Operationalizing the Index of Accessibility by Air

The index for measuring the ‘Accessibility by air’ was developed by the Institute for
Transport and Logistics of the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration.
The underlying project (…) aimed at determining the economic importance of air transport
for the Greater Vienna region. The index is defined by

where the total duration of a trip from departure airport i to the destination j

with

: Travel Time, i.e. the actual flight duration according to the schedule. An expected
amount of delay time based on the average of all flights is included. The WTC = Waiting
Time on Connecting Flights is incorporated into the TT.

: Check-In/Check-Out Time, i.e. the time consumed before take-off and after
disembarking including all security controls.

: Waiting Time on Departure, depends on the number of flights within a time period
(7 a.m. – 7 p.m.) according to

At first glance the index seems to reflect the intuitive concept one may bear in mind when
judging the reachability of a city from the air passenger’s point of view. But there are caveats.
A flight offered in addition to what is already considered in the index may deteriorate the
index value. This happens it the increase in the average Travel Time excels the decrease of the
Waiting Time on Departure. Therefore, it is recommended to restrict the choice of
connections to direct flights.

So far, the type of aircraft is not considered. The seating capacity might be incorporated by
applying a weighting factor. Finally, the time span for the calculation of the Waiting Time on
Departure was deliberately fixed at 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. and the flights offered during the
evening and night do not enter the comparison.

Visualizing the Accessibility by Air for a particular city or airport

The Accessibility Index shown in this example covers 219 destinations and 15 departure
airports. The bulk of information hidden in a table of 219 rows and 15 columns needs an
efficient tool for data compression. Self-Organizing Maps (Kohonen 19??) are used for
condensing the accessibility information into a two-dimensional format. The maps are not a
geographical representation. Rather they mimic the topological structure of the destinations in
the 15-dimensional accessibility space in just two dimensions. 1 In a first step the destinations
are classified into ‘prototypes’ i.e. airports with a similar profile of accessibility values for the
15 departure airports selected earlier. In this example the ‘accessibility map’ consists of an
array of six-by-six cells. Each cell or map positions contains the destinations of similar
accessibility (cf. Exhibit 1 and Table A1 in the Appendix). The data reduction, therefore,
replaces the 219 destinations by 36 accessibility ‘classes’. According to the topology-
preserving property of the map the neighbourhood structure of the destinations also conveys
meaningful information: Destination prototypes lying adjacent to each other are more similar
in terms of their accessibility profile than destination cells farther apart.

From the airport or airline management point of view the major question addresses the
performance of a departure airport in serving the 219 European destinations. To improve the
quality of visualization the ‘coverage’ of each departure airport/city is indicated by shaded
colors. A darker shade of grey denotes a higher index of accessibility and the destinations
collected in this map position are more easily accessible from the departure airport under
study. Table A2 in the Appendix describes the degree of accessibility of 36 classes of
destinations from each departure airport represented by a column (‘outbound reachability’). In
this visualization some important elements of the structure of competition among the airports
becomes apparent: the width and the intensity of the coverage of the destinations and the
overlap or exclusiveness of the destinations served in comparison with the competitors,

The sample maps in the Exhibits 2 to 5 for Vienna, Frankfort, Paris and Salzburg demonstrate
well-known phenomena such as
 the competitive advantage in the home markets
 the amount of specialization
 the dense coverage of East and South-East European destinations ex Vienna
 destination with a frequent or a rare accessibility profile
 the difference in magnitude between the global and the regional players in this market.

It is worth noting that the results are always relative to the departure airports chosen. The
managers may decide on the selection of airports with respect to competitive threat. A more
refined visualization may also portray the importance in terms of passenger turnaround by the
size of each cell (yielding an equally spaced bubble chart). The visualization procedure may
also incorporate a dynamic aspect and contribute to the benchmarking and monitoring toolkit
of the airlines and airports.

