Time series database

A time series database (TSDB) is a software system that is optimized for storing and serving time series
through associated pairs of time(s) and value(s).[1] In some fields, time series may be called profiles, curves,
traces or trends.[2] Several early time series databases are associated with industrial applications which
could efficiently store measured values from sensory equipment (also referred to as data historians), but
now are used in support of a much wider range of applications.

In many cases, the repositories of time-series data will utilize compression algorithms to manage the data
efficiently.[3][4] Although it is possible to store time-series data in many different database types, the design
of these systems with time as a key index is distinctly different from relational databases which reduce
discrete relationships through referential models.[5]

Overview
Time series datasets are relatively large and uniform compared to other datasets―usually being composed
of a timestamp and associated data.[6] Time series datasets can also have fewer relationships between data
entries in different tables and don't require indefinite storage of entries.[6] The unique properties of time
series datasets mean that time series databases can provide significant improvements in storage space and
performance over general purpose databases.[6] For instance, due to the uniformity of time series data,
specialized compression algorithms can provide improvements over regular compression algorithms
designed to work on less uniform data.[6] Time series databases can also be configured to regularly delete
old data, unlike regular databases which are designed to store data indefinitely.[6] Special database indices
can also provide boosts in query performance.[6]

List of time series databases

Amazon Timestream Commercial [7]

Apache Druid Apache License 2.0 Java N/A

Apache IoTDB Apache License 2.0 Java [8]

Apache Kudu Apache License 2.0 C++ [9]

Apache Pinot Apache License 2.0 Java [10]

CrateDB Apache License 2.0 Java [11][12]

SQL, Python, C / C++, [13]

MIT.[14] Chronograf AGPLv3, Clustering [13][16]

Informix TimeSeries Commercial C / C++ [13][17]

Kx kdb+ Commercial Q [13]

MongoDB Server Side Public License C++, JavaScript, Python [18]

Prometheus Apache License 2.0 Go [13]

QuestDB (https://questd [19]

RedisTimeSeries BSD C [20]

Riak-TS Apache License 2.0 Erlang [13]

RRDtool GPLv2 C [13]

TimescaleDB Apache License 2.0 C [21]

Whisper (Graphite) Apache License 2.0 Python [22]

