F3 C1 Stimuli & Responses 1) Eyes (sense of sight)

Part Function Mechanism of Sight

1) Cornea Transparent layer which refracts and focuses light onto the retina. Light rays from an object
Functions of the Human Nervous 2) Aqueous Transparent fluid which maintains the shape of the eyeball and focuses enter the eye through the
humour light into the eye. cornea, aqueous humour,
System:
3) Pupil Opening in the centre of the iris which controls the quantity of light eye lens and vitreous
1) detects stimuli entering the eye humour before reaching the
2) sends information in the form of 4) Eye lens Transparent and elastic convex lens which focuses light onto the retina. retina. These parts of the
impulses eye focus the light rays from
3) interprets impulses 5) Vitreous Transparent jelly-like substance which maintains the shape of the eyeball the object onto the retina.
humour and focuses light onto the retina. The object appears smaller
4) produces appropriate responses
6) Retina Layer containing photoreceptors which detects light and produces nerve and inverted
Responses of the human body to stimuli impulses
Voluntary actions Involuntary actions 7) Optic Nerve fibres which carry nerve impulses from the retina to the brain to be The light rays stimulate
(conscious actions and (actions that occur immediately without conscious control or nerves interpreted. photoreceptors to
conducted under one’s will) prior thoughts) Conjunctiva Transparent membrane → protects the front part of the sclera. produce nerve impulses
Controlled by the brain Involving medulla Involving spinal cord Sclera Strong layer that maintains the shape of the eye and protects it. that are sent to the
oblongata (reflex actions) Iris The coloured part of the eye which controls the size of the pupil. brain.
Suspensory Strong fibres which hold the eye lens in its position. The brain interprets the
Example: Example: Example nerve impulses. The
ligaments
reading, writing, speaking, • Heartbeat • Withdrawing hand when it smaller inverted image
Ciliary muscle Muscle that changes the thickness of the eye lens through contractions &
eating, drinking, walking, • Breathing accidentally touches a hot object relaxations. on the retina will then
running and exercising • Peristalsis • Withdrawing foot when it Choroid Black layer that prevents reflection of light in the eye and supplies oxygen appear upright
• Secretion of saliva accidentally steps on a sharp object and nutrients to the eye
• Sneezing when dust enters the nose Blind spot Part of the retina which is not sensitive to light as there are no
Pathway: Pathway: photoreceptors and an exit point for all optic nerve fibres.
1) Stimulus (phone rings) 1) Stimulus (touch hot object) Yellow spot Part of the retina which is most sensitive to light as it has many
2) Affector (receptor) in ear 2) Affector (receptor) in skin photoreceptors
↓ Nerve impulse ↓ Nerve impulse
Type of photoreceptors Function
3) Brain 3) Spinal Cord
Rod cells Sensitive → different light intensities including faint light
↓ Neve impulse ↓ Neve impulse Not sensitive → colours of light
4) Effector (muscle or 4) Effector (muscle or gland) Cone cells Sensitive → colours of light under bright conditions
gland) 5) Response (move hand) 3 type of cone cells → sensitive to red light, green light and blue light
5) Response (touch phone) Mechanism of Sight
Importance of the Network of Human Nervous System in Daily Life
1) Controls and coordinates the organs and parts of the body to carry out body processes
2) If damaged → causes a person to become temporarily, partially or completely paralysed
3) Nerves (muscle in leg) damaged → difficulty in moving leg
 2) Ear (sense of hearing) 3) Nose (sense of smell)

