MITOSIS: 2n=6 AND

APPLICATION
for General Biology 1 / Grade 11
Quarter 1/ Week 4

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 FOREWORD

This Self Learning Kit is made to help learners to be prepared with the
necessary idea in General Biology 1. This module is designed to aid the
learners to acquire the knowledge needed for this competency. This self-
learning kit will enable the learners to describe the stages of mitosis given
2n=6 and explain the significance or applications of mitosis.
The activities in this learning kit will strengthen the knowledge in the
different skills in the said competency that can help to improve their
everyday life and their skills.

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OBJECTIVE:
The objectives of this self-learning kit are the following;
K: Describe the stages of the cell cycle;
S: Describe mitosis and its stages;
A: Appreciate the significance and role of mitosis.

LEARNING COMPTENCIES:
• Describe the stages of mitosis given 2n=6;
• Explain the significance or applications of mitosis

I. WHAT HAPPENED?
It is the smallest structural
and functional unit of an
Can you still remember organism. As I read in our
what a cell is based on book there are two types of
our previous discussion? cell division and that is what
we will know today.

Vectorstock.com

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 PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST:

Activity 1
Match Me: Define the prefixes in column A with the meaning in column B.
Write the letter
of your choice before the number.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
___1. Meta A. End
___2. Ana B. Middle
___3. Inter C. Early
___4. Pro D. Going Away
___5. Telo E. Between

II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

I did not know that, however I read yesterday

Did you know that the cell that Tim Hunt, who discovered the cyclins, won
cycle is a 4-stage process the Nobel Prize in medicine 2001, together with
consisting of Gap 1 (G1), Paul Nurse, who discovered the cyclin-
Synthesis, Gap 2 (G2) and dependent kinases (CDKs). They also shared the
mitosis? prize with Leland Hartwell, who pioneered the
research into the checkpoints of the cell cycle

Vectorstock.com/17337867

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 Cell division is a very important process in all living organisms. During the division of
a cell, DNA replication and cell growth also take place. All these processes,
example cell division, DNA replication, and cell growth, hence, have to take place
in a coordinated way to ensure correct division and formation of progeny cells
containing intact genomes.

The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome, synthesises the
other constituents of the cell and eventually divides into two daughter cells is termed
cell cycle.
Although cell growth (in terms of cytoplasmic increase) is a continuous
process, DNA synthesis occurs only during one specific stage in the cell cycle. The
replicated chromosomes (DNA) are then distributed to daughter nuclei by a
complex series of events during cell division.

• M is the phase of the cell cycle in which the microtubular apparatus

assembles,
binds to the chromosomes, and moves the sister chromatids apart. Called
mitosis, this process is the essential step in the separation of the two
daughter genomes. Although mitosis is a continuous process, it is traditionally
subdivided into four stages:
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

TABLE COMPARING MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

MITOSIS MEIOSIS
NUMBER OF DIVISIONS 1 2
NUMBER OF CELLS 2 4(Tetrad)
PRODUCED
CHROMOSOME SETS 1n›1n;2n›2n 2n›1n
(=n)
PURPOSE Vegetative Sexual reproduction;
growth produce sex cells
Source:http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/summer/WebReadings/PdfReadings/TABLE_COMPARING_MITOSIS_AND.pdf

• Cytokinesis- The eukaryotic cell has partitioned its replicated genome into
two nuclei positioned at opposite ends of the cell. While mitosis was going
on, the cytoplasmic organelles, including mitochondria and chloroplasts (if
present), were reassorted to areas that will separate and become the
daughter cells. The phase of the cell cycle when the cell actually divides is
called cytokinesis. It generally involves the cleavage of the cell into roughly
equal halves.
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STAGES OF MITOSIS STAGES OF MEIOSIS I STAGE
Prophase is marked by the initiation of condensation Prophase of the first meiotic division is
of chromosomal material. The chromosomal material typically longer and
becomes untangled during the process of chromatin more complex when compared to
condensation. The centriole,which had undergone prophase of mitosis. It has been further
duplication during S phase of interphase, now begins to subdivided into the following five
move towards opposite poles of the cell. The completion of phases based on chromosomal
prophase can thus be marked by the following behaviour: Leptotene, Zygotene,
PROPASE PROPASE I PROP
characteristic events: Pachytene, Diplotene and Diakinesis.
*Chromosomal material condenses to form compact
mitotic
chromosomes. Chromosomes are seen to be composed of
two chromatids attached together at the centromere.
* Initiation of the assembly of mitotic spindle, the
microtubules, the proteinaceous components of the cell
The complete disintegration of the nuclear envelope marks The bivalent chromosomes align on the
the start of the second phase of mitosis, hence the equatorial plate. The microtubules from
chromosomes are spread through the cytoplasm of the cell. the opposite poles of the spindle
The key features of metaphase are: attach to the pair of homologous
METAPHASE *Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of METAPHASE I chromosomes. METAP
chromosomes.
*Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator and get
aligned along metaphase plate through spindle fibres
to both poles.