See also
Operational historian
Delta encoding
Differential backup

References
1. Mueen, Abdullah; Keogh, Eamonn; Zhu, Qiang; Cash, Sydney; Westover, Brandon (2009).
"Exact Discovery of Time Series Motifs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100625200233/http
s://www.cs.ucr.edu/~eamonn/EM.pdf) (PDF). University of California, Riverside. 2009: 473–
484. doi:10.1137/1.9781611972795.41 (https://doi.org/10.1137%2F1.9781611972795.41).
ISBN 978-0-89871-682-5. PMC 6814436 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC68
14436). PMID 31656693 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31656693). Archived from the
original (https://www.cs.ucr.edu/~eamonn/EM.pdf) (PDF) on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 31 July
2019. "Definition 2:A Time Series Database(D)is an unordered set of m time series possibly
of different lengths."
 2. Villar-Rodriguez, Esther; Del Ser, Javier; Oregi, Izaskun; Bilbao, Miren Nekane; Gil-Lopez,
Sergio (2017). "Detection of non-technical losses in smart meter data based on load curve
profiling and time series analysis". Energy. 137: 118–128. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.07.008
(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.energy.2017.07.008). hdl:20.500.11824/693 (https://hdl.handle.
net/20.500.11824%2F693).
3. Pelkonen, Tuomas; Franklin, Scott; Teller, Justin; Cavallaro, Paul; Huang, Qi; Meza, Justin;
Veeraraghavan, Kaushik (2015). "Gorilla". Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment. 8 (12):
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8).
4. Lockerman, Joshua (2020-04-22). "Time-series compression algorithms, explained" (https://
www.timescale.com/blog/time-series-compression-algorithms-explained/). Timescale Blog.
Retrieved 2022-10-07.
5. Asay, Matt (26 June 2019). "Why time series databases are exploding in popularity" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20190626143018/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/why-time-series
-databases-are-exploding-in-popularity/). TechRepublic. Archived from the original (https://w
ww.techrepublic.com/article/why-time-series-databases-are-exploding-in-popularity/) on 26
June 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019. "Relational databases and NoSQL databases can be
used for time series data, but arguably developers will get better performance from purpose-
built time series databases, rather than trying to apply a one-size-fits-all database to specific
workloads."
6. Wayner, Peter (15 January 2021). "Database trends: The rise of the time-series database" (h
ttps://venturebeat.com/2021/01/15/database-trends-the-rise-of-the-time-series-database/).
VentureBeat. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
7. "Time Series Database – Amazon Timestream – Amazon Web Services" (https://aws.amazo
n.com/timestream/). Retrieved 12 June 2023.
8. Wang, Chen; Huang, Xiangdong; Qiao, Jialin; Jiang, Tian; Rui, Lei; Zhang, Jinrui; Kang,
Rong; Feinauer, Julian; McGrail, Kevin A.; Wang, Peng; Luo, Diaohan; Yuan, Jun; Wang,
Jianmin; Sun, Jiaguang (August 2020). "Apache IoTDB: time-series database for internet of
things" (https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.14778/3415478.3415504). Proceedings of the VLDB
Endowment. 13 (12): 2901–2904. doi:10.14778/3415478.3415504 (https://doi.org/10.1477
8%2F3415478.3415504). ISSN 2150-8097 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2150-8097).
9. "Benchmarking Time Series workloads on Apache Kudu using TSBS" (https://blog.cloudera.
com/benchmarking-time-series-workloads-on-apache-kudu-using-tsbs/). 18 March 2020.
10. Fu, Yupeng; Soman, Chinmay (9 June 2021). "Real-time Data Infrastructure at Uber".
Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Management of Data: 2503–2516.
arXiv:2104.00087 (https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.00087). doi:10.1145/3448016.3457552 (https://
doi.org/10.1145%2F3448016.3457552). ISBN 9781450383431. S2CID 232478317 (https://a
pi.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232478317).
11. "DB-Engines Ranking" (https://db-engines.com/en/ranking/time+series+dbms). DB-Engines.
Retrieved 2023-01-22.
12. "Anforderungen für Zeitreihendatenbanken im industriellen IoT" (https://www.springerprofes
sional.de/anforderungen-fuer-zeitreihendatenbanken-im-industriellen-iot/19119282).
springerprofessional.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-01-22.
13. Stephens, Rachel (2018-04-03). "State of the Time Series Database Market" (https://redmon
k.com/rstephens/2018/04/03/the-state-of-the-time-series-database-market/). Retrieved
2018-10-03.
14. "influxdb license" (https://github.com/influxdata/influxdb/blob/master/LICENSE). GitHub.
Retrieved 2016-08-14.
15. "influxdb clustering" (https://www.influxdata.com/influxdb-clustering/). influxdata.com.
Retrieved 2016-03-10.
16. Anadiotis, George (2018-09-28). "Processing time series data: What are the options?" (http
s://www.zdnet.com/article/processing-time-series-data-what-are-the-options/). zdnet.com.
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17. Dantale, Viabhav (2012-09-21). Solving Business Problems with Informix TimeSeries (http://
www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg248021.pdf) (PDF). IBM Redbooks.
ISBN 9780738437231.
18. "MongoDB's New Time Series Collections" (https://www.mongodb.com/developer/how-to/ne
w-time-series-collections/).
19. QuestDB. "Introduction | QuestDB" (https://questdb.io/docs/). questdb.io. Retrieved
2023-07-05.
20. "RedisTimeSeries | A NoSQL Time Series Database" (https://redis.com/modules/redis-times
eries/). Redis. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
21. Design Recommendations for Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Volume 8 - Data Visualization (ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=TxY6EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22TimescaleDB%22+-wikipedia
&pg=PA50). Army Research Laboratory. December 29, 2020. p. 50. ISBN 9780997725780.
22. Joshi, Nishes (May 23, 2012). Interoperability in monitoring and reporting systems (Thesis).
hdl:10852/9085 (https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F9085).

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