Part of Part of Nose Detail

Structure of ear Functions Mechanism of Hearing
ear Sensory a) Tiny and covered with a layer of mucous
Collects and directs sound waves into the Earlobe receives and gathers cells for smell b) Chemical substances in the air will dissolve in mucous and stimulate the cells to produce nerve
Outer 1) Earlobe
ear canal sound waves. impulses
ear
2) Ear canal Directs sound waves to the eardrum Ear canal channels the sound c) sent to the brain to be interpreted to determine the type of smell
Vibrates according to the frequency of the waves to the eardrum causing
3) Eardrum (thin sound waves it to vibrate.
4) Tongue (sense of taste)
membrane) received and transfers the vibrations to the
ossicles
4) Ossicles (made Amplify sound vibrations and transfer them The vibrations are amplified by
Middle up of three to the the
ear small bones) oval window ossicles and then sent to the
Collects and transfers sound vibrations cochlea through the oval
5) Oval window from the ossicles window.
to the cochlea
Balances the air pressure on both sides of
Eustachian tube
the eardrum
Detects and converts sound vibrations into Nerve cells in the cochlea
6) Cochlea Part of Tongue Detail
nerve impulses convert the sound vibrations
(contains fluid) Papillae Surface of a papillae is covered by hundreds of taste buds
to nerve impulses
Each taste bud contains 10 to 50 taste receptors
Sends nerve impulses from the cochlea to The nerve impulses are then
Function of Taste Buds:
Inner the brain to be sent through the auditory
7) Auditory nerve a) Food dissolve → into saliva
ear interpreted nerve to the brain to be
Taste buds b) Dissolve chemical substance → diffuse into taste buds (through pores)
interpreted.
→ stimulate the taste receptors
Detect the position of the head and help to
Semicircular canals c) Taste receptors → produce nerve impulses
balance the
(contain fluid) d) Brain → interpreted as sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
body
Mechanism of Hearing Taste receptors can detect five types of basic tastes
a) Sweet
b) Salty
c) Sour
d) Bitter
e) Umami
Combination of the Sense of Taste and the Sense of Smell
a) The sense of smell is related to the sense of taste
b) The sense of smell and taste are used to recognise food
 5) Skin (sense of touch) Limitations of Sight
Optical Illusions Blind Spot
Optical illusion occurs when an object that is seen differs Images that fall on the blind spot invisible
from its actual state.
the brain is unable to accurately interpret the object We are unaware because it is not possible for the
seen by the eye due to distractions around the object. image of the same object to fall on the blind spots
of both eyes simultaneously

Limitations of sight Devices used to overcome

Cannot see very distant objects Binoculars
Topic Detail cannot see very tiny objects Light microscope
Skin a) The largest sensory organ in the human body. Scanning electron microscope
b) Two Layer → epidermis (thin outer layer) → dermis (inner layer) Cannot see organ inside the Ultrasound machine
How to sense When the receptor in the skin is stimulated, nerve impulses are produced and sent body
through the nervous system to the brain to be interpreted and to produce an Cannot see bone inside the body X-ray machine
appropriate response
Defects of Sight and Ways to Correct Them
Sensitivity of skin Sensitivity of skin towards stimuli depends on
Short-sightedness Long-sightedness Astigmatism
a) the number of receptors
a) Inability to see distant objects clearly. a) Inability to see near objects clearly. a) Seeing part of an object
b) the thickness of the skin epidermis.
b) Distant objects appear blurry because b) Near objects appear blurry because the clearer than the rest of
Very sensitive towards touch Less sensitive to touch
the image is focused in front of the image is focused behind the retina. the object
a) tip of the finger a) elbow / knee.
retina. c) This defect is caused by the eye lens being b) This defect is caused by
b) tongue b) the sole of the foot
c) This defect is caused by the eye lens too thin or the eyeball being too short. the uneven curvature of
c) nose /lips c) back of the body
being too thick or the eyeball being too cornea or eye lens.
Reason: large number of touch Reason: small number of touch long.
receptors, the epidermis is thin receptors, the epidermis is thick
Daily application • A blind man depends on the nerve endings of his fingertips for reading Braille.
• Injections are normally given at the upper arm or buttocks as these areas are less
sensitive towards pain.
• A mother tests the temperature of her baby’s milk by placing a few drops of milk on
the back of her hand as back of the hand is more sensitive to temperature
Limitations of Hearing Test your eyes by looking at
• Only hear sounds of frequencies between the range of 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. Figure. Can you see all the
• When a person gets older, the frequency range of his hearing gets narrower as his eardrum becomes less lines clearly? If you cannot,
elastic you have astigmatism
Devices used to overcome limitation of hearing Function
Stethoscope Helps us to listen to the heartbeats. Short-sightedness can be corrected using Long-sightedness can be corrected using Astigmatism can be
loudspeaker Amplifies sound so that it can be heard from far concave lens. convex lens. corrected using cylindrical
away lenses.
Hearing aids Hearing aids can amplify sound entering the ear.
Defects of Hearing and Ways to Correct Them
• Caused by damage to the ear due to infection by microorganisms, injury, ageing process or
continuous exposure to loud sounds
Damages Ways to Correct Them
Damages to the outer ear and middle ear clearing of foreign objects in the ear canal.
Punctured eardrum and damaged ossicles using medicine or surgery
damaged cochlea cochlear implant
damaged auditory nerve cannot be corrected
Tropism Experiment: Response of plants to gravity or geotropism
1. Tropism is a directional response of plants to stimuli such as light, water, gravity and Hypotheses: (a) Roots of plants grow in the direction of gravity.
touch coming from a certain direction. (b) Shoots of plants grow in the opposite direction of
2. Positive tropism → The part of a plant which grows towards a stimulus. gravity.
3. Negative tropism → The part of a plant which grows away from a stimulus. Questions:
4. The directional response of plants normally occurs slowly and less significantly. 1. Why is the apparatus kept in a dark cupboard?
Nastic Movement So that light cannot influence the growth of the seedlings.
1. Nastic movement is the response towards a stimulus such as touch. 2. Based on your observations, state the direction of growth of the:
➢ Does not depend on the direction of the stimulus. (a) shoots of the seedlings
➢ Occurs more rapidly than tropism. Grow upwards against the direction of gravity.
2. For example, the Mimosa sp. responds to touch by folding its leaves inwards when (b) roots of the seedlings
touched. Grow downwards in the direction of gravity.
3. This nastic movement serves as a defense of the Mimosa sp. against its enemies and 3. Do plants show positive geotropism or negative geotropism? Explain
strong wind. your answer.
Phototropism Geotropism Hydrotropism Thigmotropism Roots of plants show positive geotropism because the roots of
Light Gravity Water Touch plants grow towards the direction of gravity. Shoots of plants show negative geotropism because
Positive → Shoots Positive → Roots Positive → Roots Positive → Tendrils & shoots of plants grow against the direction of gravity.
Negative → Roots Negative → Shoots Negative → Twining stems Experiment: Response of plants to water or hydrotropism
Shoots Negative → Roots Hypothesis: Roots of plants grow in the direction of water.
Ensures that Allows the roots of Allows roots They cling onto
shoots and leaves plants to grow of plants to whatever objects or
of plants obtain deep into the obtain water to other plants they come
enough sunlight ground to grip and carry out into contact
to make food stabilise the photosynthesis with. enables plants to
through position and absorb grow upwards to obtain
Questions:
photosynthesis. of the plant in the dissolved mineral sunlight and grip objects
1. What is the stimulus used in this experiment?
ground. salts to stay to obtain support.
Water
alive.
2. State the part of the plant that responds to the stimulus.
Examples: Cucumber & Roots of the plant
morning glory 3. What is the function of the anhydrous calcium chloride in beaker Y?
Experiment: Response of plants towards light or phototropism Absorbs water and moisture in the air in beaker Y
Hypothesis: Shoots of 4. Does the part of the plant in question 2 show positive or negative hydrotropism? Explain your
plants grow in the answer.
direction of light. The roots of the plants show positive hydrotropism because they grow towards water.
Questions:
1. What is the stimulus
used in this
experiment?
Light
2. State the part of the plant that responds to the stimulus.
Shoot of the plant
3. Does the part of the plant in question 2 show positive or negative phototropism?
Explain your answer.
The shoot of the plant shows positive phototropism because shoots of plants grow
towards the direction of light.
Stereoscopic & Monocular Visions Sensory Organ on Animals