At the onset of anaphase, each chromosome arranged at The homologous chromosomes

the metaphase plate is split simultaneously and the two separate, while sister chromatids remain
daughter chromatids, now referred to as chromosomes of associated at their centromeres.
the future daughter nuclei, begin their migration towards
ANAPHASE the two opposite poles. Key events: ANAPHASE I ANAP
*Centromeres split and chromatids separate.
*Chromatids move to opposite poles.

the chromosomes that have reached their respective poles The nuclear membrane and nucleolus
decondense and lose their individuality. The individual reappear, cytokinesis follows and this is
chromosomes can no longer be seen and chromatin called as diad of cells. Although in many
material cases the chromosomes do undergo
tends to collect in a mass in the two poles. some dispersion, they do not reach
This is the stage which shows the following key events: the extremely extended state of the
TELOPHASE *Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles and their TELOPHASE I interphase nucleus. The stage between TELOP
identity is lost as discrete elements. the two meiotic divisions is called
* Nuclear envelope assembles around the chromosome interkinesis and is generally short lived.
clusters. Interkinesis is followed by prophase II, a
* Nucleolus, golgi complex and ER reform. much simpler prophase than
prophase I.

Source: www.ncert.nic.in https://tinyurl.com/5tk8vbck

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What is Mitosis?
Mitosis, a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which
one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells. The newly
formed daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell and to
each other. Strictly applied, the term mitosis is used to describe the
duplication and distribution of chromosomes, the structures that carry the
genetic information. During the mitosis process, the cell’s nucleus along with
the chromosome is divided to form two new daughter cell nuclei. The
daughter nuclei inherit the same number of chromosomes as that of the
parent nucleus.

What is the role of Mitosis?

Mitosis is important to multicellular organisms because it provides new
cells for growth and for replacement of worn-out cells, such as skin cells.
Many single-celled organisms rely on mitosis as their primary means of
asexual reproduction.

Living Process Role of Mitosis

The number of cells increases by mitosis
Development and growth enabling organisms to grow from a single cell
to a complex multicellular organism.

Cells are constantly lost and replaced by new

ones in the body, for example in the skin and
Cell replacement
in the gut. In addition, red blood cells live for
only four months, and are replaced by mitosis.

Replacement of damaged Some organisms use mitosis to replace body

plant or animal tissue parts. For example starfish replace lost arms by
(regeneration) mitosis.

Some organisms such as the hydra use mitosis

to produce genetically identical offspring. The
Asexual reproduction
process is known as budding. Mitosis is also the
method by which yeast cells multiply

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 Mitosis helps in the splitting of chromosomes during cell division and
generates two new daughter cells. Therefore, the chromosomes form from
the parent chromosomes by copying the exact DNA. Therefore, the
daughter cells formed as genetically uniform and identical to the parent as
well as to each other. Thus, mitosis helps in preserving and maintaining the
genetic stability of a particular population.

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED? Mitosis results in the

production of diploid
daughter cells with
identical genetic
complement usually. The
growth of multicellular
organisms is due to mitosis.

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 Activity 2: Build Me a Model
You are to build a model of the stages of Mitosis using materials that are
recyclable or indigenous. Follow the rubrics below in making your model.

