‫بسم اهلل الرمحن الرحيم‬

‫صلى اهلل على النبي األمي‬

Definition of Tajweed: To pronounce every letter from its Makhraj with all its qualities.
The subject matter of Tajweed: Letters of the Arabic alphabet.
The object of Tajweed: To recite Qur’an correctly.
The status of Tajweed: It is superior to all knowledge.
The command regarding Tajweed: Obligatory upon every reciter.

MAKHRAJ
Makhraj is that part of the mouth from where a letter is pronounced.
The total number of Makhaarij is 17.
1)The Makhraj of ‫الف‬: The empty part of the mouth.
2)The Makhraj of ‫ ب‬: When the moist part of both the lips meet.
3) The Makhraj of ‫ ت‬,‫ د‬,‫ط‬: When the tip of the tongue meets the roots of the central
incisors.
4) The Makhraj of ‫ ث‬,‫ ذ‬,‫ظ‬: When the tip of the tongue meets the edge of the central
incisors.
5) The Makhraj of ‫ ج‬,‫ ش‬,‫ ياء متحرك‬and ‫ ياء لي‬: When the centre of the tongue rises and
meets the palate above it.
6) The Makhraj of ‫ ع‬,‫ح‬: The centre of the throat.
7) The Makhraj of ‫ غ‬,‫خ‬: The top part of the throat.
8) The Makhraj of ‫ ر‬: When the tip of the tongue together with a little of the top of the
tongue meets the gums of the central incisors and lateral incisors.
9) The Makhraj of ‫ ز‬,‫ س‬,‫ص‬: When the tip of the tongue meets the edge of the lower
central incisors together with the tip of upper central incisors.
10) The Makhraj of ‫ض‬: When the side of the tongue meets the roots of the molars and
pre-molars.
11) The Makhraj of ‫ف‬: When the edge of the upper central incisors meets the moist
part of the lower lip.
12) The Makhraj of ‫ق‬: When the raised back part of the tongue rises and meets the
palate above it.
13) The Makhraj of ‫ك‬: When the lower back part of the tongue rises and meets the
palate above it.
14) The Makhraj of ‫ل‬: When the edge of the tongue meets the gums of the teeth from
one premolar to the other premolar.
15) The Makhraj of ‫م‬: When the dry part of both the lips meet.
16) The Makhraj of ‫ن‬: When the edge of the tongue meets the gums of the teeth from
one canine to the other canine.
17) The Makhraj of ‫ واو متحرك‬and ‫واو لي‬: The partial meeting of both the lips.
18) The Makhraj of ‫ همزة‬and ‫هاء‬: The lower part of the throat.
19) The Makhraj of ‫ واو مده‬and ‫ياء مده‬: The empty part of the mouth.

BOLD LETTERS

There are 7 bold letters: ‫خ ص ض ط ظ غ ق‬

َ َّ ُ
When combined are ‫ص ضغ ٍط ِقظ‬ ‫خ‬
These letters are always read full mouth & are pronounced with a heavy and strong
voice.
The letters besides these are always read empty mouth apart from ‫الف‬, ‫ الم‬in the word
‫ هللا‬and ‫راء‬. These are sometimes read full mouth and empty mouth.
 The rules of ‫الف‬

If there appears a bold letter before an ‫الف‬, then it will be read full mouth e.g.: ‫قال‬.
If there appears a light letter before an ‫الف‬, then it will be read empty mouth e.g.: ‫زال‬.

The rules of ‫الم‬ in the word ‫هللا‬

َ َ َ
If ‫ الم‬in the word ‫ هللا‬is preceded by a ‫ فتحة‬or ‫ض َّمة‬, then it will read full mouth e.g.:
َ ‫ َق‬,‫َر ُسو ُل هللا‬
‫ال هللا‬
َ
َ ‫ك‬,
If it is preceded by a ‫ْسة‬ then it will read empty mouth e.g.: ‫ِبس ِم هللا‬

The rules relating to ‫راء‬

There are namely 3 rules related to ‫ راء‬:
1) If ‫ راء متحرك‬is ‫ مفتوح‬or ‫ مضموم‬then it will be read full mouth e.g.: ‫ رَّبك‬,‫ربما‬
ْ
If it is ‫مكسور‬, then it will be read empty mouth e.g.: ‫رجال‬

2) If ‫ راء ساكن ما قبل متحرك‬is ‫ مفتوح‬or ‫ مضموم‬it will read full mouth e.g.: ‫ يرجعون‬،‫يرجعون‬
ْ
If it is ‫مكسور‬, then it will be read empty mouth e.g.: ‫فرعون‬
ْ
‫ راء ساكن ما قبل مكسور‬will only be read empty mouth if the following 3 conditions are found:
َ
➢ 1st condition: Before the ‫ راء ساكن‬there should appear a ‫ل‬ ‫ َكْسة أص ي‬and not a ‫َكْسة‬
َ ِ
‫عارض‬. ‫ي‬
If there is a ‫ض‬
ِ ِ ‫ كْسة عار‬then it will be read full mouth e.g.: ‫ارج ِع‬.
َ
➢ 2nd condition: Before the ‫ راء ساكن‬the ‫ كْسة‬should appear in the same word, not
the previous word. If it appears in the previous word then it will be read full
mouth e.g.: ‫رب ارجعون‬.
 ➢ 3rd condition: After ‫ راء ساكن‬there should not appear any of the bold letters in the
same word. If it does appear then it will be read full mouth e.g.: ،‫ مرصاد‬،‫ارصاد‬
‫ فرقة‬،‫قرطاس‬