Jacobson
organ
Cockchafer
Animal Sense Response
Detect the water vibration. Detect prey and avoid
Fish Has lateral line on its body
predator in its habitat.
Thrill sharp thorns on the
Porcupine Fear the enemy to protect itself.
body
Has a Jacobson organ in the To detect heat and sensitive to smell. Helps to detect
Snakes
centre of the palate and hunt its prey.
Cockchafer Releases pheromone To attract male cockchafer for fertilisation.
In front of the head. Both eyes At the sides of the head. Eel Releases electric shock To navigate its way and also to stunt its prey or predator
located
Jumping spider Four pairs of eyes Excellent eye sight used to hunt their preys
Narrow. field of vision Wide
Overlap to a great extent. Field of vision Do not overlap / slightly overlap Grasshopper senses touch through organs located in
Three dimensional images Images formed Two dimensional images Grasshopper Sense of touch various parts of its body, including antennae and palps
on the head, abdomen and receptors on the legs
Allow the distance, size and depth of Advantage of Prevent the distance, size and depth
objects to be estimated accurately. image formed of objects from being estimated
accurately.
Estimate distance accurately helps Ability A wide field of vision helps animals
animals to hunt. to detect their enemies coming from
any direction.
Humans and most predators Type of animal Most prey
Stereophonic Hearing
Stereophonic Stereophonic hearing is hearing with both ears on each side of the head.
hearing
Advantage Enable us to determine the direction of sound accurately
Importance For human:
To determine the location of the sound
For animal:
Enable predators to determine the location of its prey.
Enable the prey to detect location of its predator so that they can escape.
How does • The ear closer to the source of sound detects the sound slightly earlier and
stereophonic louder than the other ear.
hearing work • The brain interprets these differences of time and loudness, enabling us to
determine the location of the source of the sound.
Hearing Frequencies of Animal
Animal Frequency Animal Frequency
Sea lion 450 - 50 000 Hz Dog 67 - 45 000 Hz
Dolphin 40 - 100 000 Hz Bat 2000 - 110 000 Hz
Elephant 16 - 12 000 Hz Mice 200 - 80 000 Hz
F3 C2 Human Respiratory system Inhalation Exhalation Experiment: Percentage of oxygen in inhaled and exhaled air
Inhaled air Exhaled air

