Mass Transfer
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Chemical Engineering
GATE / PSUs
Harshit Sir
Mass Transfer
PEN-Drive / G-Drive / VOD / Tablet & LIVE Classroom Program
Workbook
Chemical Engineering
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GATE ACADEMY ®
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Edition : MT-HPD-25122
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GATE Syllabus
Chemical Engineering (CH) : Fick’s laws, molecular diffusion in fluids, mass transfer
coefficients, film, penetration and surface renewal theories; momentum, heat and mass
transfer analogies; stage-wise and continuous contacting and stage efficiencies; HTU &
NTU concepts; design and operation of equipment for distillation, absorption, leaching,
liquid-liquid extraction, drying, humidification, dehumidification and adsorption.
Table of Contents
Sr. Chapter Pages
1. Introduction Concept of Diffusion …………………………..………………………. 1 to 8
2. MT Coefficient, MT Theories and Dimensionless Nos …………………………….9 to 12
3. Interphase Mass Transfer……………………….……………………….…………………….13 to 16
4. Absorption & Stripping……………………………………………..…………………….…….17 to 23
5. Distillation…..………………………………………..……………..…………….………….…..….24 to 37
6. Extraction….…………………………………………………………………………..……………….38 to 43
7. Humidification……………………….…………………………….…………………………………44 to 48
8. Drying ………………………………….……………………………….……………………………….49 to 54
9. Adsorption……………………………………..…………….……….……………………………….55 to 57
10. Multiple Select Questions (MSQ)…………….……….………………………..……..…….58 to 64
11. Appendix 01: Dimensionless Numbers,…………….……….…………………………….65 to 66
12. Appendix 02: Psychrometric charts…………….……….……………………………….….67 to 67
Video Lecture Information
Sr. Lecture Name Duration
Lecture 00 About Mass Transfer (Chapters & Reference Books) 0:28:56
Chapter 01
Lecture 01 Definition & Types of Diffusion 0:30:21
Lecture 02 Concentrations, Velocities & Flux 0:35:22
Lecture 03 Example Problem on Velocities 0:26:49
Lecture 04 Fick's Law of Diffusion 0:39:10
Lecture 05 Diffusion of Through Stagnant B (Part 1) 0:26:34
Lecture 06 Diffusion of Through Stagnant B (Part 2) 0:37:20
Lecture 07 Diffusion of Through Stagnant B (Part 3) 0:30:32
Lecture 08 Equimolar Counter Diffusion (EMCD) 0:28:53
Lecture 09 Stefan's Tube Concept (Part 1) 0:23:04
Lecture 10 Stefan's Tube Concept (Part 2) 0:24:27
Lecture 11 Diffusivity For Solid, Liquid And Gases 0:21:55
Lecture 12 Variable Area Diffusion (Part 1) 0:32:55
Lecture 13 Variable Area Diffusion (Part 2) 0:32:07
Chapter 02
Lecture 01 Concept of Mass Transfer Coefficient (Part 1) 0:26:19
Lecture 02 Concept of Mass Transfer Coefficient (Part 2) 0:25:08
Lecture 03 Dimensionless Numbers (Sh And Sc) 0:32:23
Lecture 04 Dimensionless Numbers (St And Pe) 0:19:34
Lecture 05 Correlations And Analogies 0:27:06
Lecture 06 Variable Area Diffusion With MT Coefficient 0:27:49
Lecture 07 Example Problems 0:29:31
Lecture 08 Theories of Mass Transfer Film Theory (Part 1) 0:32:16
Lecture 09 Theories of Mass Transfer Film Theory (Part 2) 0:16:45
Lecture 10 Theories of Mass Transfer (The Penetration Theory) 0:20:01
Lecture 11 Theories of Mass Transfer (Surface Renewal Theory) 0:17:06
Lecture 12 Theories of Mass Transfer (Boundary Layer Theory) 0:27:58
Chapter 03
Lecture 01 Driving Force For Interphase Mass Transfer (Part 1) 0:17:09
Lecture 02 Driving Force For Interphase Mass Transfer (Part 2) 0:27:25
Lecture 03 Interphase MT Modelling (Two Film Theory) Part 1 0:26:21
Lecture 04 Interphase MT Modelling (Two Film Theory) Part 2 0:20:26
Lecture 05 Concept of Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient 0:21:59
Lecture 06 Relation Between Overall & individual MT Coefficients 0:20:16
Lecture 07 Concept of Mass Transfer Resistance 0:35:38
Lecture 08 Equilibrium Curve From Raoult's And Henry Laws 0:17:28
Lecture 09 Example Problems 0:29:23
Chapter 04
Lecture 01 Driving Force For Absorptions 0:27:46
Lecture 02 Favourable Condition For Absorptions & Solvent Selection 0:22:28
Lecture 03 Absorption Column Operations 0:19:13
Lecture 04 Continuous CoCurrent Stripping (Part 1) 0:32:19
Lecture 05 Continuous CoCurrent Stripping (Part 2) 0:29:17
Lecture 06 Continuous CoCurrent Stripping (Part 3) 0:25:32
Lecture 07 Continuous CoCurrent Absorptions 0:17:27
Lecture 08 Continuous Counter Current Stripping 0:25:28
Lecture 09 Continuous Counter Current Absorptions 0:17:48
Lecture 10 CoCurrent Versus CounterCurrent Operations 0:19:00
Lecture 11 Stage Wise Contact (Cross Flow Cascades) 0:24:04
Lecture 12 Cross Flow Cascades (Stripping) 0:30:06
Lecture 13 Cross Flow Cascades (Absorptions) 0:28:29
Lecture 14 Counter Current Cascades (Stripping) 0:33:27
Lecture 15 Counter Current Cascades (Absorptions) 0:19:15
Lecture 16 Determination of Number of Stages 0:42:04
Lecture 17 Stage Efficiency For Cross Flow 0:20:48
Lecture 18 Stage Efficiency For Counter Current Flow 0:38:17
Lecture 19 Example Problem Based On Material Balances (Part 1) 0:23:58
Lecture 20 Example Problem Based On Material Balances (Part 2) 0:24:01
Lecture 21 Example Problem Based On Material Balances (Part 3) 0:17:26
Lecture 22 Minimum Solvent Requirement in Absorptions 0:19:06
Lecture 23 Minimum Solvent Requirement in Stripping 0:14:06
Lecture 24 Example Problems Based On Minimum Solvent Requirement 0:40:15
Lecture 25 Concept of NTU & HTU in Packed Tower Design 0:33:48
Lecture 26 Concept of HTU & NTU (HTU Formulas) 0:15:41
Lecture 27 Concept of HTU & NTU (Formulas of NTU) 0:27:26
Lecture 28 Relation Between Overall & Individual HTU And NTU 0:23:15
Lecture 29 Example Problems On HTU & NTU 0:28:58
Lecture 30 Efficiency of Packed Column & HETP 0:14:53
Lecture 31 Plate Vs Packed Column & Types of Trays 0:26:35
Chapter 05
Lecture 01 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium 0:27:12
Lecture 02 PXY Diagram in Detail 0:44:05
Lecture 03 TXY Diagram in Detail 0:30:11
Lecture 04 Equilibrium Curve From TXY Diagram 0:24:54
Lecture 05 Driving Force For Distillation (Relative Volatility) 0:27:07
Lecture 06 Flash Vaporization 0:45:29
Lecture 07 Batch Distillation 0:56:35
Lecture 08 Example Problems On Batch & Flash Distillations 0:30:02
Lecture 09 Basics of Distillation Column (Part 1) 0:34:09
Lecture 10 Basics of Distillation Column (Part 2) 0:37:32
Lecture 11 McCabe Thiele Method Assumptions 0:29:27
Lecture 12 Rectifying Section Line (RS Line) 0:40:06
Lecture 13 Stripping Section Line (SS Line) 0:28:08
Lecture 14 The Feed Line Or Q Line (Part 1) 0:26:06
Lecture 15 The Feed Line Or Q Line (Part 2) 0:51:14
Lecture 16 Number of Trays & Location of Feed Tray 0:15:12
Lecture 17 Total Reflux Condition 0:27:13
Lecture 18 Condition of Minimum Reflux 0:30:15
Lecture 19 Optimum Reflux Ratio 0:23:17
Lecture 20 Example Problems On Reflux Ratio 0:28:21
Lecture 21 Efficiencies in Distillation 0:32:06
Lecture 22 Column Diameter Design 0:37:45
Lecture 23 Example Problems Based On Efficiency & Column Diameter 0:24:00
Lecture 24 Extractive & Steam Distillations 0:32:51
Lecture 25 Minimum & Maximum Boiling Azeotropes 0:31:01
Lecture 26 Azeotropic Distillation & Use of Open Steam 0:34:03
Chapter 06
Lecture 01 Introduction to Extraction 0:31:11
Lecture 02 Equilateral Triangle Diagram Representation (Part 1) 0:31:33
Lecture 03 Equilateral Triangle Diagram Representation (Part 2) 0:28:09
Lecture 04 Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium 0:35:06
Lecture 05 Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium (Plait Point) 0:27:48
Lecture 06 Single Stage Wise Contact (Mixer Settler) 0:39:39
Lecture 07 Multistage Extractions 0:38:01
Lecture 08 Minimum Solvent Requirement in Extractions 0:24:05
Lecture 09 Continuous Counter Current Extractions 0:19:02
Lecture 10 Selection of Solvent For Extractions 0:25:50
Chapter 07
Lecture 01 Molal And Absolute Humidities 0:21:12
Lecture 02 Saturation, Percentage And Relative Humidities 0:24:41
Lecture 03 Dry Bulb And Wet Bulb Temperatures 0:30:04
Lecture 04 Humid Heat & Enthalpy of Humid Air 0:29:55
Lecture 05 Adiabatic Saturation Temperature 0:31:55
Lecture 06 Reading Psychrometric Charts 0:31:55
Chapter 08
Lecture 01 Mechanism of Drying 0:25:17
Lecture 02 Moisture Content of Solid 0:15:29
Lecture 03 Drying Equilibria Drying Curve 1 0:25:55
Lecture 04 Rate of Drying Drying Curve 2 & 3 0:22:36
Lecture 05 Calculations of Total Time of Drying 0:14:59
Chapter 09
Lecture 01 Introduction to Adsorptions 0:25:08
Lecture 02 Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm 0:30:37
Lecture 03 Freundlich Isotherm & Equilibrium Curve 0:18:07
Lecture 04 StageWise Adsorption 0:22:30
Chapter 10
Lecture 01 1 Mark PYQ (Chapter 01) 0:31:24
Lecture 02 2 Mark PYQ (Chapter 01) 0:35:41
Lecture 03 1 Mark PYQ (Chapter 02) 0:16:26
Lecture 04 2 Mark PYQ (Chapter 02) 0:32:41
Lecture 05 1 Mark PYQ (Chapter 03) 0:21:27
Lecture 06 2 Mark PYQ (Chapter 03) 0:21:09
Lecture 07 1 Mark PYQ (Chapter 04) 0:21:36
Lecture 08 2 Mark PYQ (Chapter 04) 0:38:35
Lecture 09 1 Mark PYQ (Chapter 05) 0:29:21
Lecture 10 2 Mark PYQ (Chapter 05) Part 1 0:57:50
Lecture 11 2 Mark PYQ (Chapter 05) Part 2 0:48:26
Lecture 12 1 Mark PYQ (Chapter 06) 0:02:56
Lecture 13 2 Mark PYQ (Chapter 06) 1:02:48
Lecture 14 1 Mark PYQ (Chapter 07) 0:08:10
Lecture 15 2 Mark PYQ (Chapter 07) 0:19:02
Lecture 16 1 Mark PYQ (Chapter 08) 0:03:43
Lecture 17 2 Mark PYQ (Chapter 08) 1:05:39
Lecture 18 2 Mark PYQ (Chapter 09) 0:29:02
Introduction
1 Concept of Diffusion
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions Q.5 Ammonia (component 1) is evaporating from
a partially filled bottle into surrounding air
Q.1 Component A is diffusing in a medium B. The (component 2). The liquid level in the bottle
flux N A relative to a stationary point is equal and the concentration of ammonia at the top
of the bottle are maintained constant. N1 Is
to the flux due to molecular diffusion if
(A) Diffusion of A is in stagnant medium B the molar flux relative to a fixed location in
space and J1 is the molar flux with respect to
(B) Mass transfer is accompanied by reaction
the % average molar velocity of the
(C) Molecular mean free path is high
constituent species in the gas phase. Assume
(D) There is equimolar counter-diffusion that air in the bottle is stagnant which one of
[GATE 2003 : IIT Madras, 1 Mark] the following is correct?