1
For a more rigorous explanation of the Kohonen Map with an empirical application to measuring and
comparing the company images of luxury hotels see Mazanec, J. A. (1995), Positioning Analysis with Self-
Organizing Maps: An Exploratory Study on Luxury Hotels, in: Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration
Quarterly, Vol. 36 (6), 80-95.
Exhibit 1: European destinations according to the similarity of the accessibility profile for 15 departure airports

Frankfurt Dortmund Linz Kos Biarritz Brest Aberdeen

Münster Salzburg LasPalmas Clermont-F Belfast
Paderborn Riga Limoges Cork
Tallinn Liverpool Eindhoven
1-6 Thira Montpellier GlasgowIA
Vilnius Nantes Pau Leeds
Rennes Newcastle
Southampton Rotterdam
Strasbourg Teesside
BerlinTgl BerlinSch Antalya Faro Funchal Bern
Cologne BerlinTmp Dresden Fuerteventura GothenburgSA Bordeaux
Düsseldorf Heraklion Izmir Olbia Bristol
7- Munich Ibiza Kerkyra Reus Cardiff
12 Palma MoscowD Rijeka FlorencePA
Rhodes Tenerife RomC Genoa
Thessaloniki Santiago Nottingham
Sevilla Valencia
Shannon
Vienna Amsterdam MilanO Bourgas Almeria Ancona
Brussels Bournemouth Bodrum Brno
Copenhagen Constanta Brindisi Cagliari
Hamburg Forli Gdansk Dalaman Calvi Elba
MilanM Gerona Jerez Erfurt
Prague GlasgowPA Lamezia Karpathos
13- Stuttgart Hof Kattowice Menorca Rostok
20 Zurich Kerry Kiel Mikonos Saarbrücken
Krasnodar Malmö Mytilene Samos
Nizhniy-Novg Rimini Sibiu
OsloTA Paphos Trieste
Pescara Rostov Uralsk
StCruz Westerland
Simferopol Wroclav
StockholmS Zakinthos
LondonCA Dublin Bilbao Klagenfurt Ankara Karlsruhe
LondonG Edinburgh Larnaka Catania Lourdes
19- LondonH Manchester OsloA Lanzarote
24 LondonL MilanL Porto Preveza
LondonSt Reykjavik Timisoara
ParisCDG Stavanger
Basel Barcelona Bologna Altenrhein Belgrade Friedrichshafen
Geneva Helsinki Bucharest Chisinau Cluj Podgorica
Hannover Lisbon Sofia Dnepropetrovsk Sarajevo
Lyon Luxembourg StPetersburg Donetsk Skopje
RomF Madrid Verona Cavalla Kharkov Split
25- Nice Zagreb Kosice Krakow Tirana
30 StockholmA Lviv Minsk
MönchenG
Odessa
Ohrid Poznan
Pristina Siena
Tbilisi Zadar
Birmingham Billund Alicante Ljubljana Bolzano Graz
Budapest Bremen Athens Innsbruck
Nuremberg FlorenceAV Dubrovnik
31- Venice GothenburgL Istanbul
36 Warsaw Leipzig Kiev
Marseille Malaga
Toulouse Malta
Turin MoscowSh
Naples
 Exhibit 2: Map of the Accessibility by Air ex WIEN