Results:
Type of air in Final water level in gas Percentage of
gas jar jar (number of parts) oxygen in the air
Inhaled air
Exhaled air
Question:
1. In which gas jar does the water level rise higher? Explain your
observation.
The water level in the gas jar containing inhaled air is higher.
Composition of oxygen in inhaled air is higher than that in exhaled
air. Burning of candle using the oxygen in the gas jar causes water to
Intercostal muscles contract Intercostal muscles relax enter to fill the space originally filled with oxygen
Breathing Mechanism and pull the rib cage upwards and the rib cage moves
Direction of air in breathing mechanism and outwards downwards and inwards Experiment: Concentration of carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled
Larynx Diaphragm muscles contract Diaphragm muscles relax air
Nostrils Nasal cavity Pharynx and pull the diaphragm to and the diaphragm curve
↓
descend and become flat upwards
Alveolus Bronchiole Bronchus ←Trachea Movements of the rib cage Movements of the rib cage
and diaphragm make the and diaphragm make the
thoracic cavity bigger and thoracic cavity smaller and
cause air pressure in the cause the air pressure in
thoracic cavity to decrease the thoracic cavity to
increase
The higher air pressure The higher air pressure in
outside forces air to enter the the lungs pushes the air out
lungs Results:
Type of air that passes through limewater Condition of
limewater
Plastic sheet pulled Plastic sheet pushed Inhaled air
downwards upwards
Exhaled air
Volume of plastic jar Volume of plastic jar Question:
increase decrease 1. In which conical flask does the limewater become cloudy? Explain
Air pressure in plastic jar Air pressure in plastic jar your observation.
decrease increase Limewater in the conical flask where exhaled air was passed through
Air is drawn from the Air is being forced out turns cloudy. Carbon dioxide in the exhaled air reacts with the
outside through Y-tube through Y-tube limewater.
Causing balloon to inflate Causing balloon to deflate
 Substances that are Harmful to the Human Respiratory System Respiratory Diseases and their Symptoms
Cigarette tar Respiratory
Cause Symptoms
a) Is one of the toxic substances found in cigarette Diseases
smoke. Dust, pollen, haze,
b) Cigarette tar in inhaled air sticks to and kills cells smoke from
in the air passage (thorax, pharynx, epiglottis, cigarette and motor Breath, wheezing
Asthma
larynx, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli). vehicle exhaust, and coughing.
c) Increases the production of mucus and phlegm in open burning and
the lungs. (often cough or have flu). forest fires.
d) Can cause lung cancer. Bronchitis
Shortness of breath,
Harmful Harmful (an Tar and irritants in
persistent coughing
substances substances inflammation of cigarette smoke.
Cigarette and insomnia.
in Uses in Uses the bronchus)
Tar cigarette cigarette Shortness of breath,
smoke smoke Emphysema pain when breathing
Cadmium Alkaline Butane Lighter (alveoli in the Irritants in cigarette and feeling tired
battery fuel lungs which are smoke. from doing even a
Stearic Candle Methane Sewage damaged) light task. (cannot
acid fumes be cured)
Oxygen is diffuse through the wall of the alveolus Toluene Industrial Arsenic Rat Carcinogens Persistent coughing,
into the walls of the capillaries and into the blood. solvent poison (chemical blood in the phlegm
1. Alveolus (Because the air inhaled into the alveolus has a Lung Cancer
Nicotine Insecticide Cyanide Poison substances which and feeling pain
higher concentration of oxygen compared to the cause cancer). when breathing
Ammonia Floor Methanol Fuel
concentration of oxygen in the blood) Experiment: The effects of smoking on the lungs
cleaner
Haemoglobin + oxygen → oxyhaemoglobin
haemoglobin → dark red-coloured compound in Carbon monoxide (colourless and odourless gas)
2. Blood red blood cells. a) Source → smoke, vehicle
Carbon b) Carbon monoxide + haemoglobin →
oxyhaemoglobin → which is an unstable Monoxide
compound and bright red in colour carboxyhaemoglobin (stable compound)
c) This causes oxyhaemoglobin in blood↓ hence,
3. O2 Transport Blood with oxyhaemoglobin is transported (lungs
cellular respiration ↓
to whole body →heart →other parts of the body)
When the blood reaches the area around the Sulphur dioxide (colourless gas with a pungent
4. Cell body cells that has a low concentration of oxygen, smell)
Sulphur
Oxyhaemoglobin → haemoglobin + oxygen a) Source → combustion of charcoal in power
Dioxide Results:
In the body cells, the process of cellular station)
b) It irritates the air passage causing cough, difficulty Presence Colour of cotton wool Colour of litmus solution
5. Respiration in respiration occurs.
in breathing bronchitis and lung cancer. of Beginning End of Beginning End of
cell Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water +
Nitrogen dioxide (brown-coloured gas with a cigarette of experiment of experiment
energy
pungent smell) smoke experiment experiment
6. CO2 Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood capillaries
Nitrogen a) Source → combustion of fuels such as petrol and No
Transport to and is transported to the alveolus to be removed
Dioxide diesel in motor vehicles Yes
alveolus during exhalation.
Importance of the Adaptations of the Alveolar Structure b) irritates the air passage and causes cough, Question:
difficulty in breathing and asthma. 1. Name the substance in cigarette smoke that is deposited on the
To increases the rate of gaseous exchange between the alveolus and
cotton wool.
the blood capillaries. Haze, dust and pollen (solid particles which are fine,
Cigarette tar
1. Thin walls of alveolus and blood capillaries (made up of only one light and suspended in the air)
Haze, 2. Is cigarette smoke acidic or alkaline? Explain your answer.
layer of cells). a) Source → motor vehicle exhaust, open burning