Q.2 The ratio of the diffusion coefficients in a gas (A) N1 Constant, N 2 0 , J1 J 2 0
to that in a liquid is of the order of (B) N1 N 2 0 , J1 J 2 0
(A) 105 (B) 105
(C) N1 N 2 0 , J1 Constant, J 2 0
(C) 102 (D) 102
(D) N1 Constant, N 2 0 , J1 Constant,
Q.3 For a binary mixture of components A and B,
N A and N B denote the total molar fluxes of J2 0
components A and B respectively. J A And [GATE 2011 : IIT Madras, 1 Mark]
J B are the corresponding molar diffusive Common Data for
fluxes. Which of the following is true for Questions 6.16 & 6.17
equimolar counter diffusion in the binary
Pure aniline is evaporating, through a
mixture?
stagnant-air film of 1 mm thickness at 300 K
(A) N A N B 0 And J A J B 0
and a total pressure of 100 kPa. The vapour
(B) N A N B 0 And J A J B 0 pressure of aniline at 300 K is 0.1 kPa. The
(C) N A N B 0 And J A J B 0 total molar concentration under these
(D) N A N B 0 And J A J B 0 conditions is 40.1 mol/m3 . The diffusivity of
[GATE 2015 : IIT Kanpur, 1 Mark] aniline in air is 0.74 105 m 2 /s
Q.4 The diffusion coefficient, in m2 /s , of acetic Q.6 The rate of evaporation of aniline is
acid in benzene (liquid in liquid) is 2.97 104 . Its units are
(A) mol/s (B) mol/(m 2 -s)
(A) 2.09 104 (B) 2.09 105
(C) 2.09 109 (D) 2.09 1012 (C) mol/(cm 2 -s) (D) kmol/(m 2 -s)
[GATE 2003 : IIT Madras, 1 Mark] [GATE 2004 : IIT Delhi, 1 Mark]
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 2 GATE ACADEMY®
Q.7 The numerical value of the mass transfer Q.11 A pure drug is administered as a sphere and
3
coefficient is 7.4 10 . Its units are as a cube. The amount of drug is the same in
the two tablets. Assuming that the shape and
(A) m/s (B) cm/s
size do not influence of mass transfer, the
(C) mol/(m 2 -s-Pa) (D) kmol/(m 2s-Pa) ratio of rate of dissolution in water at t 0 for
[GATE 2004 : IIT Delhi, 1 Mark] the cubic to spherical tablet is
(A) 0.54 (B) 1.04
Q.8 A spherical storage vessel is quarter-filled
with toluene. The diameter of the vent at the (C) 1.24 (D) 1.94
top of the vessel is 1/20th of the diameter of [GATE 2003 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks]
the vessel. Under the steady state condition, Q.12 A long cylinder and a sphere both of 5 cm
the diffusive flux of toluene is maximum at diameter are made from the same porous
material. The flat ends of cylinder are sealed.
(A) The surface of the liquid
Both the cylinder and sphere are saturated
(B) The mid-plane of the vessel with the same solution of sodium chloride.
(C) The vent Later, both the objects are immersed for a
(D) A distance 20 times the diameter of the short and equal interval of time in a large tank
vent away from the vent of water, which is well agitated. The fraction
of salt remaining in the cylinder and the
[GATE 2014 : IIT Kharagpur, 1 Mark]
sphere are X C and X S respectively. Which of
Q.9 Species A is diffusing at steady state from the
the following statements is correct?
surface of a sphere (radius = 1 cm) into a
stagnant fluid. If the diffusive flux at a (A) X C X S
distance r 3cm from the center of the (B) X C X S
sphere is 27 mol/cm2 -s , the diffusive flux (in (C) X C X S
mol/cm2 -s ) at a distance r 9cm is (D) X C is greater/less than X S depending on
(A) 1 (B) 3 the length of the cylinder.
(C) 9 (D) 27 [GATE 2004 : IIT Delhi, 2 Marks]
Q.13 Two solid discs of benzoic acid (molecular
[GATE 2009 : IIT Roorkee, 2 Marks]
weight = 122) of equal dimensions are
Q.10 Consider the following two cases for a binary spinning separately in large volumes of water
mixture of ideal gases A and B under steady and air at 300 K. The mass transfer
state conditions. In case 1, the diffusion of A coefficients for benzoic acid in water and air
occurs through non-diffusing B. In case 2,
are 0.9 105 and 0.47 102 m/s
equimolar counter diffusion of A and B
respectively. The solubility of benzoic acid in
occurs. In both the cases, the total pressure is
100 kPa and the partial pressures of A at two water is 3kg/m 3 and the equilibrium vapour
points separated by distance of 10 mm are 10 pressure of benzoic acid in air 0.04 kPa. Then
kPa and 5 kPa. Assume the Fick’s first law of the disc
diffusion is applicable. What is the ratio of (A) Dissolves faster in air than in water
molar flux of A in case 1 to that is case 2? (B) Dissolves faster in water than in air
(A) 0.58 (B) 1.08 (C) Dissolves at the same rate in both air and
water
(C) 1.58 (D) 2.18
(D) Does not dissolve either in water or in air
[GATE 2016 : IISc Bangalore, 2 Marks] [GATE 2005 : IIT Bombay, 2 Marks]
GATE ACADEMY® 3 Introduction Concept of Diffusion
Q.14 The following figure depicts steady one- Q.2 Gas A diffuses to the surface of a catalyst
dimensional diffusion of water vapour from where it is converted in to B according to the
the surface of water taken in a conical flask chemical reaction 3A B . The product B
at room temperature. Derive the governing diffuses back. The ratio of moles flux of A to
equation for determining the concentration B at steady state is
profile of water vapour in the gas medium. (A) 3 (B) 1/3
Neglect change of level of water due to (C) –3 (D) None of these
condensation. The temperatures of the gas
Q.3 The variation of the Knudsen diffusion
and the liquid media are identical and
coefficient ( DKA ) with the absolute
constant.
temperature (T) follows
(A) DKA T (B) DKAT 3/2
1
(C) DKAT 2 (D) DKAT 2
Q.4 For a binary mixture of components A and B,
N A and N B denote the total molar fluxes of
components A and B, respectively. J A and
d 2 CDWA dxW J B are the corresponding molar diffusive
(A) r 0
dz 1 xW dz flux. Which of the following is true for
d CDWA dxW equimolar counter diffusion in the binary
(B) 0
dz 1 xW dz mixture?
(A) N A N B 0 and J A J B 0
d CDWA dxW
(C) r 0
dz 1 xW dz (B) N A N B 0 and J A J B 0
d dxW (C) N A N B 0 and J A J B 0
(D) r CD 0
dz dz
WA
(D) N A N B 0 and J A J B 0
[GATE 2007 : IIT Kanpur, 2 Marks]
Q.5 For a component A of a mixture,
Assignment/Practice Questions concentration as a function of x is given;
Q.1 In a gas mixture of oxygen and nitrogen CA 5e10 x ( C A is in mol/liter). Calculate the
steady state equi-molal counter diffusion is value of diffusion velocity (m/s) of the
occurring at a total pressure of 101.325 kPa component A at the point ( X 0) , if
and temperature of 300C. If the concentration diffusivity of A in the mixture is
of oxygen at two planes 0.001 m a part, and 5
2.567 10 m /sec 2
perpendicular to the direction of diffusion are
(A) 0.256 m/s (B) 2.56 m/s
40 and 10 volume% respectively, calculate
(C) 3.7 m/s (D) None of these
the rate of diffusion of the oxygen, expressed
as kmol/m2-s Q.6 Which is correct for unsteady state mass
The molecular diffusivity of oxygen – transfer?
nitrogen mixture at 101.325K Pa and 300C is C Ai C A (t ) Ak
(A) exp L t
2.85×10-5 m2/s C Ai C AO V
(A) 3.496 105 (B) 34.96 105 C Ai C A (t ) Ak
5 5 (B) exp L t
(C) 24.96 10 (D) 37.8 10 C Ai C AO V
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 4 GATE ACADEMY®
C Ai C A0 Ak The disk is rotated along the horizontal plane
(C) exp L t
C Ai C A (t ) V at a fixed rpm to produce a uniform
concentration of the dissolving solute in the
(D) None of these
liquid.
Common Data for The convective mass transfer coefficient
Questions 7 & 8 under these conditions is k C . The
A thin liquid film flows at steady state along a equilibrium concentration of the solvent is
vertical surface as shown in the figure. The average C * . The time required for the concentration
velocity of liquid film is 0.05 m/s. The viscosity of to reach 1% of the saturation value is given
the liquid is 1 CP and its density is 1000 kg/m 3 . The by
initially pure liquid absorbs a sparingly soluble gas
from air as it flows down. The length of the wall is 2
m and its width is 0.5 m. The solubility of the gas in
the liquid is 3.4102 kmol/m3 and isothermal
conditions may be assumed.
K A
(A) exp C t 0.99
V
K A
(B) exp C t 0.01
V
V
(C) exp(0.99) t
AKC
Q.7 The mass transfer coefficient kC , avg (in m/s), V
(D) exp(0.01) t
averaged along the length of the vertical AKC
surface is
Q.10 A rectangular slab of thickness 2b along the
(A) 2.94 106 (B) 2.27 106 X-axis and extending to infinity along the
(C) 1.94 106 (D) 1.65 106 other direction is initially at concentration
Q.8 If the exit average concentration in the liquid C AO . At time t 0 , both surfaces of the slab
is measured to be 1.4 10 2 kmol/m3 , the ( x b) have their concentration increased
total mass transfer rate (in kmol/s) of the to C AW and maintained at the value. Solute A
sparingly soluble gas into the liquid is
diffuses into the solid. The dimensionless
(A) 0.133104 (B) 0.434 107 concentration C is defined as
(C) 3.4 102 (D) 17 102
C A C A0
Q.9 A sparingly soluble solute in the form of a C
C AW C A0
circular disk is dissolved in an organic
solvent as shown in the figure. The area The diffusivity of A inside the solid is
available for mass transfer from the disk is A assumed constant. At a certain time instant,
and the volume of the initially pure organic which one of the following is the correct
solvent is V. representation of the concentration profile?
GATE ACADEMY® 5 Introduction Concept of Diffusion
CAy CAi (1 e30 y )
Where y is the vertical positon in meters
(A) measured from the top of the wall.
In addition, use the following data and
assumptions
The flow is fully developed
The width of the film is much larger than
the thickness of the film, and the
dissolved gas concentration is invariant
over this width
(B) The solubility of the gas in water, CAi , is
constant
Pure water enters at y 0
The evaporation of water is negligible
The mass transfer coefficient on the liquid
side (in mm s 1 ), averaged over the entire
height of the falling film is ____(round off
(C) to 3 decimal places).