➢ These are the only 4 examples in the noble Quran

3) The rule of ‫ راء ساكن ساكن ما قبل متحرك‬is that, if before the ‫ راء ساكن‬there appears any
ْ
other letter besides ‫ياء‬, then ‫ مفتوح‬and ‫ مضموم‬will be read full mouth and ‫ مكسور‬will
ْ ْ
be read empty mouth e.g.: ‫ ذكر‬،‫ خْس‬،‫والعْص‬

If before ‫ راء ساكن‬there appears a ‫ياء ساكن‬, then it will always be read empty mouth
e.g.: ‫ خب ْي‬،‫خ ْي‬.

َّ
➢ The ruling of ‫ راء مشدد‬is the same as ‫راء متحرك‬, ‫ مفتوح‬and ‫ مضموم‬will be read full
ْ
mouth and ‫ مكسور‬will be read empty mouth e.g.: ‫ در ٌّي‬،‫ِس‬ ٌّ ،‫ِسا‬
ًّ

The rules of meem saakin

There are 3 rules of ‫ ميم ساكن‬namely:

‫( اظهار‬3 ‫( اخفاء‬2 ‫( ادغام‬1

َ
1) If after a ‫ ميم ساكن‬there appears a ‫ميم‬, then ‫ ادغام‬will take place with ‫ غنة‬e.g.: ‫أم َّمن‬
َ
2) If after a ‫ ميم ساكن‬there appears a ‫باء‬, then ‫ اخفاء‬will take place with ‫ غنة‬e.g.: ‫أم به‬

3) If after a ‫ ميم ساكن‬there appears any letter besides ‫ ميم‬and ‫باء‬, then ‫ اظهار‬will take
ْ
place e.g.: ‫الحمد‬

➢ The ruling of ‫ميم مشدد‬: it will be read with ‫ غنة‬equal to one alif e.g.: ‫ع َّم‬
 The rules of ‫ نون ساكن‬and ‫تنوين‬

There are four rules of ‫ نون ساكن‬and ‫تنوين‬:

‫( اخفاء‬4 ‫( اقالب‬3 ‫( ادغام‬2 ‫( اظهار‬1

1) If after ‫ نون ساكن‬and ‫ تنوين‬there appears any letter from the letters of the
َ ُ َ
throat ( ‫ ) ء ه ع ح غ خ‬then ‫ اظهار‬will take place e.g.: ‫ كف ًوا أحد‬،‫أنعمت‬

2) If after ‫ نون ساكن‬and ‫ تنوين‬there appears any letter from the letters which are
ُ
collectively known as ‫ يرملون‬then ‫ ادغام‬will take place. In ‫ الم‬and ‫ راء‬will be without
ُ
‫ غنة‬e.g.: ‫ ويل لكل‬،‫من َّرب‬

And in the remainder letters which are collectively known as ‫يومن‬, ‫ ادغام‬will take
place with ‫ غنة‬e.g.: ‫ خ ْ ًيا منها‬،‫ خ ْ ًيا َّيره‬،‫ من َّوال‬،‫من َّيقول‬

3) If after ‫ نون ساكن‬and ‫ تنوين‬the letter ‫ باء‬appears then ‫ اقالب‬will take place with ‫غنة‬
ْ
e.g.: ‫ ص ٌّم بكم‬،‫من بعد‬

4) If after ‫ نون ساكن‬and ‫تنوين‬, any letters besides the letters of the throat, letters of
َ َ َ
‫ يرملون‬and ‫ باء‬appears then ‫ اخفاء‬will take place with ‫ غنة‬e.g.: ‫ قو ًما ظلموا‬،‫أنتم‬

➢ The ruling regarding ‫ نون مشدد‬is that it will be read with ‫ غنة‬equal to one ‫ الف‬e.g.:
َّ
‫إن‬

The rules of madd

Maddah is lengthening of the sound in the letters of Madd and the letters of Leen.
 There are three letters of madd:
1) Alif saakin preceded by a Fat’hah e.g.: ‫با‬
2) Wow saakin preceded by a Dhammah e.g.: ‫بو‬
3) Yaa saakin preceded by a Kasrah e.g.: ‫ِب‬