Frankfurt Dortmund Linz Kos Biarritz Brest Aberdeen

Münster Salzburg LasPalmas Clermont-F Belfast
Paderborn Riga Limoges Cork
Tallinn Liverpool Eindhoven
1-6 Thira Montpellier GlasgowIA
Vilnius Nantes Pau Leeds
Rennes Newcastle
Southampton Rotterdam
Strasbourg Teesside
BerlinTgl BerlinSch Antalya Faro Funchal Bern
Cologne BerlinTmp Dresden Fuerteventura GothenburgSA Bordeaux
Düsseldorf Heraklion Izmir Olbia Bristol
7- Munich Ibiza Kerkyra Reus Cardiff
12 Palma MoscowD Rijeka FlorencePA
Rhodes Tenerife RomC Genoa
Thessaloniki Santiago Nottingham
Sevilla Valencia
Shannon
Vienna*) Amsterdam MilanO Bourgas Almeria Ancona
Brussels Bournemouth Bodrum Brno
Copenhagen Constanta Brindisi Cagliari
Hamburg Forli Gdansk Dalaman Calvi Elba
MilanM Gerona Jerez Erfurt
Prague GlasgowPA Lamezia Karpathos
13- Stuttgart Hof Kattowice Menorca Rostok
20 Zurich Kerry Kiel Mikonos Saarbrücken
Krasnodar Malmö Mytilene Samos
Nizhniy-Novg Rimini Sibiu
OsloTA Paphos Trieste
Pescara Rostov Uralsk
StCruz Westerland
Simferopol Wroclav
StockholmS Zakinthos
LondonCA Dublin Bilbao Klagenfurt Ankara Karlsruhe
LondonG Edinburgh Larnaka Catania Lourdes
19- LondonH Manchester OsloA Lanzarote
24 LondonL MilanL Porto Preveza
LondonSt Reykjavik Timisoara
ParisCDG Stavanger
Basel Barcelona Bologna Altenrhein Belgrade Friedrichshafen
Geneva Helsinki Bucharest Chisinau Cluj Podgorica
Hannover Lisbon Sofia Dnepropetrovsk Sarajevo
Lyon Luxembourg StPetersburg Donetsk Skopje
RomF Madrid Verona Cavalla Kharkov Split
25- Nice Zagreb Kosice Krakow Tirana
30 StockholmA Lviv Minsk
MönchenG
Odessa
Ohrid Poznan
Pristina Siena
Tbilisi Zadar
Birmingham Billund Alicante Ljubljana Bolzano Graz
Budapest Bremen Athens Innsbruck
Nuremberg FlorenceAV Dubrovnik
31- Venice GothenburgL Istanbul
36 Warsaw Leipzig Kiev
Marseille Malaga
Toulouse Malta
Turin MoscowSh
Naples
white: 10% grey: 25% grey: 37.5% grey:
0.0-0.09 0.10-0.19 0.20-0.29 0.30-0.39
*) Index = 1.0. Vienna builds a class of its own and coloring in black would not make sense.
 Exhibit 3: Map of the Accessibility by Air ex FRANKFURT

Frankfurt*) Dortmund Linz Kos Biarritz Brest Aberdeen

Münster Salzburg LasPalmas Clermont-F Belfast
Paderborn Riga Limoges Cork
Tallinn Liverpool Eindhoven
1-6 Thira Montpellier GlasgowIA
Vilnius Nantes Pau Leeds
Rennes Newcastle
Southampton Rotterdam
Strasbourg Teesside
BerlinTgl BerlinSch Antalya Faro Funchal Bern
Cologne BerlinTmp Dresden Fuerteventura GothenburgSA Bordeaux
Düsseldorf Heraklion Izmir Olbia Bristol
Munich Ibiza Kerkyra Reus Cardiff
7- Palma MoscowD Rijeka FlorencePA
12 Rhodes Tenerife RomC Genoa
Thessaloniki Santiago Nottingham
Sevilla Valencia
Shannon
Vienna Amsterdam MilanO Bourgas Almeria Ancona
Brussels Bournemouth Bodrum Brno
Copenhagen Constanta Brindisi Cagliari
Hamburg Forli Gdansk Dalaman Calvi Elba
MilanM Gerona Jerez Erfurt
Prague GlasgowPA Lamezia Karpathos
13- Stuttgart Hof Kattowice Menorca Rostok
20 Zurich Kerry Kiel Mikonos Saarbrücken
Krasnodar Malmö Mytilene Samos
Nizhniy-Novg Rimini Sibiu
OsloTA Paphos Trieste
Pescara Rostov Uralsk
StCruz Westerland
Simferopol Wroclav
StockholmS Zakinthos
LondonCA Dublin Bilbao Klagenfurt Ankara Karlsruhe
LondonG Edinburgh Larnaka Catania Lourdes
19- LondonH Manchester OsloA Lanzarote
24 LondonL MilanL Porto Preveza
LondonSt Reykjavik Timisoara
ParisCDG Stavanger
Basel Barcelona Bologna Altenrhein Belgrade Friedrichshafen
Geneva Helsinki Bucharest Chisinau Cluj Podgorica
Hannover Lisbon Sofia Dnepropetrovsk Sarajevo
Lyon Luxembourg StPetersburg Donetsk Skopje
RomF Madrid Verona Cavalla Kharkov Split
25- Nice Zagreb Kosice Krakow Tirana
30 StockholmA Lviv Minsk
MönchenG
Odessa
Ohrid Poznan
Pristina Siena
Tbilisi Zadar
Birmingham Billund Alicante Ljubljana Bolzano Graz
Budapest Bremen Athens Innsbruck
Nuremberg FlorenceAV Dubrovnik
31- Venice GothenburgL Istanbul
36 Warsaw Leipzig Kiev
Marseille Malaga
Toulouse Malta
Turin MoscowSh
Naples
white: 10% grey: 25% grey: 37.5% grey: 50% grey:
0.0-0.09 0.10-0.19 0.20-0.29 0.30-0.39 0.40-0.49
*) Index = 1.0. Frankfurt builds a class of its own and coloring in black would not make sense.
 Exhibit 4: Map of the Accessibility by Air ex PARIS/CDG