(D)
Q.11 Consider a vertically falling film of water
over an impermeable wall. The film is in
contact with a static pool of non-reactive pure
gas. The gas diffuses into the water film over
the entire height of the falling film. The
height of the film is 1.0 m, and its thickness
is 104 m . The velocity of water, averaged
over the film thickness, is 0.01 m s 1 . The gas
concentration (in kg m 3 ), averaged over the
film thickness is
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 6 GATE ACADEMY®
Answer Keys
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
1. D 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. A
6. D 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. B
11. C 12. C 13. B 14. A
Assignment/Practice Questions
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. A
6. A 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. C
11. 0.03
Assignment/Practice Solution
1. (B) 4. (D)
DAB ( PA1 PA2 ) N A J A YA N A N B
NA
RTZ N B J B YB N A N B
PA1 0.4 101.325 40.53 kPa
For EMCD, N A N B
PA2 0.1101.325 10.1325 kPa NA JA
R 8.314 m kPa / kmol K
3
NB JB
Z 0.001 m
N A NB 0
5
DAB 2.85 10 m /s 2
JA JB 0
5
2.85 10
NA (40.53 10.1325) 5. (A)
8.314 298 .001 CA 5e10 x
N A 1.1503 105 [30.3975]
dCA
= 34.96 105 K mol/m2.s 50e10 x
dx
2. (C) dC A
3 A →B 50
dx x 0
N A NB N
A 3 Diffusion velocity CA U A U
3 1 NB
dCA
3. (C) Fick’s Law J A DAB
The diffusion coefficient for Knudsen dx
Diffusivity is given as (at x direction)
2 dC A
Dk rp V C A U A U DAB
3 dx x 0
8RT 2.567 105 50
From KTG, V U A U
M 5 103
Dk T 1/2 U A U 0.256 m/s
GATE ACADEMY® 7 Introduction Concept of Diffusion
6. (A) Here, CA 1.4 102 kmol/m3
dCAo CA* 3.4 102 kmol/m3 , x L 2m
V K L A CAi C Ao
dt
Putting the values,
CA (t ) t
dC Ao K A
L dt 0.05 1.24 104
CAi Cao V 0 kL
C Ao 2
KL A 3.4 102 1.4 102
ln CAi CA0 CA ln
C (t )
t
Ao
V 3.4 102
kL 1.65 106 m/s
C C A (t )
A C (t )
KA
ln Ai t
C Ai C Ao CAo V Total mass transfer rate,
N A k L A(C Ai C Ao ) m …(iii)
C Ai C A (t ) KA
exp t
C Ai C Ao V Now, (C Ai C Ao ) m
7. (D) (3.4 102 0) (3.4 102 1.4 102 )
3.4 102 0
As calculated in from equation (ii), (from b ln 2 2
part) 3.4 10 1.4 10
The mass transfer coefficient 2.64 102 kmol/m3
kc , av 1.65 106 m/s
From equation (iii),
N A 1.65 106 (2 0.5) 2.64 102
8. (B)
N A 0.434 107 kmol/s
Given:
9. (A)
0.124 mm 1.24 104
Given:
V 0.05m/s, L 2m A is the area for mass transfer and V is the
Consider a differential elemental section of volume of the solvent.
thickness x , Applying the solute balance,
N A V b CA kL .b. x(CA* CA ) dC
V kC A(C * C )
dt
C A k L *
(C A C A ) Where, C is the concentration at t t
x v
dC kC A
C k C * C dt
CA* CA A vL dx V
k A
ln(C * C ) C t C1 … (i)
k x V
ln(C C A ) L C1
*
… (i)
V t 0, C 0
A
At
At, x 0 , CA 0 ln C* 0 C1
Putting the value of C1 in equation (i),
ln CA* C1
kC A
Putting value C1 in equation (i), ln(C * C ) t ln C *
V
kL x CA* CA kC A C * C
ln …(ii) t ln
V CA
*
V C*
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 8 GATE ACADEMY®
Given, C 0.01C * area of Cross section (w dy) Now, rate of
mass transfer = Flux × Area
Therefore,
Talking about area of mass transfer then we
kC A C * 0.01C *
t ln can say over the entire thickness of film, mass
V C* transfer is taking place which means area of
kC A mass transfer is (w.δ).
t ln(0.99)
V K L (C Ai C Ay )( wdy ) N A y dy NA
y (w)
k A
exp C t 0.99 Now, flux can be defined as
V
N A C A (u A 0) [Basic definition]
10. (C)
Hence,
v (w)
Curve (C) is the correct representation of the
K L (C Ai C Ay )( wdy ) C A y dy C A
concentration profile. y
11. K L (C Ai C Ay )dy C A y dy C A
y
y=0
Can be written as dCA
dC A
K L dy V
C Ai C Ay
Film
Thickness Integrating both sides,]
Wall y=L CA ( y 1)
)
h (w K L L V ln (CAi CA ( y)
i dt 0
W
V C Ai
Thickness of film 10 4 m KL ln Given
L C Ai C A ( y 1)
V (Average velocity) 0.01 m/s C A ( y ) C Ai (1 e30 y )
Width of film = ’w’, height (L) = 1m
C A (1) C Ai (1 e30 )
C Ay C Ai (1 e 30 y )
C Ai C A ( y 1) e30 C Ai
Which means at y 0, C Ay 0
V C Ai
Now K L ln
At y L 1m C Ay C Ai (1 e30 ) L C Ai e 30
Convective rate of mass transfer of pure gas V
KL ln e30
into water film = mass transfer rate at y = L – L
Mass transfer rate at y = 0 104 0.01
KL 30
K L (CAi CAy ) A wA wA 1
y dy
K L 3 105 m/sec
y
Where, K L is mass transfer coefficient A is
K L 0.03 mm/sec
Area over the differential block and is given
by (w dy). Clearly for the gas, the available
MT Coefficient,
2 MT Theories and
Dimensionless Nos
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions Q.5 The ratio of the thermal boundary layer
thickness to the concentration boundary
Q.1 The surface renewal frequency in
layer thickness is proportional to
Danckwerts’ model of mass transfer is given
(A) Nu (B) Le
by ( k L mass transfer coefficient in m/s).
(C) Sh (D) Pr
(A) k L2 DA (B) kL2 DA [GATE 2010 : IIT Guwahati, 1 Mark]
Q.6 Simultaneous heat and mass transfer are
k2 k
(C) L (D) L2 occurring in a fluid flowing over a flat plate.
DA DA The flow is laminar. The concentration
[GATE 2001 : IIT Kanpur, 1 Mark] boundary layer will coincide with the
Q.2 The Reynolds analogy for momentum, heat thermal boundary layer, when
and mass transfer is best applicable for (A) Sc = Nu (B) Sh = Nu
(A) Gases in turbulent flow (C) Sh = Pr (D) Sc = Pr
[GATE 2011 : IIT Madras, 1 Mark]
(B) Gases in laminar flow
Q.7 Which one of the following statements is
(C) Liquids in turbulent flow
correct for the surface renewal theory?
(D) Liquids and gases in laminar flow (A) Mass transfer takes place at steady state
[GATE 2002 : IISc Bangalore, 1 Mark] (B) Mass transfer takes place at unsteady
Q.3 The dimensionless group in mass transfer state
that is equivalent to Prandtl number in heat (C) Contact time is same for all the liquid
transfer is elements
(A) Nusselt number (B) Sherwood number (D) Mass transfer depends only on the film
resistance
(C) Schmidt number (D) Stanton number
[GATE 2014 : IIT Kharagpur, 1 Mark]
[GATE 2002 : IISc Bangalore, 1 Mark]
Q.8 A spherical naphthalene ball of 2 mm
Q.4 According to the penetration theory of mass diameter is sublimating very slowly in
transfer, the mass transfer coefficient (k)
stagnant air at 250 C . The change in the size
varies with diffusion coefficient (D) of the
of the ball during the sublimation can be
diffusing species as
neglected. The diffusivity of naphthalene in
(A) 0 (B) D 1/2 air at 250 C is 1.1 106 m 2 /s . Value of K c
(C) D1/2 (D) D3/2 is?
[GATE 2009 : IIT Roorkee, 1 Mark] [GATE 2015 : IIT Kanpur, 1 Mark]
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 10 GATE ACADEMY®
Q.9 According to the surface renewal theory, the (A) J D 0.664
unit of fractional rate of surface renewal is
(B) J D 0.664RL0.5
2 2 2 1
(A) m s (B) m s
(C) J D 0.664 Re L
(C) ms1 (D) s 1
[GATE 2018 : IIT Guwahati, 1 Mark] (D) J D 0.664 Re0.5
L SC
2/3
Q.10 The correct expression for the Colburn j – [GATE 2017 : IIT Roorkee, 2 Marks]
factor for mass transfer that relates Q.14 Match the variation of mass transfer
Sherwood number (Sh), Reynolds number coefficient given by the theory in Group I
(Re) and Schmidt number (Sc) is with the appropriate variation in Group II.
Sh Sh Group-I Group-II
(A) 1
(B) 1
(Re)(Sc) 3
(Re) (Sc) 2 P. Film theory 1. DAB
(C)
Sh
(D)
Sh Q. Penetration 2. DAB
2/3
1 1
2 3
(Re)(Sc) theory
(Re) (Sc)
R. Boundary 3. D1/2
[GATE 2019 : IIT Madras, 1 Mark] AB
layer theory
Q.11 Ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal
(A) P-1, Q-2, R-3 (B) P-2, Q-1, R-3
diffusivity is
(C) P-1, Q-3, R-2 (D) P-3, Q-2, R-1
(A) Peclet number (B) Nusselt number
(C) Reynolds number (D) Prandtl number [GATE 2005 : IIT Bombay, 2 Marks]
[GATE 2020 : IIT Delhi, 1 Mark] Q.15 The Reynolds number of the liquid was
increased 100 fold for a laminar falling film
Q.12 Experiments conducted with a sparingly
used for gas liquid contacting. Assuming the
dissolving cylinder wall in a flowing liquid
penetration theory is applicable, the fold-
yielded the following correlation for the
increase in the mass transfer coefficient ( kc )
Sherwood number
for the same system is
Sh 0.023( Re)0.83 ( Sc)1/3
(A) 100 (B) 10
Assuming the applicability of the Chilton-
(C) 5 (D) 1
Colburn analogy, the corresponding
correlation for heat transfer is [GATE 2003 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks]
(A) St 0.023(Gr )0.83 ( Pr )1/3 Q.16 A study was conducted in which water was
pumped through a cylindrical pipe made of a
(B) Nu 0.023( Re)0.83 ( Sc)1/3 sparingly soluble solid. For a given pipe and
(C) Nu 0.023( Re)0.83 ( Pr ) 2/3 certain flow conditions, the mass transfer
coefficient kc has been calculated as 1 mm/s
(D) Nu 0.069(We)0.5 ( Pr ) 4/3
using the correlation
[GATE 2006 : IIT Kharagpur, 2 Marks]
Sh 0.025 Re0.6 sc0.33
Q.13 The Sherwood number ( ShL ) correlation for
laminar flow over a flat plate of length L is If the velocity of the fluid and the diameter
1 of the pipe are both doubled, what is the new
given by ShL 0.664 Re Sc Reynolds
0.5
L
3
value of kc in mm/s up to 2 digits after the
number and Schmidt number respectively. decimal point.
Chilton-Colburn J D factor is [GATE 2013 : IIT Bombay, 2 Marks]
GATE ACADEMY® 11 MT Coefficient, MT Theories and Dimensionless Nos
Q.17 A spherical ball of benzoic acid (diameter = Q.2 According to Penetration theory, the mass
1.5 cm) is submerged in a pool of still water. transfer coefficient (k L ) depends on the
The solubility and diffusivity of benzoic exposure time (tc ) of an eddy to the solute.
acid in water are 0.03 kmol/m3 and
Select the correct dependence.
1.25 10 9 m 2 /s respectively. Sherwood
1
number is given as Sh 2.0 0.6 Re0.5 Sc 0.33 . (A) kL (B) k L te
te
The initial rate of dissolution (in kmol/s ) of
benzoic acid approximately is 1
(C) k L (D) kL te
te
(A) 3.54 1011 (B) 3.54 1012
Q.3 Lewis number = 1 signifies
(C) 3.54 1013 (D) 3.54 1014
(A) N pr N sc (B) N pr NRe
[GATE 2014 : IIT Kharagpur, 2 Marks]
(C) N sc N Re (D) N st N sh
Q.18 Two spherical camphor particles of radii 20
cm and 5 cm, far away from each other, are Q.4 Which one of the following statement is
undergoing sublimation in a stream of ah. correct for the surface renewal theory?
The mass transfer coefficient is proportional (A) Mass transfer takes place at steady state
1 (B) Mass transfer takes place at unsteady
to , where r (t ) is the radius of the
r (t ) state
sphere at time t. Assume that the partial (C) Contact time is same for all the liquid
pressure of camphor far away from the elements.
surface of the particle is zero. Also, assume (D) Mass transfer depends only an the film
quasi-steady state, identical ambient resistance
conditions, and negligible heat effects. If t1
and t 2 are the times required for complete
sublimation of the 20 cm and 5 cm camphor
t
particles, respectively, the ratio 1 is
t2
_______ (rounded off to one decimal place).
[GATE 2019 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks]
Assignment/Practice Questions
Q.1 The mass transfer coefficient for a solid
sphere of radius ‘r’, dissolving in a large
volume of quiescent liquid, in which D is
the diffusivity of the solute, is
(A) D/r
(B) D/2r
(C) Proportional to D0.5
(D) Dependent on Reynolds number
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 12 GATE ACADEMY®
Answer Keys
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
1. C 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B
6. D 7. B 8. 1.1 9. D 10. A
11. D 12. B 13. B 14. C 15. B
16. 1.15 17. B 18. 8
Assignment/Practice Questions
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. B
Assignment/Practice Solution
1. (A) Sc
3. Le 1
kL Pr
Sh Sc Pr
D
For solid sphere of radius r, Sh 2 4. Surface Renewal Theory is an unsteady state
theory
KL
2 Contact time is different for all liquid
D
elements
Film Theory acquaints with film resistance.
