5- b) Functions

Types of Functions
2- Non-Algebraic functions
(1) Exponential Functions

 An exponential function is a function of the form

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 , 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹.
where “𝑥” is called the exponent , “a” is called the base of the function.
 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹 and “a” is always a positive constant.

 If a > 1, then it is an increasing function.

 If 0 < a < 1, then it is a decreasing function.

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 Graphical Representation of Exponential Functions

First case: 𝒂 > 𝟏. Second case: 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝟏.

Example: f(x) = 2x 1 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ( ).
2 𝑦
𝑦

1 1

𝑥 1 𝑥
1

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 Non-Algebraic functions
(1) Exponential Functions
Special Case:

➢ A special form of the exponential function is when 𝑎 = 𝑒:

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥,

where “𝑒” is a positive constant which is equal to 2.718.

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 Non-Algebraic functions
(1) Exponential Functions
Properties of the Exponential Function

1) 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏.
6) (𝒂𝒏 )𝒎 = 𝒂𝒏𝒎 .
2) 𝒂𝒎 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎+𝒏 .
−𝒏 𝟏
𝒂𝒎 7) 𝒂 = .
3) = 𝒂𝒎−𝒏 . 𝒂𝒏
𝒂𝒏
𝒏
𝒎
4) (𝒂𝒃) = 𝒂 𝒃 . 𝒎 𝒎 8) 𝒂𝒎/𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎 .
𝒂 𝒎 𝒂𝒎
5) ( ) = 𝒎.
𝒃 𝒃 5
 Non-Algebraic functions
(2) Logarithmic Functions
➢ The logarithmic function is defined as follows:
𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥, 𝒙 > 𝟎.
where “a” is called the “log base”, and it is always a positive constant.

Special Cases:
▪ 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝟏𝟎 𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 . ( If 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎, it is called the common logarithm)
▪ 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝑥 = 𝑳𝒏 𝑥. (If 𝒂 = 𝒆, it is called the natural logarithm)
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 Non-Algebraic functions
Graphical Representation of Logarithmic Functions
First case: 𝒂 > 𝟏. Second case: 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝟏.

Example: f(x) = log2 x. f(x) = log0.5 x

𝑦 𝑦

1 1
𝑥 𝑥
1 1

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 Non-Algebraic functions
The Relationship Between Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 The exponential and logarithmic functions are inverses of each other.

If 𝒚 = 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒚 .

If 𝒚 = 𝑳𝒏 𝒙 = 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒚 .
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 y = ex y=x

y = ln x

Exponential and logarithmic functions are inverses of each other 9

 Non-Algebraic functions
(2) Logarithmic Functions
Properties of Logarithmic Functions

 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1. Thus, 𝑳𝒐𝒈 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏 and 𝑳𝒏 𝒆 = 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒆 = 𝟏.

 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = 0.

 𝑎𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 . Thus, 𝒆𝑳𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒆𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒙 = 𝒙.

 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝒏 = 𝒏 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥.

 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 𝑘 = 𝑘 10
 Non-Algebraic functions
(2) Logarithmic Functions
Properties of Logarithmic Functions

 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 ∞ = ∞.

 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 0 = 𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑.

 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 + 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦.

𝑥
 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦.
𝑦

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 Non-Algebraic functions
(2) Logarithmic Functions

The Relationship between 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 and 𝑳𝒏 𝒙:

𝑳𝒏 𝒙 𝑳𝒐𝒈 𝒙
𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 = = .
𝑳𝒏 𝒂 𝑳𝒐𝒈 𝒂

This property helps to find the logarithm with an

unknown base using one of the known bases (𝟏𝟎 or 𝒆).

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 Examples
Question (1): Evaluate each of the following:

1) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟒

Sol: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟒 = log 2 𝟐𝟐 = 2 log 2 2 = 2 1 = 𝟐.

2) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟑

ln 3
Sol: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟑 = ln 7
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟒𝟔.
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 Examples
Question (2): Find the value of 𝑥 in each of the following:

1) 2𝐿𝑛 𝑥 = 1.

1
Sol: 𝐿𝑛 𝑥 = , 𝑥 = 𝑒1/2 = 1.6487
2

𝑥2
2) 3𝑒 = 600

𝑥2
Sol: 𝑒 = 200 (Taking ln both sides)

𝑥2
𝑙𝑛(𝑒 ) = 𝑙𝑛 200 𝑥 2 = 𝑙 𝑛 200 𝑥 = ± 𝑙𝑛 200 = ±2.3 14
 Examples
Question (2): Find the value of 𝑥 in each of the following:
3) 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝒙 = 𝟑
Sol: 73 = 𝑥 𝑥 = 343