Frankfurt Dortmund Linz Kos Biarritz Brest Aberdeen

Münster Salzburg LasPalmas Clermont-F Belfast
Paderborn Riga Limoges Cork
Tallinn Liverpool Eindhoven
1-6 Thira Montpellier GlasgowIA
Vilnius Nantes Pau Leeds
Rennes Newcastle
Southampton Rotterdam
Strasbourg Teesside
BerlinTgl BerlinSch Antalya Faro Funchal Bern
Cologne BerlinTmp Dresden Fuerteventura GothenburgSA Bordeaux
Düsseldorf Heraklion Izmir Olbia Bristol
7- Munich Ibiza Kerkyra Reus Cardiff
12 Palma MoscowD Rijeka FlorencePA
Rhodes Tenerife RomC Genoa
Thessaloniki Santiago Nottingham
Sevilla Valencia
Shannon
Vienna Amsterdam MilanO Bourgas Almeria Ancona
Brussels Bournemouth Bodrum Brno
Copenhagen Constanta Brindisi Cagliari
Hamburg Forli Gdansk Dalaman Calvi Elba
MilanM Gerona Jerez Erfurt
Prague GlasgowPA Lamezia Karpathos
13- Stuttgart Hof Kattowice Menorca Rostok
20 Zurich Kerry Kiel Mikonos Saarbrücken
Krasnodar Malmö Mytilene Samos
Nizhniy-Novg Rimini Sibiu
OsloTA Paphos Trieste
Pescara Rostov Uralsk
StCruz Westerland
Simferopol Wroclav
StockholmS Zakinthos
LondonCA Dublin Bilbao Klagenfurt Ankara Karlsruhe
LondonG Edinburgh Larnaka Catania Lourdes
19- LondonH Manchester OsloA Lanzarote
24 LondonL MilanL Porto Preveza
LondonSt Reykjavik Timisoara
ParisCDG*) Stavanger
Basel Barcelona Bologna Altenrhein Belgrade Friedrichshafen
Geneva Helsinki Bucharest Chisinau Cluj Podgorica
Hannover Lisbon Sofia Dnepropetrovsk Sarajevo
Lyon Luxembourg StPetersburg Donetsk Skopje
RomF Madrid Verona Cavalla Kharkov Split
25- Nice Zagreb Kosice Krakow Tirana
30 StockholmA Lviv Minsk
MönchenG
Odessa
Ohrid Poznan
Pristina Siena
Tbilisi Zadar
Birmingham Billund Alicante Ljubljana Bolzano Graz
Budapest Bremen Athens Innsbruck
Nuremberg FlorenceAV Dubrovnik
31- Venice GothenburgL Istanbul
36 Warsaw Leipzig Kiev
Marseille Malaga
Toulouse Malta
Turin MoscowSh
Naples
white: 10% grey: 25% grey: 50% grey: 85% grey:
0.0-0.09 0.10-0.19 0.20-0.29 … 0.40-0.49 0.70-1.0
*) ParisCDG is combined with London, hence the coloring in black makes sense.
 Exhibit 5: Map of the Accessibility by Air ex SALZBURG