Ld
d 2r
2D
K
L
2D D
K
2r r
2. (A)
By Penetration Theory,
4DAB
KL
tC
1
KL
tC
3 Inter Phase Mass Transfer
Q.3 Assuming the mass transfer coefficients in
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
the gas and the liquid phases are
Q.1 Consider steady state mass transfer of a comparable, the absorption of CO2 reformer
solute A from a gas phase to a liquid phase.
gas ( CO2 H 2 ) into an aqueous solution of
The phase bulk and interface mole fractions
are yA, G and y A, i respectively. The liquid Diethanol amine is controlled by
phase bulk and interface mole fraction are (A) Gas phase resistance
x A, L and x A, i respectively. (B) Liquid phase resistance
xAi xAL (C) Both gas and liquid phase resistances
The ratio is very close to zero.
y AG y Ai
(D) Composition of the reformer gas
This implies that mass transfer resistance is
(A) Negligible in the gas phase only [GATE 2014 : IIT Kharagpur, 1 Mark]
(B) Negligible in the liquid phase only Q.4 For absorption of H 2 S from a mixture with
(C) Negligible in both phases hydrocarbon vapour into an aqueous alkanol
(D) Considerable in both phase amine solution, the liquid phase mass
[GATE 2017 : IIT Roorkee, 1 Mark] transfer resistance is
Q.2 For which of the following combinations, (A) Significantly higher than that of the gas
does the absorption operation become gas- phase
film controlled?
P. The solubility of gas in the liquid is very (B) Negligible compared to that of the gas
high. phase
Q. The solubility of gas in the liquid is very (C) Equal to that of the gas phase
low.
(D) Dependent on the gas phase mass
R. The liquid-side mass transfer coefficient transfer resistance
is much higher than the gas-side mass
transfer coefficient. [GATE 2018 : IIT Guwahati, 1 Mark]
S. The liquid-side mass transfer coefficient Q.5 Pure gas P is being absorbed into a liquid.
is much lower than the gas-side mass The dissolved P undergoes an irreversible
transfer coefficient. reaction in the liquid film. The reaction is
(A) P and Q (B) P and R first order with respect to P. Which one of
(C) P and S (D) Q and R the following represents the concentration
[GATE 2012 : IIT Delhi, 1 Mark] profile of P in the liquid film at steady state?
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 14 GATE ACADEMY®
Q.7 Consider a steady state mass transfer process
between well-mixed liquid and vapour
(A) phases of a binary mixture comprising of
components A and B. The mole fractions of
components A in the bulk liquid ( x A ) and
bulk vapour ( y A ) phases are 0.36 and 0.16,
respectively. The mass transfer coefficients
for component ‘A’ in liquid and vapour
(B) phases are 0.1mol/(m 2s) and
0.05 mol/(m 2s) respectively. The vapour-
liquid equilibrium can be approximated as
y*A 2 xA for y A less than 0.4. The mole
fraction of A in the liquid at the interface
(up to two decimal places) is
(C) [GATE 2015 : IIT Kanpur, 2 Marks]
Q.8 The individual mass transfer coefficients (
mol/m2 -s ) for absorption of a solute from a
gas mixture into a liquid solvent are
K L 4.5 and KG 1.5 . The slope of the
equilibrium line is 3. Which of the following
resistance(s) is/are controlling?
(D) (A) Liquid side
(B) Gas side
(C) Interfacial
(D) Both liquid and gas sides
[GATE 2020 : IIT Delhi, 1 Mark] [GATE 2000 : IIT Kharagpur, 2 Marks]
Q.6 Air concentrated with solute P is brought in Q.9 A gas mixture is in contact with a liquid.
contact with water. At steady state, the bulk Component P in the gas mixture is highly
concentrations of P in air and water are 0.3 soluble in the liquid. Possible concentration
and 0.02 respectively. The equilibrium profiles during absorption of P are shown in
equation relating the interface compositions the choices, where
is y p , i 0.25 x p , i . Assume that the mass x Mole fraction of P in bulk liquid
transfer coefficients FG and FL are identical. y Mole fraction of P in bulk gas
The gas phase mole fraction of P at the xi Mole fraction of P at the interface in
interface ( y p , i ) is liquid
(A) 0.0663 (B) 0.075 yi Mole fraction of P at the interface in
gas
(C) 0.16 (D) 0.3
y* Equilibrium gas phase mole fraction
[GATE 2008 : IISc Bangalore, 2 Marks] corresponding to xi .
GATE ACADEMY® 15 Interphase Mass Transfer
(A) Assignment/Practice Questions
Q.1 Experiments were conducted to determine
the flux for species a in a stagnant medium
across gas liquid interface. The overall mass
transfer coefficient based on liquid side for
dilute system ( K x ) for the above was
(B) estimated to be 4 103 kmol/m 2 sec .
The equilibrium data is given as y 2x .
Find out the flux in kmol/m2 sec for the bulk
concentration of A in gas ( y AG ) and liquid
phase ( X AL ) are y 0.4 and X 0.01
(A) 2.51104 (B) 7.6 104
(C)
(C) 7.6 103 (D) 8.5 104
(D)
[GATE 2011 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks]
Q.10 Two film theory applies for absorption of a
solute from a gas mixture into a liquid
solvent. The interfacial mass transfer
coefficient (in mol m2s1 ) for the gas side is
0.1 and for the liquid side is 3. The
equilibrium relationship is y * 2 x , where
x and y * are mole fractions of the solute in
the liquid and gas phases, respectively. The
ratio of the mass transfer resistance in the
liquid film to the overall resistance is
(A) 0.0161 (B) 0.0322
(C) 0.0625 (D) 0.0645
[GATE 2020 : IIT Delhi, 2 Marks]
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 16 GATE ACADEMY®
Answer Keys
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. B
6. A 7. 0.22 8. D 9. A 10. C
Assignment/Practice Questions
1. C
Assignment/Practice Solution
1. (C)
Stagnant medium N B 0
K x' 4 103 y 2x
0.4
xAi 0.2 y AG 0.4
2
x AL 0.01
1 xAL 1 xA*
1 xA m
1 xAL
ln
1 xA*
0.99 08
0.8916
0.99
ln
0.8
1 xA m 0.8916
K x'
N A x * x
1 xA m A AL
4 103
0.2 0.01 8.5 104
0.8916
4 Absorption & Stripping
Q.4 The ratio of the liquid to gas flow rate in a
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
countercurrent gas absorption column is
Q.1 The absorption factor is defined as increased at otherwise identical conditions.
L G Which one of the following statements is
(A) (B)
mG mL true?
mL LG (A) The operating line shifts towards the
(C) (D)
G m equilibrium curve.
[GATE 2000 : IIT Kharagpur, 1 Mark] (B) The operating line shifts away from the
Q.2 For gas absorption the height of a transfer equilibrium curve.
unit based on the gas phase is given by ( G
(C) The concentration of the absorbed
Superficial molar gas velocity, L
species increases in the exit liquid
Superficial molar liquid velocity, FG Mass
stream.
transfer coefficient in mol/m2 -s , a
(D) The operating line does not shift.
Interfacial area per unit volume of tower).
G F [GATE 2009 : IIT Roorkee, 1 Mark]
(A) (B) G
FG a Ga Q.5 Acetone is to be removed from air in an
Ga L isothermal dilute absorber using pure water
(C) (D) as solvent. The incoming air contains 5
FG FG G
mol% of acetone ( y 0.05 ). The design
[GATE 2001 : IIT Kanpur, 1 Mark]
equation to be used for obtaining the number
Q.3 In a countercurrent gas absorbed, both the
of trays (N) of the absorber is
operating and equilibrium relations are
linear. The inlet liquid compositions and the Y
N 2 6log in . For 98% recovery of
exit gas composition are maintained Yout
constant. In order to increase the absorption acetone, the number minimum of trays
factor. required is/are
(A) The liquid flow rate should decrease (A) 1 (B) 8
(B) The gas flow rate should increase
(C) 9 (D) 10
(C) The slope of the equilibrium line should
increase [GATE 2004 : IIT Delhi, 1 Mark]
(D) The slope of the equilibrium line should Q.6 Benzene is removed from air by absorbing it
decrease in a non-volatile wash-oil at 100 kPa in a
[GATE 2008 : IISc Bangalore, 1 Mark] counter-current gas absorbed.
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 18 GATE ACADEMY®
Gas flow rate is 100 mol/min, which Q.9 H 2S is being absorbed in a gas absorber unit.
includes 2 mol/min of benzene. The flow The height of the transfer unit based on the
rate of wash-oil is 50 mol/min. vapour overall mass transfer coefficient on the gas
pressure of benzene at the column side is 0.4 m. The equilibrium data given by
conditions is 50 kPa. Benzene forms an ideal Y 1.5 X . The bulk concentration of H 2S
solution with the wash-oil and the column is
has to be reduced from 0.05 and 0.001 mole
operating at steady state. Gas phase can be
ratios in the gas side. The height of the
assumed to follow ideal gas law. Neglect the
tower (in metre) corresponding to an
change in molar flow rates of liquid and gas
operating line given by Y 5 X 0.001 is
phases inside the column.
[GATE 2015 : IIT Kanpur, 1 Mark] (A) 2.0 (B) 1.56
Q.7 Two packed towers are designed for the
(C) 1.0 (D) 0.56
same mass velocity of the gas. The first has
liquid and gas flow rates of 30 kg/s and 1.2 [GATE 2003 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks]
kg/s, respectively, while the corresponding
Q.10 Benzene in an air-benzene mixture is to be
flow rates in the second tower are 67.5 kg/s
reduced from 5.2 mol% in the feed to 0.5
and 1.8 kg/s. The ratio of the design
mol% by contacting with wash oil in
diameter of the wider tower to that of the
multistage countercurrent gas absorber. The
narrower tower is
inlet flow rate of air benzene mixture is 10
(A) 2 (B) 1.8
mol/s while benzene free wash oil comes in
(C) 1.5 (D) 1.225
at 9.5 mol/s. If the equilibrium curve is
[GATE 2018 : IIT Guwahati, 1 Mark]
given as Y * X where Y * and X are
Q.8 Given the following statements listed from equilibrium mole ratios of benzene in air
(P) to (T), select the correct combination of and benzene in air, the number of
true statements from the choices that follow equilibrium stages required to achieve the
this list. above separation will be
(P) Plate columns are preferred when the
operation involves liquid containing
suspended solids.
(Q) Packed towers are preferred if the liquids
have a large foaming tendency.
(R) The pressure drop through packed
towers is more than the pressure drop
through plate columns designed for the
same duty.
(S) Packed columns are preferred when
large temperature changes are involved
in distillation operations.
(T) Packed towers are cheaper than plate
towers if highly corrosive fluids are
handled. (A) 12 (B) 10
(A) T, S, P (B) P, Q, T
(C) 8 (D) 6
(C) S, R, T (D) R, Q, S
[GATE 2007 : IIT Kanpur, 2 Marks] [GATE 2007 : IIT Kanpur, 2 Marks]
GATE ACADEMY® 19 Absorption & Stripping
Q.11 In a counter current stripping operation In addition, use the following data and
using pure stream, the mole ratio of a solute assumptions
in the liquid stream is reduced from 0.25 to Column operates under isothermal
0.05. The liquid feed flow rate on a solute conditions
free basis is 3 mol/s. The equilibrium line At the operating temperature of the
for the system is given below.