Dust and Cigarette smoke is an acidic substance because it changes the purple
2. Moist wall of alveolus (allows respiratory gases to dissolve and and forest fires (haze and dust)
Pollen colour of litmus solution to red.
diffuse into the blood capillaries). b) irritate the respiratory system and cause
3. Name three other harmful substances found in cigarette smoke
3. Larger surface area of alveolus (for the exchange of gases). respiratory diseases such as asthma.
Ammonia, stearic acid, methane, butane, methanol, toluene, cadmium,
4. Compact network of capillaries covering the alveolus.
arsenic, acetone
How the Respiratory System Adapts in Different Surroundings Sport activities and lifestyle
1. During vigorous activities,
(a) rate of cellular respiration ↑ for more energy.
(b) breathing rate ↑ to speed up the exchange of gases.
(c) heart rate increases so that
- flow of blood ↑ hence, oxygen ↑ glucose ↑ energy ↑.
- carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration is
Air enters or leaves the trachea through transported faster to the lungs to be expelled.
breathing pores known as spiracles (use 2. The respiratory system of an athletic person,
valve to control the opening and closing of (a) lung capacity higher, volume of inhaled air and exhaled
Moist spiracles) air is higher.
Outer (b) intercostal muscle and the diaphragm are much stronger
Skin Amphibians (frogs) → lungs + moist outer skin → Trachea Trachea (air tubes) so can delay fatigue.
gaseous exchange when on land a) Is divided into fine branches known as (c) the number and the size of the blood capillaries in the
The skin of frogs is tracheoles (have thin and moist walls to lungs increase so the exchange of gases is more efficient.
a) Thin (very permeable to gas) increase the efficiency of gaseous (d) the number of alveolus increases, so more gas can be
b) Always moist → covered by a layer of mucus exchange) absorbed.
(respiratory gases can dissolve and diffuse easily) b) Large number of tracheoles (provides a Diseases (anaemia and sickle-cell)
c) Dense network of blood capillaries under the skin large surface area) 1. Anaemia
(increase the diffusion rate of gases between the c) Some insects such as grasshoppers have (a) a condition whereby the number of red blood cells or
skin and the blood capillaries) air sacs (filled with air to increase the haemoglobin is less than normal in a person.
rate of exchange of respiratory gases (b) the patient tires easily, suffers constant headaches, cold
between tissues and the surroundings hands and feet as well as pale skin and feeling weak.
during energetic activities) (c) the lack of red blood cells or haemoglobin causes less
oxygen to be transported to cells in the body.
(d) the adaptations in the respiratory system of an anaemic
Adaptation of Respiratory System in Different Situation person include:
Different altitude - cardiac output is higher so that more blood is pumped
1. At high altitudes, on mountain tops, atmospheric from the heart.
Fish → live in water → increase the efficiency of pressure is low. - blood flow velocity is higher so that the blood reaches
Gills gaseous exchange in water. (a) Breathing becomes difficult → oxygen low. the body cells faster.
Gills (made up of two rows of fine filaments) (b) Hence, rate of breathing and heart rate 2. Sickle-cell disease
a) Filament have many lamellae (thin and flat increase → more oxygen is inhaled. (a) a hereditary disease.
projections) (b) red blood cells are sickle-shaped and not the normal
b) Filaments and lamellae→ produce a large surface 2. Pressure is very high at the bottom of the sea. biconcave shape.
area (for gaseous exchange) (a) Breathing is difficult as the lungs find it difficult (c) this sickle-like shape reduces the surface area of surface
c) Gills are surrounded by water (respiratory gases to to expand during inhalation. area of the red blood cells. This means less oxygen is
dissolve and diffuse easily) (b) Our body reduces its heart rate to reduce the transported to the body cells, thus making the patient
intake of oxygen. looks pale.
(c) Divers use oxygen tank to help breathing
underwater.
Mechanism of Gaseous Exchange in Plants Process of Osmosis Affects the Stoma
Most plants carry out the process of gaseous exchange with their surroundings through their Concept of Osmosis:
leaves, stems and roots. These three parts provide a large surface area for gaseous exchange. (a) Osmosis → the process of movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration of water
During the day During the night molecules (solution with a low concentration of solutes) to a region of low concentration of water
Take in→ carbon dioxide and oxygen Take in→ oxygen molecules (solution with a high concentration of solutes) through a semipermeable membrane.
Give out → oxygen and carbon dioxide Give out → carbon dioxide (b) This membrane is permeable to water but not permeable to some solutes such as sucrose molecules
Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide
Pathway of gaseous exchange in a leave:
1) When carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, the concentration of carbon
dioxide in the cells becomes lower compared to the concentration of carbon
dioxide in the air space between the cells.
Cell
2) This difference in concentrations of carbon dioxide gas (cell < air space between
cell) allows the dissolved carbon dioxide in the moist surface of cells to diffuse from Process of Osmosis in Guard Cells
the air space between the cells into the cells. When there is light, guard cells
(a) carry out photosynthesis to produce glucose.
(b) become turgid and curved → concentration of glucose in guard cells increases and causes water from
surrounding cells to diffuse into the guard cells through osmosis
(c) become flaccid and straight → at night or on a hot day, water diffuses out of the guard cells also
through osmosis