4 3 2 1
Model is
Content is Content is fair
completely Model is
Content and good but with and may
accurate. Data missing or
Accuracy less than two contain
is clearly and incomplete
errors several errors
neatly displayed.
The model shows
Model lacks
that learner The design/
The model planning,
carefully structure looks
has several looks
planned the planned but
Craftsmanship flaws and unrefined
making of the with few
looks and
model by unwanted
unrefined. craftmanship
refining all flaws.
is poor.
details.
Design is unique,
materials used Model has
are indigenous some degree
or of uniqueness
Model lacks Model shows
Creativity biodegradable. and used
individuality. no creativity.
There is an materials that
evidence of are indigenous
detail in the or recyclable.
model.
Passed 2
Passed on or Passed three Passed 1
weeks and
Timeliness before the day days after week after
beyond after
of retrieval. retrieval. retrieval.
retrieval.

Activity 3: Essay.
Directions: Write a short essay in your notebook. You will be graded based on the
rubrics provided below.

1. Explain the significance or applications of mitosis. 5 points

Rubrics: Content----------- 3 Points

Organization---- 2 Points
_________________
Totals: 5 points

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 EVALUATION/POST TEST:
True or False #1.
Determine if the following statements are correct or incorrect. If the
statement is correct
write T however if the statement is incorrect write F.

___1. A cell’s DNA is replicated during the M phase of the cell cycle.
___2. Another word for chromosome is chromatid, which is an exact copy of
the original
Chromosome.
___3. The stage in which a cell divides is called the mitotic phase.
___4. In meiosis, cellular division occurs three times.
___5. Plant and animal cells have many differences. One difference is the
plant cells
have a cell plate.
___6. Meiosis usually results in the formation of four genetically identical
cells.
___7. Chromosome number is not changed during mitosis.
___8. Crossing-over rarely occurs in meiosis because homologous
chromosomes rarely
form during mitosis.
___9. Cells divide to repair tissues, to grow and to reproduce.
___10. Two members of a pair are called homologous chromosomes.
Know More! #2

Directions: The drawings A to E show stages of mitosis in plant cell. Answer

questions 1 to 6.
Write only the letter of your answer on the space provided.

A B C D E
Which of the drawings A to E shows
1. interphase? __________ (DNA is replicated)
2. prophase? __________ (chromosomes – 2 sister chromatids – shorten)
3. metaphase? __________ (sister chromatids line up)
4. anaphase? __________ (sister chromatids separate?
5. telophase? __________ (new nucleus forms at each end)
6. cytokinesis? __________ (cell contents divided between 2 daughter cell
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References
Wilkins, A. S., & Holliday, R. (2009). The evolution of meiosis from
mitosis. Genetics, 181(1), 3-12.
McKee, B. D. (2004). Homologous pairing and chromosome dynamics in
meiosis and mitosis. Biochimicaet Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Gene Structure and
Expression, 1677(1-3), 165-180.
Sullivan, M., & Morgan, D. O. (2007). Finishing mitosis, one step at a
time. Nature reviews Molecular cell
biology, 8(11), Sciences, 178(1052), 277-299.
Retrieved from https://youtu.be/xsrH050wnIA
Retrieved from https://youtu.be/VzDMG7ke69
Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/mitosis
Retrieved from https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/cell-cycle-and-cell-
division/mitosis/
Retrieved from https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-10-
lifesciences/cell-division/03-cell-division-03
Ramos, A. (2017) Exploring Life Through Science Series: General Biology 1.
Phoenix Publishing House Inc.

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 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS-Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

EASTER ROSE U. TOLOMIA

Writer
QUALITY ASSURANCE TEAM
BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE. D. CADAYDAY
MERCY G. DAGOY
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
ARJIE T. PALUMPA
LIEZEL A. AGOR
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO

ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
THOMAS JOGIE U TOLEDO

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information
and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be
reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

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SYNOPSIS
This Self Learning Kit is intended to aid the
learners
in understanding the different stages of mitosis
under the learning competency “Describe the
stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6” as part of
the most
essential learning competency in the K-12
curriculum.
Learners are expected to realize the
objectives of
the competency set at the beginning of this
learning kit.
Let us all learn and have fun in the process, this
learning
kit will help the learners to retain the
information and
concept through application.

AUTHOR & ILLUSTRATOR, LAY-OUT ARTIST

EASTER ROSE UBAG TOLOMIA is a Senior High school

teacher in Sibulan National High School- Balugo Extension.
She finished her Bachelor of Science in Nursing at St. Paul
University Dumaguete and took Continuing Professional
Education at Foundation University. She graduated Master of
Arts in Education Major in General Science at Foundation
University.

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