0.15
column, y* 40 x where y * is the mole
fraction of SO 2 at a mole fraction of x
Equilibrium Solution is dilute and the operating line
Line
Y is linear
Negligible amount of water evaporates
The number of transfer units (NTU) for
0 X 0.25
this column is
Where, Y Mole ratio in gas phase
X Mole ratio in liquid phase (A) 0.5 (B) 1.0
The minimum flow rate of pure stream for (C) 1.5 (D) 2.0
this purpose, rounded to 1 decimal place, is [GATE 2020 : IIT Delhi, 2 Marks]
(mol/s). Assignment/Practice Questions
[GATE 2017 : IIT Roorkee, 2 Marks]
Q.12 A countercurrent absorption tower is Q.1 A packed bed has a bulk density b 510 m3
designed to remove 95% of component A and the particles have density p 770 m3 .
from an incoming binary gas mixture using
pure solvent B. The mole ratio of A in the The bed porosity is
inlet gas is 0.02. The carrier gas flow rate is (A) 66% (B) 51%
50 kmol/h. The equilibrium relation is given (C) 34% (D) 80%
by Y = 2X, where Y and X are the mole ratios
of A in the gas and liquid phases, Q.2 In a continuous counter current packed
respectively. If the tower is operated at twice absorber operating on very dilute
the minimum solvent flow rate, the mole concentrations, the volumetric gas mass
ratio of A in the exit liquid stream is transfer coefficient is proportional to G0.8.
__________ (rounded off to three decimal Where G is the gas flow rate in moles per
places). unit time per unit empty area.
[GATE 2019 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks]
If G is doubled what will be the ratio of the
Q.13 SO 2 from air is absorbed by pure water in a height of gas transfer unit at the increased
counter current packed column operating at gas flow rate to the one at the original gas
constant pressure. The compositions and the
flow rate. (Assume the flow rates are below
flow rates of the streams are shown in the
figure. the loading point)
flow rate of pure water 2kmols 1 (A) 20.8 (B) 20.2
SO 2 air
(C) 2-0.8 (D) 2-0.2
mole fraction of SO2 0.005
Q.3 Absorption towers are operated under
conditions of
(A) High pressure, low temperature
(B) High temperature, low pressure
total flow of (SO 2 air) 0.05kmols
1 SO 2 water (C) Low pressure, low temperature
mole fraction of SO2 0.015
(D) None of these
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 20 GATE ACADEMY®
Q.4 The ratio of the liquid to gas flow rate in a Q.8 Kremser -Brown- Sounders equation is used
counter-current gas absorption column is to calculate
increased at otherwise identical conditions. (A) NTU
Which one of the following statement is (B) HTU
true? (C) Plate Spacing
(A) The operating line shifts towards the (D) Number of ideal plates in plate Column
equilibrium curve Q.9 The packing of an existing absorption tower
is replaced with a new type of packing. The
(B) The operating line shifts away from the
height of the packing and the inlet condition
equilibrium curve
are maintained the same as before. Tests
(C) The concentration of the absorbed
reveal that the number of transfer unit is
species increase in the exit liquid
lower than before. This indicates that the
stream.
tower with the new packing when compared
(D) The operating line dies not shift. to that with old packing, will
Q.5 A pure gas is absorbed in a solvent in which (A) Have a higher rate of absorption of the
the gas is highly soluble. The controlling solute from the gas stream
resistance is (B) Have a lower rate of absorption of the
(A) In the gas film solute from the gas stream
(B) In the liquid film (C) Have a same rate of absorption of the
solute from the gas stream
(C) In the interface
(D) Have lower height of transfer unit
(D) Any of the above Q.10 In a multistage countercurrent isothermal
Q.6 NTU can be considered as a stripping column, the feed containing 0.05
(A) Performance concept of the equipment mol of solute/mol solute free oil is treated
(B) Measure of approach to ideality with steam. The absorption factor A 0.65 .
(C) Measure of difficulty of separation The equilibrium relation is given Y * 2 X ,
where Y * and X refer to the equilibrium
(D) Measure of departure from ideality
mole ratio in the steam and oil phases
Q.7 The packing of an existing absorption tower
respectively. The Kremser equation is given
is replaced with a new type of packing. The
as follows (‘0’ refers liquid inlet at the top,
height of the packing and the inlet
N p refers to the last stage at the bottom).
conditions are maintained the same as
before. Tests reveal that the number of YN 1
X 0 p
transfer units is lower than before. This m
indicates that the tower with the new log (1 A) A
X YN p 1
packing. When compared to that with the N p
m
old packing, will
Np
(A) Have a higher rate of absorption of the 1
log
solute from the gas stream. A
If the steam is initially free of solute and its
(B) Have a lower rate of absorption of the
exit molar ratio (mol solute/mol steam) is
solute from the gas stream.
0.0624, then the number of equilibrium
(C) Have the same rate of absorption of the
stages required is
solute from the gas stream.
(A) 4.2 (B) 5.2
(D) Have a lower height of transfer unit. (C) 7.2 (D) 8.2
GATE ACADEMY® 21 Absorption & Stripping
Q.11 Water is used to absorb ammonia from a gas
mixture in a single separation stage
contactor. The process is schematically
represented in the figure below.
Y0 0.1 Y
V 2mol/s
X0 0 X
L 1mol/s
The molar gas and liquid flow rates and the
inlet mole ratios are given in the figure.
Both the liquid and the gas phases are well
mixed, and the equilibrium relation between
y and x is given by Y * X .
If the stage is ideal, then the value of Y is
1 1
(A) (B)
15 10
2 1
(C) (D)
15 6
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 22 GATE ACADEMY®
Answer Keys
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
1. A 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C
6. 1.02 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. B
11. 4 12. 0.005 13. D
Assignment/Practice Questions
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A
6. C 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. B
11. A
Assignment/Practice Solution
G
1. (C) HTU
G 0.8
Packed bed has a bulk density HTU G 0.2
packed 510 m3 When G is doubled
And particles have density practical 770 m3 HTU 20.2
3. (A)
Porosity () 1 packed
Low Temperature, High Pressure
partical
4. (B)
510
1 34% For Counter – Current Absorption
770
2. (B)
G
HTU
ky a
kmol m2
kg 2 ,a 3
m .sec m
kmol
ky a=
m3 sec
Y2 Y1 L
s
ky a Volumetric gas mass transfer X 2 X 1 Gs
coefficient
Ls
G If
HTU Where ky a G 0.8 Gs
ky a
(B) The OL shifts away from equation curve
GATE ACADEMY® 23 Absorption & Stripping
5. (A)
Absorption takes place from Gas to liquid
side. YN 1
X 0 p
m (1 A) A
log
Hence, the liquid phase resistance should be
as minimum as possible. X YN p 1
Therefore, overall resistance is given by gas N p m
Np
side 1
log
6. (C) A
NTU determines the measurement of Putting values,
difficulty of separation
7. (C)
As NTU is the measurement of difficulty of .05 0
log (1 0.65) 0.65
separation, the column with new packing Np 0.002 0
has lower NTU. Hence there by decreasing 1
log
the rate of absorption of the solute from the 0.65
gas stream. N p 5.2
8. (D)
11. (A)
No, of Ideal plate’s column
9. (B)
When NTU is less than earlier, the new
absorption tower will have low rate of
absorption of solute from gas stream.
10. (B) Applying the ammonia balance,
2 0.1 1 0 2 y * 1 x
Given :
2 y * x 0.2
X 0 0.05, YN p 1 0
Given, y* x
Y1 0.0624 3 y* 0.2
Y* 2 X m 2 y*
1
L 15
And A 0.65
mv
L
Or 2 0.65 1.3
V
Applying the solute balance,
L( X 0 X N p ) V (Y1 YN p 1 )
L
(0.05 X N p ) 0.0624 0
V
1.3(0.05 X N p ) 0.0624
X N p 0.002
Now given that,
5 Distillation
Q.3 In a tray column, separating a binary
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
mixture, with non-ideal stages, which one of
Q.1 Minimum reflux ratio in a distillation the following statements is true?
column results in (A) Point efficiency can exceed 100%.
(A) Optimum number of trays (B) Murphree efficiency cannot exceed
100%.
(B) Minimum reboiler size
(C) Murphree efficiency can exceed 100%.
(C) Minimum condenser size (D) Both Murphree and point efficiencies
(D) Minimum number of trays can exceed 100%.
[GATE 2005 : IIT Bombay, 1 Mark]
[GATE 2003 : IIT Madras, 1 Mark]
Q.4 In the Mc-Cabe-Thiele diagram, if the X-
Q.2 A distillation column separates 10000 kg/h coordinate of the point of intersection of the
of a benzene-toluene mixture as shown in q-line and the vapour-liquid equilibrium
the figure below. In the figure, X F , X D and curve is greater than the X-coordinate of the
X W , represent the weight fraction of feed point, then the quality of the feed is
benzene in the feed, distillate and residue (A) Superheated vapour
respectively. The reflux ratio is (B) Liquid below bubble point
(C) Saturated vapour
(D) Saturated liquid
[GATE 2012 : IIT Delhi, 1 Mark]
Q.5 Identify the Wrong statement amongst the
following
(A) Steam distillation is used for mixture
that are immiscible with water
(B) Vacuum distillation is used for mixtures
that are miscible with water
(C) Steam distillation is used for mixtures
that are miscible with water
(A) 0.5 (B) 0.6 (D) Vacuum distillation columns have larger
(C) 1.0 (D) 2.0 diameters as compared to atmospheric
columns for the same throughout.
[GATE 2004 : IIT Delhi, 1 Mark]
[GATE 2015 : IIT Kanpur, 1 Mark]
GATE ACADEMY® 25 Distillation
Q.6 A binary liquid mixture of benzene and Q.10 According to the Fenske equation, what will
toluene contains 20 mol% benzene. At 350 be the minimum of plates required in a
K the vapour pressures of pure benzene and distillation column to separate an equimolar
pure toluene are 92 kPa and 35 kPa, binary mixture of components A and B into
respectively. The mixture follows Raoult’s an overhead fraction containing 99 mol% A
law. The equilibrium vapour phase mole and a bottoms fraction containing 98 mol%
fraction (rounded off to the second decimal B?
place) of benzene in contact with this liquid [Assume that the relative volatility
mixture at 350 K is______________ ( AB 2 ) does not change appreciably in
[GATE 2016 : IISc Bangalore, 1 Mark] the column]
Q.7 The composition of vapour entering a tray in
(A) 5 (B) 9
a distillation column is 0.47. The average
composition of the vapour leaving the tray is (C) 12 (D) 28
0.53. The equilibrium composition of the [GATE 2002 : IISc Bangalore, 2 Marks]
vapour corresponding to the liquid leaving Q.11 In distillation column sizing calculations by
this tray is 0.52. All the compositions are short cut methods, match the following.
expressed in mole fraction of the mass P. Underwood’s 1. Number of real
volatile component. The Murphree equation trays
efficiency based on the vapour phase, Q. Fenske 2. Column
rounded to the nearest integer, is ________ equation diameter
(in %).
R. Gilliland’s 3. Minimum
[GATE 2017 : IIT Roorkee, 1 Mark]
equation number of ideal
Q.8 Consider a batch distillation process for an
trays
equimolar mixture of benzene and toluene at
atmospheric pressure. The mole fraction of S. Vapour 4. Actual number
benzene in the distillate collected after 10 velocity at of ideal
minutes is 0.6. The process in further flooding
continued for additional 10 minutes. The
mole fraction of benzene in the total 5. Minimum reflux
distillate collected after 20 minutes of ratio
operation is 6. Tray efficiency
(A) Less than 0.6
(B) Exactly equal to 0.7 (A) P-1, Q-3, R-4, S-6
(C) Greater than 0.7 (B) P-2, Q-5. R-1, S-3
(D) Exactly equal to 0.6 (C) P-5, Q-3, R-6, S-2
[GATE 2020 : IIT Delhi, 1 Mark] (D) P-5, Q-3, R-4, S-2
Q.9 The flooding velocity in a plate column, [GATE 2003 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks]
operating at 1 atm pressure, 3 m/s. If the
column is operated at 2 atm pressure under Q.12 An aqueous solution of methanol is to be
otherwise identical conditions, the flooding distilled in a tray column. High-pressure
velocity will be steam is available as a source of heat. For a
3 3 given reflux ratio and overhead composition,
(A) (B)
2 2 two options are being explored.
3 1. A reboiler is used and
(C) 1 (D)
4 2. No reboiler is used but steam is fed
[GATE 2010 : IIT Guwahati, 1 Mark] directly to the bottom of the column.