Effects of Osmosis on Stoma

Open Stoma Closed Stoma

During the day, water diffuses into the guard At night or on a hot day, water diffuses out of the
cells through osmosis and causes both the guard cells through osmosis and causes both the
guard cells to curve and open the stoma guard cells to become straight and close the stoma
Importance of Unpolluted Environment for the Survival of Plants
3) This causes the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air space between the cells
• Harmful to the growth and survival of plants.
to become lower compared to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air
Effects of Haze and • Reduce sunlight from reaching the plants
outside the stoma. Dust on the • Reducing the rate of photosynthesis
Stoma
4) This difference in concentrations of carbon dioxide gas (cell < air outside the Survival of Plants • haze and dust that settle on stomata prevent gaseous exchange between
stoma) causes the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the air plants and their surrounding
space between the cells through the stoma which is open. • Dissolve in rainwater to produce acid rain.
Stomatal Pore and Guard Cells • Acid rain kills plant cells and causes soil to be acidic and less fertile.
Stoma Effects of Acidic • This will reduce agricultural produce and cause food shortage.
(a) Made up of a stomatal pore bounded by a pair of guard cells Gases in the Air on • Among the preventive measures against the effects of pollution on plants in
(contain chloroplasts) the Survival of the local and global context are as follows:
(b) Open → during photosynthesis when there is light Plants ➢ Ban open burning in Indonesia and Malaysia
(c) Close → when gets dark / plant loses a lot of water on a hot day ➢ Limit the number of motor vehicles on the road in Beijing, China
➢ Encourage the use of alternative energy such as solar energy
F3 C3 Transport 3.2 Blood Circulatory System
3.1 Transport System in Organisms
Function of transport systems in complex and simple Fish Amphibians Similarities Reptiles Mammals & Birds
organisms: Made up of a system that allows blood to continuously flow in blood vessels through the heart which pumps
1. To carry substances needed by cells into organisms and blood to the whole body and back to the heart.
eliminate waste products from organisms to the Differences
outside surroundings

