PRIMARY KEY (Column name) unique key
);
Example:
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS
( ID INT NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25),
PRIMARY KEY (ID) );

OR

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CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS
(
ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID, NAME)
);

Unique key constraint:

Unique key constraint applied to any column can’t accept the duplicate values (only
accepts unique values).
This constraint can be applied at the time of table creation.
Syntax for Unique key:

CREATE TABLE <Table_Name>

(
Column1 datatype,
Column2 datatype,CONSTRAINT <Name> UNIQUE KEY (Column name)
);

Example:

CREATE TABLE students

(
S_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar (255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar (255),
City varchar (255),
UNIQUE (S_Id)
)

OR

CREATE TABLE students

(
S_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar (255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar (255),
City varchar (255),
CONSTRAINT uc_studentId UNIQUE (S_Id, LastName)
)

c) Write and Explain the syntax for creating database trigger. 4M

Ans Database trigger: Explanation of

syntax:2M
Triggers can be referred as stored procedures that are fired or executed when an
Example of
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INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statement is given against the associated table. Trigger=2M
Syntax:
create trigger [trigger_name]
[before | after]
{insert | update | delete}
on [table_name]
[for each row]
[trigger_body]
Explanation of syntax:
1. create trigger [trigger_name]: Creates or replaces an existing trigger with the
trigger_name.
2. [before | after]: This specifies when the trigger will be executed.
3. {insert | update | delete}: This specifies the DML operation.
4. on [table_name]: This specifies the name of the table associated with the trigger.
5. [for each row]: This specifies a row-level trigger, i.e., the trigger will be executed
for each row being affected.
6. [trigger_body]: This provides the operation to be performed as trigger is fired
Example:
Given Student Report Database, in which student marks assessment is recorded. In
such schema, create a trigger so that the total and percentage of specified marks is
automatically inserted whenever a record is insert.
Here, as trigger will invoke before record is inserted so, BEFORE Tag can be used.
create trigger stud_marks
before INSERT
on
Student
for each row
set Student.total = Student.subj1 + Student.subj2 + Student.subj3, Student.per
= Student.total * 60 / 100;

d) Write a trigger which invokes on deletion of record on emp table. 4M

Ans Delete Trigger: 4M

create or replace trigger trg1 before delete on emp_details
declare Or any other
begin correct logic for

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raise_application_error(-20000,'cannot delete the record'); delete trigger
end;
e) Explain Database Recovery techniques in detail. 4M

Ans Database Recovery Techniques: Any 2

Database recovery techniques are used to restore the original data in system from techniques: 2 M
backup. each
Backward and forward recovery is two types of database recovery.
Recovery Techniques:
1. Log based recovery.
2. Shadow paging recovery
3. Checkpoints

1. Log based recovery:

It records sequence of log records, which includes all activities done by database
users.
It records the activities when user changes the database.
In case of database failure, by referring the log records users can easily recover the
data.

2. Shadow paging recovery:

This technique is the alternative for log based recovery.
In this technique, database is divided into pages that can be stored on the disk.
The page table is used to maintain the record of location of pages.
In case of database failure, page table is used to recover the parts of database.

3. Checkpoints:
Checkpoint records all committed transactions into logs.
When system fails, it check log to determine recovery action.

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

a) Draw the overall architecture of DBMS. Explain storage manager and query 6M
processor components.

Ans: Storage manager components: 2M=Correct

Diagram with
1. Buffer Manager naming
The Buffer Manager allocates the space to the buffer to store data in it.
2M= storage
2. File Manager manager
components
The task of the file manager is to manage the space allocation in disk for storing the
information and also the data structures used for representing that information.

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3. Authorization and Integrity Manager 2M=query
processor
Allows only authorized users to access data and should be hidden from the public
users. The Authorization and Integrity Manager verifies the authority of the user
trying to access the data and it also checks the integrity constraints when the database
is modified.
4. Transaction Manager

A transaction in DBMS is nothing but a very small unit of the program. The
Transaction Manager manages all the transaction (program) execution.