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 26 GATE ACADEMY®
As compared to option 1 in option 2, xw
xm
(A) Less number of trays are required, log (1 A) A
x xw
(B) Composition of the residue remains w
(A) N p m 1
unchanged 1
log
A
(C) More number of trays are required but
the residue composition remains xw
unchanged xm
log (1 A) A
(D) More number of trays are required and x xw
w
the residue composition is more dilute in (B) N p 1
1
methanol log
A
[GATE 2004 : IIT Delhi, 2 Marks]
xw
Q.13 For a two phase feed, where 80% of the feed xm
log (1 A) A
is vaporized under column conditions, the x xw
feed line slope in the McCabe-Thiele w
(C) N p m
method for distillation column design is 1
log
A
1 1
(A) (B)
4 4 xw
xm
(C) 4 (D) 4 log (1 A) A
x xw
[GATE 2005 : IIT Bombay, 2 Marks] w
(D) N p m 2
1
Q.14 In a distillation operation, it is desired to log
A
have a very high purity bottom product.
Initially a kettle-type reboiler is used at the [GATE 2007 : IIT Kanpur, 2 Marks]
bottom of the column and the following
Q.15 A binary distillation column is operating
analytical equation is used to obtain the
with a mixture feed containing 20 mol%
equilibrium trays in the exhausting section
vapour. If the feed quality is changed to 80
of the column
mol% vapour, the change in the slope of the
xw q line is _________.
xm
log (1 A) A [GATE 2014 : IIT Kharagpur, 2 Marks]
x xw
w
N p m 1 Q.16 A binary distillation column is to be
1 designed using McCabe Thiele method. The
log
A distillate contains 90 mol% of the more
Where, xm is the composition of the liquid volatile component. The point of
intersection of the q-line with the
leaving tray m . Tray m is the last
equilibrium curve is (0.5, 0.7). The
equilibrium tray obtained by a McCabe-
minimum reflux ratio (rounded off to the
Thiele graph of the exhausting section. If the
first decimal place) for this operation is
kettle-type reboiler is replaced by a thermo-
____
syphon reboiler, the analytical equation for
the exhausting section will be [GATE 2016 : IISc Bangalore, 2 Marks]
GATE ACADEMY® 27 Distillation
Q.17 A binary distillation column is designed by Q.20 A distillation column with N plates is being
McCabe-Thiele method to get a distillate operated under normal conditions. At some
mole fraction of 0.9. The enriching section point in times the operation is shifted to total
operating line has an intercept with y-axis at reflux condition (i.e. no product and residue
0.3 mole fraction. The ratio of liquid to are being withdrawn and feed to the column
vapour molar flow rate in the enriching is stopped). At the new steady state,
section is _________ (rounded off to third (A) Composition of vapors and that of liquid
decimal place). do not vary throughout the column.
[GATE 2018 : IIT Guwahati, 2 Marks] (B) Reboiler load and condenser load are
Q.18 A binary mixture with components A and B minimum
is to be separated in a distillation column to (C) The top and bottom compositions are
obtain 95 mol% A as the top product. The unchanged with and without total reflux
binary mixture has a constant relative (D) The top and bottom compositions
volatility AB 2 . The column feed is a correspond to the maximum enrichment
achievable
saturated liquid containing 50 mol% A.
[GATE 2004 : IIT Delhi, 2 Marks]
Under the usual simplifying assumptions
Q.21 In a distillation operation, what is the effect
such as constant molar overflow, negligible
of the temperature of the reflux stream
heat loss, ideal trays, the minimum reflux
(given below) on the condenser and reboiler
ratio for this separation is ___________
loads? Reflux conditions.
(rounded off to one decimal place).
1. Reflux stream is completely liquid and is
[GATE 2019 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks] at its bubble point.
Q.19 Consider the equilibrium data for methanol- 2. Reflux stream is below its bubble point.
water system at 1 bar given in the figure (A) Condenser and reboiler loads are the
below. same in both the cases
(B) Reboiler load is the same in both the
cases but condenser load is higher in
case 2
(C) Condenser load is the same in both the
cases but reboiler load is higher in case 2
(D) Both condenser and reboiler loads are
higher in case 2 as compared to case 1.
[GATE 2004 : IIT Delhi, 2 Marks]
Q.22 A separation column for vapour-liquid
contact processes 200 kmol/h of vapour. The
flooding velocity is 3 m/s. If the column
A distillation column operating at 1.0 bar is operates at 85% of flooding velocity and the
required to produce 92 mol % methanol. The down comer area is 10% of the total cross-
feed is a saturated liquid. It is an equimolar sectional area, what is the diameter of the
mixture of methanol and water. The column? Average density of vapour
minimum reflux ratio is
2 kg/m3 and its molecular weight = 44.
(A) 0.33 (B) 0.50
(A) 0.82 m (B) 0.72 m
(C) 0.54 (D) 1.17 (C) 0.78 m (D) 1 m
[GATE 2020 : IIT Delhi, 2 Marks] [GATE 2005 : IIT Bombay, 2 Marks]
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 28 GATE ACADEMY®
Q.26 In a binary mixture containing components
Questions 34 & 35Common
A and B, the relative volatility of A with
Data for
respect to B is 2.5 when mole fractions are
Questions 23 & 24
used. The molecular weights of A and B are
A binary distillation column separates 100 mol/h of
78 and 92 respectively. If the compositions
a feed mixture into distillate D and residue W. The
are, however, expressed in mass fractions,
McCabe-Thiele diagram for this process is given
then the relative volatility will be
below. The relative volatility for the binary system
is constant at 2.4 (A) 1.18 (B) 2.12
(C) 2.5 (D) 2.95
[GATE 2008 : IISc Bangalore, 2 Marks]
Common Data for
Questions & 6.69
The binary feed mixture containing equimolar
quantities of components S and T is to be distilled
in a fractionating tower at atmospheric pressure.
The distillate contains 96 mol% S. The q-line (Feed
line) intersects the equilibrium line at x ' 0.46 and
y ' 0.66 , where x ' and y ' are mole fractions.
Assume that the McCabe-Thiele method is
Q.23 The minimum number of theoretical stages applicable and the relative volatility is constant.
(inclusive of reboiler) for this process is Q.27 The feed is
(A) 5.2 (B) 6.1 (A) At dew point
(C) 7.8 (D) infinite (B) At bubble point
[GATE 2006 : IIT Kharagpur, 2 Marks] (C) Superheated vapour
(D) Partially vapour
Q.24 The ratio of liquid to vapour molar flow
rates in the rectifying section is [GATE 2011 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks]
Q.28 The minimum reflux ratio is
(A) 0.64 (B) 1.00
(A) 1.6 (B) 1.5
(C) 1.55 (D) 1.80
(C) 0.66 (D) 0.6
[GATE 2006 : IIT Kharagpur, 2 Marks] [GATE 2011 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks]
Q.25 The distillate and residue flow rates (in Q.29 An equimolar mixture of A and B (A being
mol/h) are more volatile) is flash distilled continuously
(A) D 48.4,W 51.6 at a feed rate of 100kmol/h such that the
liquid product contains 40 mol% of A. If the
(B) D 51.6,W 48.4 relative volatility is 6, then the vapour
(C) D 54.7,W 45.3 product in kmol/h is
(A) 10 (B) 20
(D) D 45.3,W 54.7
(C) 25 (D) 45
[GATE 2006 : IIT Kharagpur, 2 Marks] [GATE 2012 : IIT Delhi, 2 Marks]
GATE ACADEMY® 29 Distillation
Q.30 The vapour-liquid equilibrium curve of a The average mole fraction of A in the
binary mixture A-B may be approximated distillate is
by a linear equation over a narrow range of
(A) 0.43 (B) 0.61
liquid mole fraction (0.2 x A 0.3) as
follows (C) 0.69 (D) 0.73
y A 1.325 x A 0.121 [GATE 2006 : IIT Kharagpur, 2 Marks]
Q.33 A batch distillation operation is carried out
Here y A is the mole fraction of A in the
to separate a feed containing 100 moles of a
vapour. 100 moles of a feed ( x AF 0.28 ) is binary mixture of A and B. The mole
batch distilled to a final residue ( xa , w 0.2 ). fraction of A in the feed is 0.7. The
Using the Rayleigh equation the number of distillation progresses until the mole fraction
moles of the residue left behind in the of A in the residue decreases to 0.6. The
distillation unit, up to 2 digits after the equilibrium curve in this composition range
decimal point, is may be linearized to y* 0.7353x 0.3088 .
[GATE 2013 : IIT Bombay, 2 Marks] Here, x and y are the mole fractions of the
more volatile component A in the liquid and
Q.31 A saturated vapour is fed to a distillation
vapour phases respectively. The number of
column at 180 kmol/h. Both the rectifying
moles of residue is
and stripping section of the column operate
at 60% of their respective flooding (A) 73.53 (B) 48.02
velocities. The flooding velocity of the (C) 40 (D) 30.24
rectifying section is twice that of the
stripping section. The assumptions of [GATE 2008 : IISc Bangalore, 2 Marks]
constant molar overflow and constant molar
vapour density throughout the column are Common Data for
valid. If the boil-up rate is 60 kmol/h, then
the relationship between the diameters of the
rectifying section ( d r ) and the stripping A flash distillation drum (see figure below) is used
to separate a methanol-water mixture. The mole
section (d s ) is
fraction of methanol in the feed is 0.5 and the feed
(A) d r 2d s (B) d r 3d s flow rate is 1000 kmol/h. The feed is preheated in a
heater with heat duty Qh and is subsequently flashed
(C) d r 2d s (D) d r 3d s in the drum. The flash drum can be assumed to be
[GATE 2006 : IIT Kharagpur, 2 Marks] an equilibrium stage, operating adiabatically. The
equilibrium relation between the mole fractions of
Q.32 100 mol of a binary mixture F containing 60
methanol in the vapour and liquid phases is y* 4x .
mol% A (more volatile) and 40 mol% B is
The ratio of distillation to feed flow rate is 0.5.
treated in a batch distillation still. After 1 h,
70 mol of the distillate are collected leaving
behind the residue W. Relative volatility
is 2. The governing equation is
Fx F (1 xF )
log F log
WxW W (1 xW )
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 30 GATE ACADEMY®
Q.34 If the enthalpy of the distillate with Q.38 A binary feed consisting of 25 mol% liquid
reference to the feed is 3000 kJ/kmol and the and 75 mol% vapour is separated in a staged
enthalpy of the bottom with reference to the distillation column. The mole fraction of the
feed is 1000kJ/kmol , the heat duty of the more volatile component in the distillate
preheater ( Qh in kJ/h ) is product is 0.95. The molar flow rate of
distillate is 50% of the feed flow rate and
(A) 2 106 (B) 1106
McCabe-Thiele method can be used to
(C) 1106 (D) 2 106 analyze the column. The q-line intersects the
[GATE 2009 : IIT Roorkee, 2 Marks] operating line of the enriching section at
Q.35 The mole fraction of methanol in the (0.35, 0.5) on the x-y diagram. The slope of
distillate is the stripping section operating line (up to
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.7 one decimal place) is _________
(C) 0.8 (D) 0.9 [GATE 2015 : IIT Kanpur, 2 Marks]
[GATE 2009 : IIT Roorkee, 2 Marks]
Assignment/Practice Questions
Common Data for Q.1 The equation of the rectifying section
Questions 36 & 37 operating line for distillation of a mixture of
The vapour liquid equilibrium relation for an ideal A and B in a packed column is
binary system is given by, y 0.6x 0.376 . The relative volatility of A
AB X A with respect to B is 2. At a point in the
YA* rectifying section x 0.8 , what are the
1 ( AB 1) X A
concentrations of the mole volatile at the
Here X A and YA* are the mole fraction of species A in vapour-liquid interface?
the liquid and vapour respectively. The relative
Given: k x' a 400kmol / m3 .hr.(x) and
volatility ( AB ).