Complex
Simple Organisms
Organisms
1. To carry substances needed by cells
(Oxygen and nutrient) into organisms Diagram
2. Eliminate waste products (carbon
Similarity dioxide) from organisms to the outside
surroundings
3. Via diffusion through the cell
membrane
1. Do not have a 1. Have a
specialised specialised Two chambers: one Three chambers: two Three chambers: two Four chambers: two
Number of
transport system. transport atrium and one atria and one ventricle atria and one atria and two
chambers
2. Diffusion system ventricle ventricle ventricles
Differences Single blood Incomplete double incomplete double Double circulatory
between cell and 2. Diffusion System
external between cell circulatory system circulatory system circulatory system system
environment and specialised Blood flows through Blood flows through In 1 complete Blood flows through Blood flows through
directly transport the heart only once the heart twice circulation the heart twice the heart twice
system Heart → gills Heart → lungs and skin Flow of Heart → lungs Heart → lungs
(Gaseous exchange) (Gaseous exchange) deoxygenated (Gaseous exchange) (Gaseous exchange)
Importance of the function of transport system in blood
organisms Heart → whole body, Heart → brain Heart → whole body Heart → whole body
1. Carries substances needed by cells such oxygen and changes into (oxygenated blood) except the lungs. except the lungs.
nutrients that are used to produce energy through deoxygenated blood
Flow of
cellular respiration. This energy is used for living and flows back into Heart → whole body
oxygenated
processes in organisms. the heart. except lung
blood
2. Transport system carries substances needed by plant (a mixture of
cells such as mineral salts, water and products of oxygenated and
photosynthesis to carry out all living processes in deoxygenated blood)
plants.
3. Transport system eliminates toxic waste products from
the cells in organisms to the external environment.
Toxic waste products that fail to be eliminated from the
cells will poison and kill the organism concerned.
Structure and Functions of the Human Heart Structure and Functions of Main Blood Vessels
The human blood circulatory system involves the circulation of blood which is pumped from the
heart to all parts of the body and specialised blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins)

Vein Capillary Artery

Part Function Part Function

Whole Body (Except Lung) Lung
Transports deoxygenated Transports oxygenated blood
Pulmonary Thinnest wall which Thick and muscular
Vena Cava blood from whole body
Vein
from the lungs to the heart Thin, less muscular
(except lung) to the heart is wall with a lot of
and less elastic wall to
It has thin muscular wall When the left atrium contracts, one cell thick elastic
Wall facilitate blood flow
Right When it contracts, oxygenated blood is forced to without tissues to withstand
Left atrium under
atrium deoxygenated blood is forced flow into left ventricle any muscle or elastic high
low blood pressure
to flow into the right ventricle tissue blood pressure
Allows the flow of blood in Bicuspid Allows the flow of blood in only Valves Has valves No valves No valves
Tricuspid only one direction from the valve one direction from the left lumen Large Smallest Small
valve right atrium to the right atrium into the left ventricle • Transports
ventricle • Transports • Allows the
oxygenated blood
Right When it contracts, When it contracts, oxygenated deoxygenated blood exchange of gases,
ventricle deoxygenated blood is forced Left blood is forced to flow
from the heart to
back to the heart from food and waste
to flow out into the ventricle out into the aorta the whole body
the whole body except products between
pulmonary artery except the lungs
Functions the lungs the blood and
Ensure that blood flows only Ensure that blood flows only in • Pulmonary artery
Semilunar Semilunar • Pulmonary vein body cells via
in one direction and not back one direction and not back into transports
valves valves transports oxygenated diffusion through
into the ventricle the ventricle deoxygenated
Transports deoxygenated Transports oxygenated blood
blood from the lungs the thin wall of the
Pulmonary blood from the
blood from the heart to the Aorta from the heart to the all parts of to the heart capillary
Artery heart to the lungs
lungs the body except the lungs Slow blood flow
Lung Whole Body (Except Lung) Rapid blood flow
Circulation Slow blood flow under under
under
of blood low blood pressure decreasing blood
Septum is the muscular wall which separates the left side of the heart from the high blood pressure
pressure
Septum right side of the heart. Prevents oxygenated blood from mixing with
deoxygenated blood Pulse No pulse No pulse Pulse detected
‘Double’ Blood Circulatory System Measurement of Blood Pressure
Humans and other mammals have a ‘double’ blood circulatory system that is made up Sphygmomanometer → Use to measure and read your blood pressure (systolic and
of the pulmonary circulatory system and systemic circulatory system] diastolic)
Blood pressure reading → 120/75 mm Hg (for a youth)
(systolic pressure reading is 120 mm Hg)
(diastolic pressure reading is 75 mm Hg)
Pulse Rate
Pulse → Produced by the contraction and relaxation of the muscular artery wall.
Factor affect
• The more active the activity → higher the pulse rate.
• Reason: The rate of intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
Physical
by body cells increases while carrying out active activity. Heart beat
activity
more frequently to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide more
efficiently.
• Adult male → 70-72 beats per minute.
• Adult female →78-82 beats per minute.
Gender • Reason: The heart of females which is normally of smaller size
pumps less blood for each heartbeat and needs to beat at a much
higher rate compared to the heart of males
Heartbeat
SYSTOLE DIASTOLE • An adolescent at rest → 75 per minute.
Age
• Older people → lower pulse rate
• Less healthy individual → higher or lower than the normal pulse
Body health rate.
• Pulse rate →too high or too low → dangerous / life-threatening.