Frankfurt Dortmund Linz Kos Biarritz Brest Aberdeen

Münster Salzburg*) LasPalmas Clermont-F Belfast
Paderborn Riga Limoges Cork
Tallinn Liverpool Eindhoven
1-6 Thira Montpellier GlasgowIA
Vilnius Nantes Pau Leeds
Rennes Newcastle
Southampton Rotterdam
Strasbourg Teesside
BerlinTgl BerlinSch Antalya Faro Funchal Bern
Cologne BerlinTmp Dresden Fuerteventura GothenburgSA Bordeaux
Düsseldorf Heraklion Izmir Olbia Bristol
7- Munich Ibiza Kerkyra Reus Cardiff
12 Palma MoscowD Rijeka FlorencePA
Rhodes Tenerife RomC Genoa
Thessaloniki Santiago Nottingham
Sevilla Valencia
Shannon
Vienna Amsterdam MilanO Bourgas Almeria Ancona
Brussels Bournemouth Bodrum Brno
Copenhagen Constanta Brindisi Cagliari
Hamburg Forli Gdansk Dalaman Calvi Elba
MilanM Gerona Jerez Erfurt
Prague GlasgowPA Lamezia Karpathos
13- Stuttgart Hof Kattowice Menorca Rostok
20 Zurich Kerry Kiel Mikonos Saarbrücken
Krasnodar Malmö Mytilene Samos
Nizhniy-Novg Rimini Sibiu
OsloTA Paphos Trieste
Pescara Rostov Uralsk
StCruz Westerland
Simferopol Wroclav
StockholmS Zakinthos
LondonCA Dublin Bilbao Klagenfurt Ankara Karlsruhe
LondonG Edinburgh Larnaka Catania Lourdes
19- LondonH Manchester OsloA Lanzarote
24 LondonL MilanL Porto Preveza
LondonSt Reykjavik Timisoara
ParisCDG Stavanger
Basel Barcelona Bologna Altenrhein Belgrade Friedrichshafen
Geneva Helsinki Bucharest Chisinau Cluj Podgorica
Hannover Lisbon Sofia Dnepropetrovsk Sarajevo
Lyon Luxembourg StPetersburg Donetsk Skopje
RomF Madrid Verona Cavalla Kharkov Split
25- Nice Zagreb Kosice Krakow Tirana
30 StockholmA Lviv Minsk
MönchenG
Odessa
Ohrid Poznan
Pristina Siena
Tbilisi Zadar
Birmingham Billund Alicante Ljubljana Bolzano Graz
Budapest Bremen Athens Innsbruck
Nuremberg FlorenceAV Dubrovnik
31- Venice GothenburgL Istanbul
36 Warsaw Leipzig Kiev
Marseille Malaga
Toulouse Malta
Turin MoscowSh
Naples
white: 10% grey: 25% grey: 85% grey:
0.0-0.09 0.10-0.19 0.20-0.29 … 0.70-1.0
*) Salzburg is combined with Linz, hence the coloring in black makes sense.
 Appendix

Tabelle A1: Destinations in the 36 nodes of the accessibilty maps

Destination serial nr, node
(map position)