The two letters of leen

1. Wow saakin preceded by a Fat’hah e.g.: ‫خوف‬

2. Yaa saakin preceded by a Fat’hah e.g.: ‫ب ْي‬

There ARE TWO TYPES OF MADD

1. ‫أصل‬
ِ ‫ مد‬Madd e Asli 2. ‫فرع‬
ِ ‫ مد‬Madd e Far’ee

1. Madd e Asli is that Madd where after the letter of Madd there doesn’t appear a
sukoon or hamza e.g.: ‫نوحيها‬

2. Madd e Far’ee is that Madd where after the letter of Madd there appears a
sukoon or hamza.

There are four types of madd e far’ee

1. ‫ مد متصل‬Madd e Muttasil
2. ‫ مد منفصل‬Madd e Munfasil
3. ‫وقف‬
ِ ‫ مد عارض‬Madd e Aaridh Waqfi
 4. ‫ مد الزم‬Madd e Laazim

1. Madd e Muttasil is that Madd where after the letter of Madd the hamza appears in the same word
ِ ِ
e.g.: ‫ سوء‬،‫جء‬
ِ ،‫جآء‬

2. Madd e Munfasil is that where after the letter of Madd the hamza appears in the next word e.g.:
ُ َ ِ َّ َ ُ َ َّ
‫ ِف أنفسكم‬،‫ قالوا أمنا‬،‫إنا أعطينك‬

● The duration of Madd e Muttasil and Madd e Munfasil is 2, 2½ or 4 counts.

3. Madd e Aaridh Waqfi is that Madd where after the letter of the Madd there appears a Sukoon e
َ َ
Aaridh Waqfi (Temporary Sukoon due to stopping) e.g.: ‫ تكذبان‬،‫ نستع ْي‬،‫تعلمون‬

❖ The duration of Madd e Aaridh Waqfi is ‫ طول‬tool, ‫ توسط‬tawassut, ‫ قْص‬qasr and all are
permissible, although ‫ طول‬is preferred, then ‫توسط‬, then ‫قْص‬.

➢ The duration of ‫ طول‬is 3 to 5 counts, the duration of ‫ توسط‬is 2 to 3 counts, and the duration of
‫ قْص‬is only 1 count.

4. Madd e Laazim is that Madd where after the letter of the Madd there appears a sukoon e laazim
(Permanent Sukoon).

There are four types of Madd e Laazim:

1. Madd e Laazim kilmi muthaqqal ‫كلم مثقل‬
ِ ‫مد الزم‬
2. Madd e Laazim kilmi mukhaffaf ‫كلم مخفف‬
ِ ‫مد الزم‬
3. Madd e Laazim harfi muthaqqal ‫حرف مثقل‬
ِ ‫مد الزم‬
4. Madd e Laazim harfi mukhaffaf ‫حرف مخفف‬
ِ ‫مد الزم‬

1.) Madd e Laazim kilmi muthaqqal is that madd where after the letter of the madd there
ّ َّ
appears a tashdeed in the same word e.g.: ‫ول الضآل ْي‬
2.) Madd e Laazim kilmi mukhaffaf is that madd where after the letter of the madd there
ْ
appears a sukoon in the same word e.g.: ‫آلي‬
3.) Madd e Laazim harfi muthaqqal is that madd where in the letters of Muqatta’aat after the
َ
letter of madd there appears a sukoon e.g.: ‫الف لم ميم = آلم‬
4.) Madd e Laazim harfi mukhaffaf is that madd where in the letters of Muqatta’aat after the
ِ
letter of madd there appears a sukoon e.g.: ‫نون = ن‬

➢ In all these four types of Madd e Laazim there is only tool ‫طول‬.

MAdd e leen

Madd e Leen is that madd where after the letter of leen there appears a sukoon.

There are two types of Madd e leen:

1.) Madd e Leen Laazim ‫مد ْلي الزم‬ 2.) Madd e Leen Aaridh ‫مد ْلي عارض‬

1. Madd e Leen Laazim is that madd where after the letter of leen there appears a sukoon e
ِ ‫ كهي ِع‬،‫ ِع ِس ِق‬،‫ح ِم‬.
laazim e.g.: ‫ص‬
2. Madd e Leen Aaridh is that madd where after the letter of leen there appears a sukoon e
aaridh waqfi e.g.: ‫ صيف‬،‫خوف‬.

➢ The duration of Madd e Leen Laazim and Madd e Leen Aaridh is tool ‫طول‬, tawassut ‫توسط‬,
qasr ‫قْص‬. All three are permissible, although in Madd e Leen Laazim tool ‫ طول‬is
preferred, then tawassut ‫توسط‬, then qasr ‫ قْص‬and in Madd e Leen Aaridh it’s the
opposite of of Madd e Leen Laazim.
 The qalqalah “echo” letters

The Qalqalah letters when combined are known as ‫قطب جد‬

We make an echo sound while pronouncing these letters

َ َ َ
1. Qalqalah will be done when Qalqala letter is Saakin e.g.: ‫لم يلد و لم يولد‬

2. Qalqalah will
َ be done when Qalqala letter is made Saakin due to stopping on it
َ
e.g.:‫ فلق‬،‫أحد‬

3. Qalqalah will be done with more force when the Qalqalah letter is Mushaddad e.g.:
ْ ُ
‫قال رب احكم بالحق‬