Importance of Maintaining a Healthy Heart

Important Steps to ensure a healthy heart

• The heart pumps blood which • Reduce intake of salt, sugar, fats,
transports nutrients, substances cholesterol.
when contraction of the ventricles When relaxation of the ventricles needed by body cells and wastes. • Do not smoke, do not take alcoholic
occurs. occurs • The heart pumps carbon dioxide to drinks or drugs.
The ‘lub’ sound is produced by the The ‘dub’ sound is produced by the the lungs to expel it. • Exercise regularly, at least 30 minutes,
closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid closure of the semilunar valves • An efficient blood circulatory system 5 times a week.
valves Diastolic pressure reading ensures healthy cells. • Eat vegetables, fruits, cereal, seeds.
Systolic pressure reading The pressure reading of blood flowing • Undergo heart examination once a
The pressure reading of blood flowing into and filling the heart year.
out of the heart
• Lead a stress-free life.
3.3 Human Blood 3.4 Transport System in Plants Rate of Transpiration
Components and Constituents of Human Blood Transpiration is a process of water loss in the form of water Factor Effect on Rate of Transpiration
Blood is a type of mixture because it can be separated vapour from the surface of leaves to the air Temperature Increase in temperature increases the rate
into two components, through evaporation. of transpiration
(a) a yellow liquid Loss of water through Light Increase in light intensity increases the rate
(b) a red liquid evaporation from the intensity of transpiration
Centrifugal method Leaves surface of Air humidity Increase in air humidity decreases the rate
leaves via transpiration of transpiration
• To separate the components of blood
Movement of Increase in air movement increases the rate
• The mixture of blood is rapidly spun in a centrifuge
Pathway of water air of transpiration
90% water and 10% Stems moving upwards in the Structures and Functions of the Components in Vascular
dissolved substances plant Bundles of Plants
55% Blood plasma (nutrients, carbon dioxide, Absorption of water
enzymes, hormones and Roots through osmosis into
waste products) the plant via its roots
45% Red blood cells Cross Section of a Leaf
White blood
<1% cells and Transports water and dissolved mineral salts from
platelets the roots to the leaves through the stem to carry
Xylem
Blood Group out photosynthesis and to replace water lost
Blood Types of antigens Types of antibodies during transpiration
group (On the surface of red (In blood plasma) Transports sucrose produced by leaves during
Phloem photosynthesis to other parts
blood cells)
of the plant.
A A Anti-B
3.5 Blood Circulatory System in Animals and Transport System
B B Anti-A
Epidermal cells → secrete a waxy cuticle which covers the in Plants
AB A and B - Blood circulatory
outer surface of the leaf to reduce water loss during Transport system
O - Anti-A and Anti-B system Similarities
transpiration. in plants
An antibody will attack its corresponding antigen and cause in animals
Function of Stoma during Transpiration
the coagulation of blood to occur. Both are transport systems
Most of the water lost during transpiration in plants occurs
This may cause death. through the stomatal pores Both transport water, nutrients and dissolved substances
Anti-A antibody → coagulate with A antigen Opening of stoma Both exist in complex organisms
Anti-B antibody → coagulate with B antigen • Causes the plant to lose water through transpiration Differences
Blood group of donor Blood group of recipients • Open during the day (photosynthesis occur) Tubular system with System of vessels
A B AB O heart and valves Structure without pump or
Closed stoma
A √ X √ X valve
• To reduce the loss of water through transpiration
B X √ √ X Three types of Types of Two types of
• Closed during the night
AB (universal recipient) X X √ X vessels: artery, transport vessels: xylem
O (universal donor) √ √ √ √ Exudation (Guttation) capillary and vein vessels and phloem
• The water loss from plants in liquid form through hydathodes Arteries, capillaries Xylem and
Importance of Blood Donation Connection
and veins are phloem are Not
• Every day blood is needed to save lives. that are always open at the edges of the leaves. between
• Occurs at night or when the air humidity is high. connected to form connected and
• Blood is required for surgery, accident victims or to treat one continuous
transport
are two separate
patients with leukaemia, haemophilia and other illnesses. vessels
vessel vessels