Aberdeen (GB) 1 6
Alicante 2 33
Almeria 3 17
Altenrhein 4 28
Amsterdam 5 14
Ancona 6 18
Ankara Esenboga Apt 7 23
Antalya 8 9
Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Intl Apt 9 33
Barcelona Apt 10 26
Belfast City Apt 11 6
Belgrade 12 29
Berlin Schonefeld Apt 13 8
Berlin Tegel Apt 14 7
Berlin Tempelhof Apt 15 8
Berne Belp 16 12
Biarritz 17 5
Bilbao 18 21
Billund 19 32
Birmingham International Airport 20 31
Bodrum Milas Airport 21 17
Bologna 22 27
Bolzano (Bozen/Südtirol) 23 35
Bordeaux Airport 24 12
Bourgas 25 16
Bournemouth 26 16
Bremen 27 32
Brest (FR) 28 5
Brindisi 29 17
Bristol 30 12
Brno Turany Apt 31 18
Brussels National Airport 32 14
Bucharest Otopeni Apt 33 27
Budapest 34 31
Cagliari 35 18
Calvi 36 18
Cardiff 37 12
Catania 38 23
Chisinau 39 28
Clermont-Ferrand 40 5
Cluj 41 28
Cologne/Bonn K.A. Apt 42 7
Constanta 43 16
Copenhagen Apt 44 14
Cork 45 6
Dalaman 46 17
Dnepropetrovsk 47 28
Donetsk 48 28
Dortmund 49 2
Dresden 50 9
Dublin 51 20
Dubrovnik 52 33
Dusseldorf Rhein Ruhr Airport 53 7
Edinburgh 54 20
Eindhoven Airport 55 6
Elba Island 56 18
Erfurt 57 18
Euroairport Basel 58 25
Faro 59 10
Florence Amerigo Vespucci 60 32
Florence Pisa Airport 61 12
Forli 62 16
Frankfurt International Apt 63 1
Friedrichshafen 64 30
Fuerteventura 65 10
Funchal 66 11
Gdansk 67 16
Geneva 68 25
Genoa 69 12
Gerona 70 16
Glasgow International Airport 71 6
Glasgow Prestwick Apt 72 16
Gothenburg Landvetter Apt 73 32
Gothenburg Saeve Apt (Ryanair !!!) 74 11
Graz 75 36
Hamburg Fuhlsbuettel Airport 76 14
Hannover 77 25
Helsinki 78 26
Heraklion 79 9
Hof 80 16
Ibiza 81 9
Innsbruck 82 36
Istanbul 83 33
Izmir Adnan Menderes Apt 84 10
Jerez de la Frontera 85 17
Karlsruhe/Baden Baden 86 24
Karpathos 87 18
Katowice 88 16
Kavala 89 28
Kerkyra 90 10
Kerry County 91 16
Kharkov (Ukraine) HRK 92 28
Kiel 93 16
Kiev Borispol Apt 94 33
Klagenfurt 95 22
Kos 96 4
Kosice 97 28
Krakow 98 28
Krasnodar (Russland) KRR 99 16
Lamezia Terme 100 17
Lanzarote 101 23
Larnaca 102 21
Las Palmas 103 4
Leeds Bradford 104 6
Leipzig/Halle 105 32
Limoges 106 5
Linz 107 3
Lisbon 108 26
Liverpool 109 5
Ljubljana 110 34
London City Apt 111 19
London Gatwick Apt 112 19
London Heathrow Apt 113 19
London Luton Apt 114 19
London Stansted Apt 115 19
Lourdes/Tarbes 116 24
Luxembourg 117 26
Lviv (Ukraine) LWO 118 28
Lyon Saint Exupery Apt 119 25
Madrid Barajas Apt 120 26
Malaga 121 33
Malmo Sturup Apt 122 16
Malta 123 33
Manchester International Apt 124 20
Marseille Provence Apt 125 32
Menorca 126 17
Mikonos 127 17
Milan Linate Apt 128 20
Milan Malpensa Apt 129 14
Milan Orio al Serio 130 15
Minsk International Apt 2 131 28
Moenchengladbach 132 28
Montpellier Mediterranee Apt 133 5
Moscow Domodedovo Apt 134 10
Moscow Sheremetyevo Apt 135 33
Munich International Airport 136 7
Munster 137 2
Mytilene (Griechenland) MJT 138 17
Nantes Atlantique Airport 139 5
Naples Capodichino Apt 140 33
Newcastle 141 6
Nice 142 26
Nizhniy Novgorod 143 16
Nottingham East Midlands Airport 144 12
Nuremberg Apt 145 31
Odessa Ukraine) ODS 146 28
Ohrid (Mazedonien) OHD 147 28
Olbia (Italien/Sardinien) 148 11
Oslo Airport 149 21
Oslo Torp Airport 150 16
Paderborn 151 2
Palma Mallorca 152 9
Paphos 153 16
Paris Charles de Gaulle Apt 154 19
Pau 155 5
Pescara 156 16
Podgorica (Montenegro) TGD 157 29
Porto 158 21
Poznan (Polen) POZ 159 28
Prague 160 14
Preveza/Lefkas (Griechenland) PVK 161 23
Pristina (Kosovo) PRN 162 28
Rennes St Jacques Airport 163 5
Reus 164 11
Reykjavik Keflavik Apt 165 21
Rhodes 166 9
Riga 167 4
Rijeka 168 11
Rimini 169 17
Rome Ciampino Apt 170 11
Rome Fiumicino Apt 171 25
Rostock-Laage 172 18
Rostov 173 16
Rotterdam Apt 174 6
Saarbrucken Ensheim Airport 175 18
Salzburg 176 3
Samos 177 18
Santa Cruz de la Palma 178 16
Santiago de Compostela 179 11
Sarajevo 180 29
Seville 181 11
Shannon 182 11
Sibiu 183 18
Siena 184 28
Simferopol 185 16
Skopje (Mazedonien) SKP 186 29
Sofia 187 27
Southampton 188 5
Split 189 29
St Petersburg Pulkovo Apt 190 27
Stavanger 191 21
Stockholm Arlanda Apt 192 26
Stockholm Skavsta Airport 193 16
Strasbourg Entzheim Airport 194 5
Stuttgart Echterdingen Apt 195 14
Tallinn 196 4
Tbilisi (Georgien) TBS 197 28
Teesside 198 6
Tenerife Sur Reina Sofia Apt 199 10
Thessaloniki 200 9
Thira (Griechenland) JTR 201 4
Timisoara (Rumänien) TSR 202 23
Tirana (Albanien) TIA 203 29
Toulouse Blagnac Apt 204 32
Trieste 205 18
Turin Citta Di Torino Airport 206 32
Uralsk 207 18
Valencia (ES) 208 12
Venice Marco Polo Apt 209 31
Verona Airport 210 27
Vienna 211 13
Vilnius (Litauen) VON 212 4
Warsaw 213 31
Westerland 214 18
Wroclaw 215 18
Zadar (Kroatien) ZAD 216 28
Zagreb 217 27
Zakinthos 218 18
Zurich Airport 219 14
 Table A2: Mean indices of accessibility for the 36 nodes of the map
Berl Dortm FrkfH Frkft Fried Graz Innsb Klgft Laib Linz Lond Münch Paris Slzbg Wien