Q.36 The liquid mole fraction X A at which the k y' a 170kmol / m3 .hr.(y )
maximum difference between the (A) 0.789 & 0.882 (B) 0.569 & 0.441
equilibrium vapour mole fraction and liquid
(C) 0.399 & 0.675 (D) 0.678& 0.568
mole fraction occurs is
Q.2 For saturated liquid feed to a distillation
1 0.75 column ( xF 0.5 ) having relative volatility
(A) (B)
(1 ( AB )) (1 ( AB ))
2.5. Which is distilled for an overhead
0.5 0.75 composition of 0.95, the value of minimum
(C) (D)
( AB 1) ( AB 1) reflux ratio is_________________
Q.3 The vapour and liquid composition in
[GATE 2013 : IIT Bombay, 2 Marks]
equilibrium for a mixture of benzene and
Q.37 A liquid having the composition found in
toluene at 101.32 kPa is
the first part of the linked answer question,
is flash distilled at a steady state to a final Data: pbenzene 155.7 kPa, ptoluene 63.3kPa
liquid mole fraction 0.25. If AB is 2.5 the
(A) x = 0.589 & y = 0.632
fraction of the feed vaporized is
(B) x = 0.411 & y = 0.632
(A) 0.08 (B) 0.20
(C) 0.67 (D) 0.74 (C) x = 0.632 & y = 0.411
[GATE 2013 : IIT Bombay, 2 Marks] (D) x = 0.632 & y = 0.589
GATE ACADEMY® 31 Distillation
Q.4 For a binary mixture in vapour liquid (A) Exhibits positive deviation from
equilibrium, if the pressure of the system is Raoult’s low.
fixed, then (B) Exhibits negative deviation from
(A) The compositions in the vapour and Raoult’s low.
liquid phases are fixed as the degree of (C) Obeys Raoult’s law
freedom becomes zero
(D) May exhibit either positive or negative
(B) The compositions in the vapour and deviation from Result’s law.
liquid phases are not fixed as the degree
Q.8 The relative volatility of a binary mixture at
of freedom is 2
the Azeotropic composition is
(C) The compositions in vapour and liquid
(A) Zero (B) Infinity
phases are not fixed as the degree of
freedom is 1 (C) Unity (D) None of these
(D) The liquid phase composition is fixed Q.9 If q is defined as the mole of liquid flow in
while the vapour phase composition is the stripping section of distillation column
not fixed. per mole of feed introduced then for
saturated vapor feed.
Q.5 In the stripping section it was found that the
mole fraction of the volatile component in (A) q 0 (B) q 1
the vapor leaving a plate is .43 while its (C) q 0 (D) q 1
mole fraction in the liquid coming to the
same plate is .19. Assuming constant molal Q.10 Starting at the minimum reflux ratio, as the
counter flow determine equation of stripping reflux ratio is increased for a given
section operating line. If mole fraction of separation the fixed cost of a fractionating
more volatile component in bottom product column.
= 0.02 (A) Increases
(A) y 2.4117 x .028 (B) Decreases
(B) y .2417 x .028 (C) First decreases and then increase
(D) First increase and then decreases
(C) y .4146 x .024
Q.11 Relative volatility for a binary system
(D) None of these
(A) Has no bearing on the distillation
Q.6 A distillation column is designed to separate operation
18000 Kg/h of a feed having 60% benzene
(B) Increases with increase in pressure
and 50 % cyclohexane in to the overhead
product having 92% benzene and some (C) Decreases with increase in pressure
waste containing 97% cyclohexane by (D) Increase with increase in temperature at
weight. Find the weight of waste material constant pressure
removed per hour (upto two decimal)
Q.12 In binary distillation, the separation of the
_________ kg/hr
components is easier if the relative volatility
Q.7 In a binary liquid solution of components A () is
and B, if component A exhibits negative
deviation from Raoult’s law then component (A) 1 (B) 1
B (C) 1 (D) none of these
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 32 GATE ACADEMY®
Q.13 In the McCabe-Thiele diagram if the X- Q.17 In a binary distillation, the feed is saturated
coordinate of the point of inter section of the vapor and overhead product and bottom
q-line and the vapour - liquid equilibrium product contain 0.85 and 0.4 mole fraction
curve is greater than the X-coordinate of the of more volatile component respectively.
feed point them the quality of the feed is The relative volatility of system is 3. What
is the minimum reflux ratio if feed contains
(A) Super – heated vapor
0.5 mole fraction of more volatile
(B) Liquid below bubble point component?
(C) Saturated vapor (A) 1.4 (B) 2
(C) 1.9 (D) 1.1
(D) Saturated liquid Q.18 A binary mixture column is to get distillate
Q.14 A binary liquid mixture of benzene and composition 92 mol%. The enriching section
toluene contains 20 mole of benzene. At operating line has an intercept 0.3. Find
350K, vapour pressure of pure benzene and operating Reflux ratio.
pure toluene are 92 and 35 kPa respectively. (A) 2 (B) 2.5
The mixture follows Raoult’s raw. (C) 1.5 (D) 1.0
Q.19 A binary feed mixture consisting of
The equilibrium vapour phase mole fraction
equimolar quantities components A and B is
of benzene in contact with this liquid
to be distilled in a fractionating tower at
mixture at 350K is
atmospheric pressure. Distillate composition
(A) 0.396 (B) 0.496 is 0.96 and q-line intersects the equilibrium
line at (0.46, 0.66). Assume McCabe Thiele
(C) 0.796 (D) 0.207
method and to be constant. Find the value
Q.15 The composition of vapor entering a tray in of Rmin
a distillation column is 0.47. The average
(A) 1.5 (B) 2
composition of the vapor leaving the tray is
(C) 2.5 (D) None of these
0.53. The equilibrium composition of the
Q.20 Minimum Reflux ratio in distillation column
vapor corresponding to the liquid leaving
results in
this tray is 0.52. All the compositions are
(A) Optimum number of trays
expressed in mole fraction of the more
(B) Minimum reboiler size
volatile component.
(C) Maximum condenser size
The Murphree efficiency based on the vapor (D) Minimum number of trays
phase _____(in%) Q.21 For the case of subcooled feed to a
(A) 125 % (B) 135 % distillation column
(A) The slope of the feed line is less than 1
(C) 120 % (D) 110% (B) The flow rate of liquid in the stripping
Q.16 An equimolar mixture of A and B is flash section is higher than the flow rate of
distilled continuously at a feed rate of 100 the liquid in the rectifying section.
kmol/h, such that the liquid product contains (C) The flow rate of vapour in the
40 mol% of A. If the relative volatility is 6, rectifying section is higher than the
then the vapor product (in kmol/h) is flow rate of vapour in the stripping
section
(A) 25 kmol/h (B) 10 kmol/h
(D) The flow rate of both liquid and vapour
(C) 35 kmol/h (D) 45 kmol/h is higher in the rectifying section
GATE ACADEMY® 33 Distillation
Q.22 When an equimolar binary liquid mixture is
vaporized, then the mole fraction of the less
volatile component in the vapour phase, at
the bubble point of the mixture is given by
(assuming constant relative volatility of 3) is
___________
Q.23 Tray columns are suitable for
(A) Handling corrosive liquids
(B) Liquids with suspended solids
(C) Columns with small diameter
(D) Large temperature changes are involved
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 34 GATE ACADEMY®
Answer Keys
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
1. B 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. C
6. 0.4 7. 120 8. A 9. A 10. C
11. C 12. A 13. A 14. C 15 3.75
16. 1 17. 0.667 18. 1.7 19. B 20. D
21. D 22. A 23 C 24. A 25. A
26. C 27. D 28. B 29. C 30. 66.7
31. A 32. C 33. B 34. C 35. D
36. A 37 C 38. 1.4
Assignment/Practice Questions
1. A 2. 1.1008 3. C 4. C 5. A
7483.14
6. 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. C
6
11. C 12. A 13. B 14. A 15 C
16. A 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. B
21. B 22. 0.25 23. B
Assignment/Practice Solution
Flux are same at interface
1. Operating line for distillation of a mixture
y 0.6x 0.376, 2 4.08 400(0.8 xi )
At the point in the rectifying section, xi 0.8 0.0102
x 0.8
xi 0.7898
y 0.6 0.8 0.376
y 0.856 2. xF 0.5
(x, y) are bulk concentration xD 0.95, 2.5
dx
y
(d 1) x 1
dx
yi
(d 1) x 1
2 0.8
yi 0.88
1.8
N A k ya ( yi yA )
kmol
N A 170(0.88 0.856) 4.08
m2sec
GATE ACADEMY® 35 Distillation
x y y1 2.4117 ( x x1 )
y'
( 1) x 1 y .43 2.4117 ( x .19)
2.5 0.5 1.25 y 2.4117x .458 .43
y'
(2.5 1)0.5 1 1.75 y 2.4117 x .028
y ' 0.7142 6. f=W+D
xD y ' 0.95 0.7142 w = 18000 – D
Rmin
y ' x ' 0.714 0.5 xf f xDD x W W
0.2358 0.6f 0.92D 0.03(18000 D)
Rmin 1.1008
0.2142 0.6 12000 0.92D 540 0.03D
3. Pb 155.7 kPA, P 101.32 kPA 7200 0.89D 540
D = 7483.146 Kg/h
Pt 63.3kPa
7. A negative azeotrope or maximum boiling
P Pb xb Pt xt azeotrope forms when the boiling point of
the mixture is higher than that of any of its
xb xt 1
constituents. It occurs when negative
xb 1 xt deviation are very large and total pressure
curve in this case passes through a minimum
101.32 155.7 xb 63.3(1 xb )
given rise to maximum in temperature. The
101.32 155.7 xb 63.3 63.3xb curve clearly shows that both compound
follows negative deviation for maximum
30.02 92.4 xb
boiling azeotrope.
xb 0.4114
yPT x b Pb
y(101.32) 0.414 155.7
y 0.632 Vapor 0.632 (Benzene)
xt 1 xb
xt 1 xb
xt 1 0.414 8. Relative volatility is the ratio of volatility of
A over volatility of B
xt 0.5806
PA / nA
4. Pressure of the system is fixed, then degree AB
PB / nB
of freedom is 1.
And for azeotrope both component have
.43 .02
5. m 2.4117 same particle pressure and thus no
.19 .02 separation is possible at azeotrope condition
Equation of straight line by simple distillation 1
y y1
m 9. q = fraction of feed that is in liquid
x x1
for saturated vapour feed q = 0
{As No fraction of feed is in liquid form}
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 36 GATE ACADEMY®
10. At minimum reflux, the fixed cost is infinite y1 0.396
(due to infinite no. of stages required), but 15.
the operating cost is at a minimum amount
of liquid is to be handled
As reflux ratio increases less stages are
required but larger equipment are now
needed to handle the increases reflux liquid
and reboiler vapour load. Thus fixed cost yn1 yn2 Mass transfer because of
initially decreased but eventually increase tray
again when the reflux ratio approaches total
yn' 1 yn1 Mass transfer because of
reflux. The fixed cost this falls through a
tray spacing
minimum and then rise again to infinity.
Murphree efficiency
As for operating cost, it will continue to
y y y ' yn 1
increase with increasing reflux ratio. n*1 n 2 n*1
yn 1 yn 2 yn 1 yn 2
11. Decreases with increase in pressure and
Decreases with increase in temperature also Here yn2 0.47, yn*1 0.52
12. Relative volatility is the ratio of volatility of yn'1 0.53
A over volatility of B for easier separation, Murphree efficiency
there need to be more difference in boiling 0.53 0.47
1.2 120%
points of both components 1 . 0.52 0.47
13. When intersection of q line and vapour 16. Flash distillation with
liquid equilibrium curve is greater than x F = 100 k mol/hr
coordinate of feed point q > 1. Where q is 6
nF 0.5, nW 0.4
the ratio of heat read to vapour 1 mol. of
feed into 1 mol of feed into 1 mol of F nF F 1 nF
W nW W 1 nW
n n
saturated vapour condition to the heat
required to vaporized 1 mol of saturation 100 0.5 100 0.52
liquid into 1 mol of saturated vapour 6 n
n
W 0.4 W 0.6
condition and q > 1 is the case of the feed
125 83.33
which is liquid below its bubble point. n 6 n
W W
14. Let Benzene be 1st component and Toluene
125 83.33
6
be 2nd component
W W6
n1 0.2, n2 0.8
83.336
Pv1 92 kPa, Pv2 35kPa W
5
125
Total pressure P P1 P2 W 76.85
P n1P1v n2 P2v
F W D
100 76.85 D
P 0.2 92 0.8 35
D 23.15mol/hr
P 46.4kPa
17. q 0, nD 0.85, nW 0.4
From Raoult’s law
y1P n1P1v 3, nF 0.5
y1 46.4 0.292
GATE ACADEMY® 37 Distillation
21. For subcooled feed, q > 1and the feed plate
is on the upper side of distillation column,
making the stripping section to occur more
space and thus more flow rate of liquid in
stripping section.