Fig: Overall architecture of DBBMS

Query Processor Components:

Query processor handles the query processing. It processes the query given by the
user.
1. DDL Interpreter:
DDL expands to Data Definition Language. DDL Interpreter interprets the DDL
statements such as schema definition statements like create, delete, etc.
2. DML Compiler:
DML expands to Data Manipulation Language. DML Compiler compiles (or
translates) the DML statements such as select, update and delete statements into low-
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level instructions which is nothing but the machine-readable object code to make it
executable.
The DML compiler is also responsible for query optimization.
3. Query Evaluation Engine:

The Query Evaluation Engine is also referred as "Query execution engine".

Query Evaluation Engine first interprets the SQL commands to access the data from
the database and then it returns the answer to that query.

b) Write the SQL queries for following EMP table. Emp (empno, deptno, 6M
ename, salary, designation, city.)
i) Display average salary of all employees.
ii) Display names of employees who stay in Mumbai or Pune.
iii) Set the salary of employee 'Ramesh' to 50000.
iv)Display names of employees whose salaries are less than 50000.
v) Remove the Record of employees whose deptno is 10.
vi) Remove the column deptno from EMP table.
Ans i. select avg(salary) from emp; 1 M each
ii. select ename from emp where city=’Mumbai’ or city=’Pune’;
iii. update emp set salary=50000 where ename=’Ramesh’;
iv. select ename from emp where salary<50000;
v. delete from emp where deptno=10;

vi. alter table emp drop column deptno;

c) Write and Explain the syntax for creating, Altering and dropping the 6M
sequence.

Ans 2M
Syntax for creating sequence:
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name
START WITH initial_value
INCREMENT BY increment_value
MINVALUE minimum value
MAXVALUE maximum value
CYCLE|NOCYCLE ;
.where as:

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sequence_name: Name of the sequence.

initial_value: starting value from where the sequence starts.

Initial_value should be greater than or equal
2M
to minimum value and less than equal to maximum value.

increment_value: Value by which sequence will increment itself.

Increment_value can be positive or negative. 2M

minimum_value: Minimum value of the sequence.

maximum_value: Maximum value of the sequence.

cycle: When sequence reaches its set_limit

it starts from beginning.

nocycle: An exception will be thrown

if sequence exceeds its max_value.

Example:
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_1
start with 1
increment by 1
minvalue 0
maxvalue 100
cycle;
Alter sequence:
Syntax:
alter sequence <sequence_name> maxvalue <number>;
Alter sequence can change the maxvalue in the sequence created.

Dropping sequence:
Syntax:
drop sequence <sequence_name>;
To drop the sequence the DROP command is used.

6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

a) Write SQL queries for following. Consider table stud (roll no, name, subl, 6M
sub2, sub3)
i) Display names of student who got minimum mark in subl.
ii) Display names of students who got above 40 marks in sub2.
iii) Display count of Students failed in sub2.
iv) Display average marks of subl of all students.
v) Display names of students whose name start with 'A' by arranging them
in ascending order of subl marks.
vi) Display student name whose name ends with h' and subject 2 marks are

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between 60 to 75.
Ans i. select name from stud where sub1= (select min(sub1) from stud); 1 M each
ii. select name from stud where sub2>40;
iii. select count(*) from stud where sub2<40;
iv. select avg(sub1) from stud;
v. select name from stud where name like 'A%' order by sub1;
vi. select name from stud where name like '%h' and sub2 between 60 and 75;

b) Write a PL/SQL code to check whether specified employee is present in 6M

Emp table or not. Accept empno from user. If employee does not exist
display message using exception handling.
Ans PL/SQL Program:
declare
no emp.empno%type; 2M =declaration
begin 2M=select
no:=&no;
statement
select empno into no from emp where empno=no;
dbms_output.put_line('Empno is present: '||no); 2M=proper
exception exception
when no_data_found then message
dbms_output.put_line('Empno not present');
end;
c) Write SQL queries for following. 6M
1) Create user named 'user1' having Password '1234
ii) Assign 'insert' and update' Privilege to 'userl".
ii) Remove update Privilege assigned to the userl.
iv) Assign the resource Pemission to userl.
Ans i. create user user1 identified by 1234; 1½M
ii. grant insert, update on system.emp to user1; each
iii. revoke update on system.emp from user1;
iv. grant create session, unlimited tablespace, create table to user1;

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