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Computer System Application

Kenesa B. ([email protected])
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus
Computer Science Dept
April, 2023
CHAPTER FIVE
Installation of Application Server and Management

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 DHCP, DNS, Telnet server
q The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol used to assign
IP addresses and provide configuration information to devices such as servers,
desktops, or mobile devices, so they can communicate on a network using the
Internet Protocol (IP).
• The DHCP server chooses an address from a configured range of addresses called a pool and
assigns ("leases") it to the host for a set of period.
q The DHCP service enables devices on a network to obtain IP addresses and other
information from a DHCP server.
q This service automates the assignment of IP addresses, subnet masks, gateway and
other IP networking parameters.
• DHCP allows a host to obtain an IP address dynamically when it connects to the
network.
q The DHCP server is contacted by sending a request, and an IP address is requested.
• The DHCP server is contacted and an address requested.
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 DHCP, DNS, Telnet server
q DHCP is a collection of software that implements all aspects of the DHCP suite. It
includes:
§ A DHCP server, which receives clients’ requests and replies to them.
§ A DHCP client, which can be bundled with the operating system of a client
computer or other IP capable device and which sends configuration requests to
the server.
• Most devices and operating systems already have DHCP clients included.
§ A DHCP relay agent, which passes DHCP requests from one LAN to another so that
there need not be a DHCP server on every LAN.
q Both the client and the server provide functionality that, while not strictly required by
the protocol, is very useful in practice.
• The DHCP server also makes allowances for non-compliant clients that need to be supported.
• The DHCP server will answer requests from any client that complies with the protocol standards,
and the DHCP client can interact with any server that complies with those standards.
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 DHCP, DNS, Telnet server
q On larger local networks, or where the user population changes frequently, DHCP is
preferred.
• New users may arrive with laptops and need a connection.
• Others have new workstations that need to be connected.
q Rather than having the network administrator assign IP addresses for each
workstation, it is more efficient to have IP addresses assigned automatically using
DHCP.
q DHCP distributed addresses are not permanently assigned to hosts but are only
leased for a period of time.
• If the host is powered down or taken off the network, the address is returned to the pool for reuse.
q This is especially helpful with mobile users that come and go on a network. Users can
freely move from location to location and re-establish network connections.
q The host can obtain an IP address once the hardware connection is made, either via a
wired or wireless LAN.
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 DHCP, DNS, Telnet server
q IP addresses are tough for humans to remember.
• IP addresses are impossible to guess.
• ever guessed at the name of a WWW site?
q The DNS is usually used to translate a host name into an IP address .
q Domain names comprise a hierarchy so that names are unique, yet easy to remember.
• Hierarchical name system consisting of a number of levels.
q Internet is divided into a number of domains, and each domain has its own name.
• There are two basic types of top-level domains—geographic and organizational.
• Each domain contains subdomains.
q Relies on Domain Name Servers and resolvers (clients)
q Each host name is made up of a sequence of labels separated by periods.
– Each label can be up to 63 characters
– The total name can be at most 255characters.
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 DHCP, DNS, Telnet server
q Examples:– whitehouse.gov, barney.the.purple.dinosaur.com, monica.cs.rpi.edu
q Top level domains:
§ edu, gov, com, net, org, mil, …
q Countries each have a top level domain - country code top-level domain (ccTLD)
§ the ccTLD for the United Kingdom is .uk, for Japan it is .jp, and for the United States it is .us.
q New top level domains include:
§ .aero .biz .coop .info .name .pro
q Distributed Database
§ The organization that owns a domain name is responsible for running a DNS server that can
provide the mapping between hostnames within the domain to IP addresses.
q DNS Servers:
§ Servers handle requests for their domain directly.
§ Servers handle requests for other domains by contacting remote DNS server(s).
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 DHCP, DNS, Telnet server
q TELNET is an abbreviation for Terminal Network.
• It is the standard TCP/IP protocol for virtual terminal service as proposed by the
International Organization for Standards (ISO).
q TELNET enables the establishment of a connection to a remote system in such a way
that the local terminal appears to be a terminal at the remote system.
q TELNET was designed at a time when most operating systems, such as UNIX, were
operating in a timesharing environment.
• In such an environment, a large computer supports multiple users.
• The interaction between a user and the computer occurs through a terminal,
which is usually a combination of keyboard, monitor, and mouse.
• Even a microcomputer can simulate a terminal with a terminal emulator.
q TELNET is a protocol that provides “a general, bi-directional, eight-bit byte oriented
communications facility”.
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 DHCP, DNS, Telnet server
q telnet is a program that supports the TELNET protocol over TCP.
q When a user logs into a local timesharing system, it is called local log-in.
• As a user types at a terminal or at a workstation running a terminal emulator, the keystrokes are
accepted by the terminal driver.
• The terminal driver passes the characters to the operating system.
• The operating system, in turn, interprets the combination of characters and invokes the desired
application program or utility.
q When a user wants to access an application program or utility located on a remote
machine, she/he performs remote log-in.
• Here the TELNET client and server programs come into use.
• The user sends the keystrokes to the terminal driver, where the local operating system accepts
the characters but does not interpret them.
• The characters are sent to the TELNET client, which transforms the characters to a universal
character set called network virtual terminal (NVT) characters and delivers them to the local
TCP/IP protocol stack.
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 Open SSH
q SSH is a protocol for secure remote login and other secure network services over an
insecure network.
§ Secure shell is a de facto standard for remote logins and encrypted file transfers.
q It provides authentication and encryption for business critical applications to work
securely over the internet.
q Secures channel between two computers
• Provides data confidentiality and integrity
q It is a layer over TCP/IP and runs on the port 22.
q The three core security requirements for a remote access technology – confidentiality,
integrity and authentication
q Most of the earlier technologies lack confidentiality and integrity.
§ For e.g Telnet and FTP transmit username and passwords in cleartext.
§ They are vulnerable to attacks such as IP spoofing, DoS, MITM and eavesdropping.
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 Open SSH
q Secure shell satisfies all the three requirements by using:
• Data Encryption to provide confidentiality
• Host-based and (or) client-based authentication
• Data integrity using MACs and hashes
q OpenSSH has the following protocol layers
q Transport Layer Protocol
§ Provides server authentication, confidentiality, and integrity
q User Authentication Protocol
§ Authenticates the client-side user to the server
q Connection Protocol
§ Multiplexes the tunnel into logical channels