4) 𝟑 = 𝟐 + 𝟓𝒆−𝟒𝒙
−4𝑥 1
Sol: 1 = 5𝑒 = 𝑒 −4𝑥 (Taking ln both sides)
5
1
1 𝑙𝑛
5
𝑙𝑛( ) = −4𝑥 𝑥= = 0.402.
5 −4 15
Question (3) Exercises
Find the value of ( 𝑳𝒏 𝒂𝒃 ) if 𝑳𝒏 𝒂 = 𝟑 and 𝑳𝒏 𝒃 = 𝟕.
1
Sol: 𝐿𝑛 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑎𝑏)1/2 =
2
𝑙𝑛(𝑎𝑏)
1 1
= (ln(𝑎) + ln(𝑏)) = (3 + 7) = 𝟓
2 2

Question (4)
Find the value of 𝑥 if: 𝐿𝑜𝑔5 𝑥 + 2𝐿𝑜𝑔5 𝑥 = 3.
Sol: 𝐿𝑜𝑔5 𝑥 + 𝐿𝑜𝑔5 𝑥 2 = 3
𝐿𝑜𝑔5 𝑥. 𝑥 2 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔5 𝑥 3 = 3 53 = 𝑥 3 𝒙=𝟓
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 Exercises
Question (5)
Solve for 𝒚 if : 𝟗𝟐𝒚−𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝒚 .

Sol: 𝟑 𝟐(2𝑦−1) = 𝟑 𝟑𝑦

2 2𝑦 − 1 = 3𝑦

4𝑦 − 2 = 3𝑦 4𝑦 − 3𝑦 = 2

𝒚=𝟐

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 Exercises
Question (6)
If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒄𝒙 and 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟐𝟎, find 𝒇(𝟐).

Sol: 𝑓 1 = 𝑒 𝑐×1 = 20

𝑓 2 = 𝑒 2𝑐 = (𝑒 𝑐 )2 = 202 = 400

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 Exercises
Question (7)
Let 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝟎 𝑨 𝒆𝒄𝒙 .If 𝑓(0) = 30 and 𝑓(4) = 5, find the value of the constants
𝑨 and 𝒄, then calculate 𝑓(2).
Sol: 𝑓 0 = 50 𝐴 𝑒 0 = 50 A 1 = 30 𝐀 = 𝟑/𝟓

𝑓 4 = 50 3/5 𝑒 4𝑐 = 5

30𝑒 4𝑐 = 5 𝑒 4𝑐 = 1/6 (Taking ln both sides)

𝟏
1 𝒍𝒏
𝟔
4𝑐 = ln 𝒄= = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟖
6 𝟒

𝟑
𝑓 2 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒆𝟐 −𝟎.𝟒𝟒𝟖 = 30𝑒 2 −0.448 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔
𝟓 19
 Even & Odd Functions
Even Functions
𝑓(𝑥) is said to be even if 𝒇 −𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 .
Odd Functions
𝑓(𝑥) is said to be odd if 𝒇 −𝒙 = −𝒇 𝒙 .
Otherwise, the function is neither even nor odd.
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 10.
SOL: 𝑓 −𝑥 is obtained by replacing each 𝑥 by (−𝑥) as follows:
𝑓 −𝑥 = (−𝑥)2 +10 = 𝑥 2 + 10.
Thus, 𝒇 −𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 , which means that 𝒇(𝒙) is an even function. 20
 Even & Odd Functions
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 10𝑥.
SOL:
➢ We first start by finding 𝑓 −𝑥 :
➢ 𝒇 −𝒙 = (−𝒙)𝟑 +𝟏𝟎 −𝒙 = −𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙, which is not equal to 𝑓 𝑥 , and thus
𝑓(𝑥) is not an even function.
➢ So we will now get −𝑓(𝑥) to check if it is an odd function, this is done by
multiplying 𝑓(𝑥) by −1.
−𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟏 × 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 = −𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 = 𝒇 −𝒙 .
➢ Thus 𝒇 −𝒙 = −𝒇 𝒙 and hence, 𝒇(𝒙) is an odd function. 21
 Even & Odd Functions
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥.
SOL:
➢ We first start by finding 𝑓 −𝑥 :
𝒇 −𝒙 = (−𝒙)𝟐 +𝟏𝟎 −𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙, which is not equal to 𝑓 𝑥 , and thus 𝑓(𝑥)
is not an even function.
So we will now get −𝑓(𝑥) to check if it is an odd function,
−𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟏 × 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 = −𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙.
Thus 𝒇 −𝒙 ≠ 𝒇(𝒙)and 𝒇 −𝒙 ≠ −𝒇 𝒙 and hence, 𝒇(𝒙) is neither even nor odd.
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Graphical Representation of Functions
Even Functions

Even functions
are symmetric
with
respect to the
vertical axis
(y-axis).

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Graphical Representation of Functions
Odd Functions

Odd functions
are symmetric
with
respect to the
origin (0,0).

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Graphical Representation of Functions
Radical Functions

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Graphical Representation of Functions
Radical Functions

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Graphical Representation of Functions
Piecewise Functions

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Graphical Representation of Functions
Piecewise Functions

−𝑥, 𝑥 < 0,
𝑦=ቊ
𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0.

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Graphical Representation of Functions
Piecewise Functions

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