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Flexure Formula and Stress Analysis 2

The document discusses flexure formulas and stress analysis of beams. It provides the flexure formula that relates the bending moment M, modulus of elasticity E, and second moment of area I to calculate stress in a beam. It then gives 3 example problems, solving for the moment required to bend a cantilever beam into a semicircle, determining the applied force based on a strain reading, and calculating maximum applied forces before exceeding stress limits in a T-beam. Diagrams and calculations are shown for each example problem.

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Naveen Undralla
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71 views6 pages

Flexure Formula and Stress Analysis 2

The document discusses flexure formulas and stress analysis of beams. It provides the flexure formula that relates the bending moment M, modulus of elasticity E, and second moment of area I to calculate stress in a beam. It then gives 3 example problems, solving for the moment required to bend a cantilever beam into a semicircle, determining the applied force based on a strain reading, and calculating maximum applied forces before exceeding stress limits in a T-beam. Diagrams and calculations are shown for each example problem.

Uploaded by

Naveen Undralla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanics

Module VII: Analysis of Beams

Lesson 37: Flexure Formula and Stress Analysis - II

1 The flexure formula

Figure 1:

Consider a small section of a beam under bending moment M(x), as shown

in Fig. 1. The internal stress distribution at x is also shown. The fiber stress

at a height y from the neutral plane is given by σ = −Eκ(x)y. From moment

equilibrium (see Fig. 2) about the z axis


Z
[−M(x)k̂ + y ĵ × (σdAî)] · k̂ = 0
Z
⇒ M(x) = Eκ(x) y 2 dA
Figure 2:

⇒ M(x) = EIκ(x)

where I is the second moment of the area of cross-section of the beam about

the neutral axis. This is known as the moment-curvature relation for a beam.

Using this relation, we eliminate the curvature κ(x) in the expression of fibre

stress to obtain
My
σ=− .
I
This is known as the beam flexure formula. Given the bending moment dis-

tribution over the beam, one can now calculate the longitudinal fibre stress

at any point of the cross-section at any location of the beam. It is clear that

the maximum stress will occur at the external fibres of the section subjected

to the maximum bending moment. Hence, locating the critical section (with

maximum bending moment) for a given loading on a beam structure is im-

portant for design/selection of the cross-sectional geometry and dimensions.

Problem 1

2
Figure 3:

Determine the moment M required at the free end to bend a uniform slender

cantilever beam of length L to a semi-circle, as shown in Fig. 3.

Solution

From the moment-curvature relation M = EIκ(x). For a semi-circle of cir-

cumference L, the curvature is easily obtained as κ = π/L. Hence, the

required moment M = πEI/L.

Figure 4:

Problem 2

A cantilever beam-type force sensor is loaded transversely by a force P at

the free end, as shown in Fig. 4. If the strain gauge registers a tensile axial

3
strain of 50 × 10−3, determine P . Take E = 200 GPa.

Solution

The centroid of the beam cross-section is at the geometric center. This locates

the neutral axis. The second moment of the cross-sectional area about the

neutral axis I = bh3 /12 = 1.67 × 10−9 m4. The bending moment at the fixed

end M(0) = −0.1P . Hence, the stress in the top fibre at the fixed end

M(0)(0.01/2)
σ = Eǫ = − ⇒ P = 3.34 kN.
I

Figure 5:

Problem 3

The T-beam shown in Fig. 5 is subjected to a transverse force P in the upward

or downward direction. If the maximum fibre stress is to be restricted to 20

MPa in tension and 40 MPa in compression, determine the maximum values

of P in the two directions.

Solution

Referring to Fig. 6, we first locate the neutral axis using the axis x0 as

4
Figure 6:

reference.

AI = 11250 mm4 y0I = 25 mm

AII = 11250 mm4 y0II = 125 mm

Hence
AI y0I + AII y0II
y0 = = 75 mm.
AI + AII
The second moment of the area about neutral axis is determined as follows.

1
II = (225)503 + (11250)502 = 30.4 × 106 mm4
12
1
III = (75)1503 + (11250)502 = 49.2 × 106 mm4
12
I = II + III = 79.6 × 106 mm4 = 79.6 × 10−6 m4.

The maximum bending moment occurs at mid-span and given by Mmax =

P L/4 = P/2.

When P is upwards:

tension Mmax (125 × 10−3)


|σmax | = = 785P ≤ 20 MPa ⇒ P ≤ 25.48 kN
I
compression Mmax (75 × 10−3)
|σmax |= = 471P ≤ 40 MPa ⇒ P ≤ 84.93 kN
I

5
When P is downwards:

tension Mmax (75 × 10−3)


|σmax | = = 471P ≤ 20 MPa ⇒ P ≤ 42.46 kN
I
compression Mmax(125 × 10−3)
|σmax | = = 785P ≤ 40 MPa ⇒ P ≤ 50.96 kN
I
Thus, for upward force P ≤ 25.48 kN, and for downward force P ≤ 42.46 kN.

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