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M4 (L-7) Numerical Problems On Photogrammetry

1. There are three main methods to determine the scale of aerial photographs: relating the photo to the ground distance, relating the photo to a map, and relating the focal length of the camera to the flying height. 2. When determining scale by relating the photo to ground distance, the ratio of a measured distance on the photo to the actual ground distance provides the scale. 3. Scale can also be determined by comparing a measured distance on the photo to the same distance on a map of known scale, and calculating the ratio. 4. Relating the focal length and flying height uses similar triangles to show that the scale is equal to the focal length divided by the flying height.

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Rajiv Kumar
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2K views27 pages

M4 (L-7) Numerical Problems On Photogrammetry

1. There are three main methods to determine the scale of aerial photographs: relating the photo to the ground distance, relating the photo to a map, and relating the focal length of the camera to the flying height. 2. When determining scale by relating the photo to ground distance, the ratio of a measured distance on the photo to the actual ground distance provides the scale. 3. Scale can also be determined by comparing a measured distance on the photo to the same distance on a map of known scale, and calculating the ratio. 4. Relating the focal length and flying height uses similar triangles to show that the scale is equal to the focal length divided by the flying height.

Uploaded by

Rajiv Kumar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SCALE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

Presented by
Deepak Kumar
Assistant Professor
GEC, Bhojpur
Methods of Scale determination:
1. By establishing the relation of photo to the
ground,

2. By establishing the relation of photo to ground


with the help of a map:

3. By establishing the relation between focal length


of the camera and the flying height.
1. By establishing the relation of photo to the ground

If the distance between the same two points on the photo


as well as on the ground can be measured, R.F. can be set
up:

Photo distance (p)


R.F. = ------------------------
Ground Distance (g)
2. By establishing the relation of photo to ground with the
help of a map
If the distance between two points on a photo which can be located on the map as
well, is measured, the horizontal measurements of these distances form a ratio.
This ratio when multiplied by the R.F. of the map, gives the R.F. of the photo.

p/ g p
R.F. of Photo = 
m/ g m
R.F. of Map
Where, p = photo distance
g = ground distance
Hence R.F. of photo = p x R.F. of map m= map distance
m
3. By establishing the relation between focal length of the
camera and the flying height.
Focal length: the distance from the middle of
the camera lens to the focal plane (i.e. the film).

n
In a true vertical photograph of flat terrain
the scale of the photograph is the ratio f/H.

In Fig.1 distance ‘AB’ is imaged as ‘ab’ on the


photo.

Scale of the photo = Photo distance/ ground distance


N
= ab/AB = On/ON
= f/H = Focal length/ Flying height
(From similar triangles OAB and Oab)
1. Then the average scale of the If the terrain is not flat, the scale of the
photograph
photograph is not uniform. If Hm is the
= f / Hm flying height above the average scale of the
terrain photographed
2. The scale of photo for a point A
which is at a height of ‘h’ above the
average ground level
f
= H h
m

3. Similarly the scale for another


point B which is at a vertical
distance ‘d’ below the average
terrain level
f
= Hm  d
Q. A line 2350 m long having an elevation of 500m measures 10.5
cm on a vertical photograph, focal length of the camera is 20 cm.
Determine scale of the photograph for an area having elevation of
1200 m.
Ans- 1/18881
Q. A line AB measures 11cm on a vertical photograph taken with a
camera having focal length f= 21.5cm. The same line measures 3cm
on a map drawn to a scale of 1:45000. Determine flight height of the
aircraft if average attitude of the area is 350m.
Ans- H= 2988.64m
Image displacement due to relief
The image of B on the truly vertical
positive photographic plane is b. This is
the correct planimetric (orthogonal)
position of the image of the tower AB.
Top A is imaged at ‘a’. The image of A is
thus displaced from its correct planimetric
position b, as A is vertically above ‘B’.
This shift of ‘a’ from ‘b’ represented by
the distance ba is called Relief
Displacement.
Let h = height of the tower AB
H = Flying height above the datum
plane, h
N = Ground nadir point Image displacement (d) = r  r
H
n = Photo nadir point
If we denote ‘ab’ by ‘∆r’ and ‘na’ by ‘r’,
If we denote ‘ab’ by ‘∆r’ and ‘na’ by ‘r’, then we can rewrite equation
as
h
r  r
H

Where ∆r = relief displacement (denoted by d)


r = distance between nadir point and image of top of
object on photo plane
h = Height of the object.
H = Flying height from base of the object
Number of photographs necessary to cover a Given area A

A = Total area to be photographed


l = length of photo in direction of flight
w = width of photo normal to direction
s = Scale Of Photograph f/H
L= net ground distance corresponding to l
W= Net ground width corresponding to w
a = net ground area covered by each photo
Pl = % Overlap in direction of flight(length)
Pw = % overlap in side (width)
Numbers of photographs required to cover the area A
METHOD-1 When total ground area (A) to be covered is given
Numbers of photographs required to cover the area A
Q-1 The scale of an aerial photography is 1cm= 100m. The
photography size is 20cm x 20cm. Determine the number of
photographs required to cover an area of 100 sq. km, if the
longitudinal lap is 60% and the side lap is 30%.
Ans. 90
Numbers of photographs required to cover the area A

METHOD-2 If actual ground length L and ground width W to be covered is


provided

Therefore, Total number of photographs (N) =

L= Ground length of each photo (1-Pl)x l/s in km


S= Speed of aeroplane in km/h
AREA MEASUREMENT IN AERIAL PHOTGRAPH
GROUND AREA = PHOTO AREA * 1/ S2

WHERE‘S’ IS THE SCALE OF THE PHOTO


Q-1 The scale of an aerial photography is 1cm= 100m. The
photography size is 20cm x 20cm. Determine the number of
photographs required to cover an area of 8km x 12.5km if the
longitudinal lap is 60% and the side lap is 30%.
Ans. 119

Q-2 The scale of an aerial photography is 1cm= 100m. The


photography size is 20cm x 20cm. Determine the number of
photographs required to cover an area of 10km x 10km if the
longitudinal lap is 60% and the side lap is 30%.
Ans. 126
THANK YOU
VERY MUCH
&
ANY QUESTIONS ?

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