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 FTP
q File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP/IP for copying
a file from one host to another.
q Although transferring files from one system to another seems simple and
straightforward, some problems must be dealt with first.
• For example, two systems may use different file name conventions.
• Two systems may have different ways to represent text and data.
• Two systems may have different directory structures.
q All these problems have been solved by FTP in a very simple and elegant approach.
q FTP differs from other client/server applications in that it establishes two
connections between the hosts,
• one connection is used for data transfer, the other for control information
(commands and responses).
q Separation of commands and data transfer makes FTP more efficient.
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 FTP
q The control connection uses very simple rules of communication. We need to transfer
only a line of command or a line of response at a time.
q The data connection, on the other hand, needs more complex rules due to the variety
of data types transferred.
§ However, the difference in complexity is at the FTP level, not TCP.
§ For TCP, both connections are treated the same.
q FTP uses two well-known TCP ports: Port 21 is used or the control connection, and
port 20 is used for the data connection.
q Objectives of FTP were:
1. to promote sharing of files (computer programs and/or data),
2. to encourage indirect or implicit (via programs) use of remote computers,
3. to shield a user from variations in file storage systems among hosts, and
4. to transfer data reliably and efficiently.
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 FTP
q FTP protocol falls within a client-server model, i.e. one machine sends orders (the
client) and the other awaits requests to carry out actions (the server).
q During an FTP connection, two transmission channels are open:
• A channel for commands (control channel)
• A channel for data
q So, both the client and server have two processes allowing these two types of
information to be managed:
§ DTP (Data Transfer Process) is the process in charge of establishing the
connection and managing the data channel.
• The server side DTP is called SERVER-DTP, the client side DTP is called USER-
DTP
§ PI (Protocol Interpreter) interprets the protocol allowing the DTP to be controlled
using commands received over the control channel.
• It is different on the client and the server:
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 FTP
q The SERVER-PI is responsible for:
• listening to the commands coming from a USER-PI over the control channel
on a data port,
• establishing the connection for the control channel,
• receiving FTP commands from the USER-PI,
• responding to them and running the SERVER-DTP.
q When an FTP client is connected to a FTP server, the USER-PI initiates the connection
to the server according to the Telnet protocol.
q The client sends FTP commands to the server, the server interprets them, runs its
DTP, then sends a standard response.
q Once the connection is established, the server-PI gives the port on which data will be
sent to the Client DTP.
q The client DTP then listens on the specified port for data coming from the server.
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 FTP

FTP Client-Server Model FTP imposes control channel

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