1 0.455 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.284 0.284 0.169 0.156 0.189 0.215 0.343 0.439 0.442 0.217 0.264
2 0.075 0.696 0.000 0.261 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.190 0.000 0.000 0.060
3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.220 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.745 0.000 0.147 0.072 0.747 0.293
4 0.121 0.029 0.000 0.110 0.013 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.017 0.038 0.035 0.050 0.104
5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.207 0.000 0.000
6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.258 0.000 0.096 0.014 0.000
7 0.650 0.202 0.000 0.453 0.118 0.040 0.000 0.038 0.059 0.122 0.236 0.623 0.258 0.072 0.243
8 1.000 0.221 0.000 0.000 0.079 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.084 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.084 0.142
9 0.176 0.120 0.000 0.209 0.052 0.000 0.000 0.057 0.000 0.089 0.031 0.206 0.000 0.100 0.081
10 0.108 0.029 0.000 0.136 0.013 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.016 0.036 0.031 0.132 0.000 0.043 0.000
11 0.035 0.000 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.070 0.021 0.000 0.000 0.008
12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.015 0.159 0.191 0.000 0.016
13 0.279 0.158 0.000 0.289 0.000 0.213 0.267 0.300 0.286 0.310 0.216 0.302 0.180 0.257 1.000
14 0.254 0.083 0.000 0.355 0.018 0.049 0.018 0.000 0.107 0.023 0.298 0.299 0.234 0.043 0.238
15 0.243 0.176 0.360 0.360 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
16 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.134 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004
17 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.116 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.124 0.000 0.000 0.000
18 0.006 0.012 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.155 0.000 0.000 0.000
19 0.067 0.032 0.087 0.312 0.024 0.020 0.000 0.020 0.050 0.000 0.919 0.213 0.816 0.047 0.071
20 0.091 0.000 0.000 0.271 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.057 0.000 0.411 0.067 0.220 0.029 0.063
21 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.163 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.158 0.024 0.124 0.000 0.020
22 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.163 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.303
23 0.024 0.016 0.000 0.064 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.129 0.000 0.000 0.129
24 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.239 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000
25 0.023 0.000 0.000 0.325 0.000 0.027 0.000 0.033 0.000 0.000 0.213 0.224 0.284 0.000 0.180
26 0.071 0.000 0.000 0.219 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.229 0.135 0.233 0.000 0.140
27 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.209 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.076 0.172 0.162 0.000 0.177
28 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.045 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.022 0.000 0.151
29 0.022 0.000 0.000 0.118 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.203 0.000 0.043 0.052 0.045 0.000 0.172
30 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.284 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.294 0.000 0.000 0.000
31 0.187 0.000 0.000 0.278 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.094 0.223 0.209 0.000 0.211
32 0.000 0.028 0.000 0.236 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.035 0.189 0.161 0.000 0.000
33 0.115 0.012 0.000 0.180 0.000 0.000 0.015 0.000 0.011 0.011 0.091 0.150 0.111 0.000 0.142
34 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.192 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.272 0.168 0.000 0.280
35 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.377 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
36 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.231 0.000 0.640 0.654 0.000 0.000 0.101 0.000 0.088 0.000 0.000 0.306