22. nF 0.5
The vapour phase mole fraction of more
volatile component is
yF 0.5
nF
n1 yA
yF 1 1 nF
1 1 n1
0.5 3
0.5
3n
0.5 n 3n 0.75
1 2n 1 210.5
n 0.25 But in question vapour phase mole fraction
R n yF of less volatile component is asked.
Slope D
R 1 nD n1 yB 1 0.75 0.25
R 0.85 0.5
0.5833 23. Packed Tower
R 1 0.85 0.25
(a) Offer a lower pressure drop
R 1.4
(b) Better for corrosive liquids
18. nD 0.92
(c) Better at handling foaming system
Intersection of enriching section
nD
0.3
R 1 Tray Tower
0.92 (a) Better at handling solid or other source
0.3
R 1 of fouling
R 1 3.0667 (b) is better for handling lower liquid rates
R 2.0667 (c) is offer better predictability than packed
19. nF 0.5, nD 0.96 tower
Slope of enriching section
R n yF
D
R 1 nD n1
R 0.96 0.66 0.3
R 1 0.96 0.46 0.5
5R 3R 3
R 1.5
20. Reflux Ratio is the ratio of number of moles
fed back column to the number of moles
withdrawn
If the Reflux Ratio is increased consider and
reboiler duty and their size increases along
with increase in diameter of column.
6 Extraction
Q.3 In a single stage extraction process, 10 kg of
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
pure solvent S (containing no solute A) is
Q.1 An ideal single stage extraction process is mixed with 30 kg of feed F containing A at a
used to treat 100 mol/s of an organic feed mass fraction X F 0.2 . The mixture splits
solution. The solute concentration in this into an extract phase E and a raffinate phase
solution is to be reduced from 0.5 mol% to
R, containing A at X E 0.5 and X R 0.05
0.1 mol%. A pure solvent S is used to reduce
the solvent requirement by half for the same respectively. The total mass of the extract
separation, phase is (in kg).
(A) 6.89 (B) 8.89
(A) Add one more ideal co-current stage (C) 10 (D) 8.25
(B) Use another pure solvent S* whose [GATE 2001 : IIT Kanpur, 2 Marks]
partition coefficient is twice that of S Q.4 100 kg of a feed containing 50 wt. % of a
(C) Use solvent S containing 0.02 mole solute C is contacted with 80 kg of a solvent
fraction of the solute containing 0.5 wt. % of C in a mixer –
settler unit. From this operation, the
(D) Double the residence time of the solvent
resultant extract and raffinate phases contain
S in the contactor
40 wt. % of C, respectively. If E and R
[GATE 2006 : IIT Kharagpur, 1 Mark] denote the mass of the extract and raffinate
Q.2 Which of the following conditions are valid phases, respectively, the ratio E/R is
at the Plait Point? 1 1
(A) (B)
P. Density difference between the extract 4 2
and raffinate phases is zero 2
(C) (D) 1
3
Q. Interfacial tension between the extract
[GATE 2019 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks]
and raffinate phase is zero
Q.5 Compound A is extracted from a solution of
R. Composition difference between the A B into a pure solvent S. A co-current
extract the raffinate phases is zero. unit is used for the liquid-liquid extraction.
The inlet rate of the solution containing A is
(A) P and Q only
200 mol of B/h-m2 and the solvent flow rate
(B) Q and R only is 400 mol of S/h-m2 . The equilibrium data
(C) P and R only is represented by Y 2 X , where Y is in mol
of A/mol of B and X is in mol of A/mol of
(D) P, Q and R
S. The maximum percentage extraction
[GATE 2017 : IIT Roorkee, 1 Mark] achieved in the unit is
GATE ACADEMY® 39 Extraction
(A) 25% (B) 50% Components B and C are immiscible. 60 %
(C) 70% (D) 90% of A in the feed is extracted in stage 1. The
[GATE 2003 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks] equilibrium relation is given by Y * 1.2 X
Q.6 In the triangular diagram represented below where. X Moles of A per mole of B in
for a batch separation process, a stream F is raffinate
mixed with a solvent B to produce R and E. Y * Moles of A per mole of C in extract in
Substance A is the carrier liquid and C is the equilibrium with raffinate
solute to be extracted. The amounts of B and
The mol % of ‘A’ in raffinate from stage 2 is
E are 1 kg and 1.20 kg respectively. The
________ (rounded off to second decimal
length FM is 3.1 and length FB is 8.5 unit
place).
R
on the figure. The ratio is estimated to be [GATE 2018 : IIT Guwahati, 2 Marks]
E
C Q.9 Two ideal cross- current stages operate to
extract P from a feed containing P and Q, as
shown below.
F
E
R
A B
(A) 1.285 (B) 2
(C) 0.751 (D) 2.5
[GATE 2005 : IIT Bombay, 2 Marks]
Q.7 It is desired to reduce the concentration of
The mass flow rates of P and Q to stage 1
pyridine in 500 kg of aqueous solution from
20 wt % to 5wt% in a single batch extraction are 1, 000 kg h 1 and 10, 000 kg h 1 ,
using chlorobenzene as solvent. Equilibrium respectively. Pure solvent (S) is injected at
compositions (end points of the tie line) in mas flow rates of 5, 000 kg h 1 and
terms of weight per cent of pyridine-water- 15, 000 kg h 1 to stages 1 and 2, respectively.
chlorobenzene are (5, 95, 0) and (11, 0, 89). The components Q and S are immiscible.
The amount of pure solvent required in kg The equilibrium relation is given by
for the operation is
Y * 1.5 X , where X is the mass of P per
(A) 607 (B) 639
(C) 931 (D) 1501 unit mass of Q in the raffinate, and Y * is the
mass of P per unit mass of S in the extract,
[GATE 2007 : IIT Kanpur]
which is in equilibrium with the raffinate.
Q.8 It is decided to extract A from a feed
containing 20 mol% A and 80 mol% B in The mass flow rate of P (in kg h 1 ) in the
two ideal cross-current stages as shown raffinate from state 2 is ____(round off to
below, using equal amount of pure solvent C nearest integer).
in each stage. [GATE 2020 : IIT Delhi, 2 Marks]
Q.10 A feed (F) containing a solute is contacted
with a solvent (S) in an ideal stage as shown
in the figure below. The flow rates of all the
streams are shown on a solute free basis and
indicated by the subscript S.
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 40 GATE ACADEMY®
The compositions of the streams are
expressed on a mole ratio basis. The extract
leaving the contactor is divided into two
equal parts, one parts collected as the
product (P) and the other stream is recycled
to join the solvent. The equilibrium
relationship is Y * 2 X .
T
The raffinate coming out of extractor is
represented in the diagram by the point:
(A) T (B) U
(C) V (D) W
[GATE 2015 : IIT Kanpur, 2 Marks]
The product flow rate ( PS ) and composition Assignment/Practice Questions
are Q.1 100 kg of a 50% solution of C in A (carrier
liquid) is mixed with 70 kg of solvent B
(A) PS 50 mol/s, Yout 0.3
containing 2% of C. At equilibrium, the
(B) PS 100 mol/s, Yout 0.2 raffinate phase has a mass of 80kg and has
52% A and 8% B in it. What is the
(C) PS 200 mol/s, Yout 0.1 selectivity of the solvent for solute C?
(A) 0.15 (B) 3.0
(D) PS 100 mol/s, Yout 0.4 (C) 10.2 (D) 12.4
Q.2 In the given diagram, a feed of composition
[GATE 2008 : IISc Bangalore, 2 Marks]
given by point F is mixed with pure solvent
Q.11 A multi-stage, counter-current liquid-liquid B. The minimum amount of solvent (Smin)
extractor is used to separate solute C from a that should be added for extraction to start is
binary mixture (F) of A and C using solvent given by
B. Pure solvent B is recovered from the
raffinate R by distillation, as shown in the
schematic diagram below :
Locations of different mixtures for this
process are indicated on the triangular
diagram below. P is the solvent-free
raffinate, E is the extract, F is the feed and Δ
is the difference point from which the mass
Smin xB xD Smin xD xB
balance lines originate. The line PB (A) (B)
F xB x F F xB x F
intersects the bimodal curve at U and T. The
lines P and FB intersect the bimodal at V Smin xF xD Smin xD xB
(C) (D)
and W respectively. F xD xB F xF xD
GATE ACADEMY® 41 Extraction
Q.3 A mixture of wash oil and benzene get Q.6 In the extraction of solute C, from a mixture
enters in a stripping column where it gets of A and C pure solvent B which is partially
contracted with superheated steam 95.5 % miscible with A is added to the feed and the
solute get stripped off find out the immiscible phase are separated raffinate
composition of solute (benzene) in the exit phase analyzed 80 % A, 12 % B, 8 % C on
liquid stream in mole %. The inlet liquid weight basis and extract phase contains 78
stream 10 mole % benzene ________ (upto % B. If the distribution coefficient on weight
two decimal places). basis is 1.5. Find out selectivity of solvent B
Q.4 For all useful liquid-liquid extraction to C.
operations the selectivity of solvent must be (A) 11 (B) 14
(A) More than zero (C) 8 (D) 12
(B) More than one
(C) Less than one
(D) Less than or equal to one
Q.5 A continuous contact extraction column is
used to extract a solute from an aqueous
stream (f) using an organic solvent (s).
y
The distribution coefficient is 1.0,
x
where x and y are the mass fraction of solute
in raffinate and extract phases, respectively.
The height of transfer unit based on the data
is given in the figure.
Assuming that the phase flow rates are
constant. Find the height of the tower.
(A) 8 m (B) 9 m
(C) 11 m (D) 7 m
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 42 GATE ACADEMY®
Answer Keys
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
1. B 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. B
6. A 7. B 8. 3.846 9. 170 10. B
11. B 12.
Assignment/Practice Questions
1. B 2. C 3. 0.5 4. B 5. B
6. D
Assignment/Practice Solution
1. (B) 0.2155
Using material balance 0.933
3.01 3
F 100kg , X F 0.5 0.4
S 70kg (Solvent) , X s 0.02 0.52
2. (C)
Raffinate 0 kg ,
xc 0.4, x A 0.52, xB 0.8
F S ER
100 70 E 0
E 90kg
FxF SX s Eyc Rxc (Solute
Balance)
100 0.50 70 0.02 90 Yc 0 0.4
100 0.5 S (0) 90 YA 0 0.52
y A 0.933
Extract y A 0.933
y A 0.933
C According material balance
A E F S D (According line rule)
Selectivity
C
FxF SxB DxD
A R
FxF SxB FxD SxD
S ( xB xB ) F ( x D x F )
GATE ACADEMY® 43 Extraction
Smin xD x F
F xB x D
Smin xF xD
F xD xB
3. 0.5
yC y
W = 0.1 (mol e %) K1 1.5 C
nC 0.08
Basis = 100 moles feed
yC 0.12
yC / y A
nC / nA
co 9.55 Bexit 0.12 / 0.1
0.08 / 0.8
Bexit 0.45
12
0.45
0.005
90
in percentage = 0.005 100% 0.5%
4. The selectivity between the two solutes A
and B is defined as the ratio of the
distribution coefficient of A. to the
distribution coefficient of B. For all useful
absorption operation the selectivity must
exceed unity. If selectivity is unity, no
separation is possible.
y E yS
5. NTU
y* y en
yE 0.09
y1* y1 0.1 0.09 0.01
yS 0
y2* y2 0.01 0 0.01
y* y en 0.01 0.01 0.01
2
0.09 0
NTU 9
0.01
6.
7 Humidification
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions Q.3 The wet bulb temperature TW for the above
mixture would be
Q.1 The Lewis relation for air-water
(A) Less than 400 C
humidification is given by ( kY mass
(B) 400 C
transfer coefficient of moisture in air, hG
(C) 400 C< TW 600 C
heat transfer coefficient, C S Heat capacity
(D) 600 C
of vapour gas mixture) [GATE 2004 : IIT Delhi, 1 Mark]
Q.4 The humidity of air sample expressed as kg
h2 k 2C 2
(A) G 1 (B) Y S 1 of water vapour/kg of dry air is
kY CS hG
(A) 0.048 (B) 0.079
(C) 0.122 (D) 0.152
hG kY2 hG
(C) 1 (D) 1 [GATE 2004 : IIT Delhi, 1 Mark]
kY CS CS
Q.5 The following plot gives the saturated-
[GATE 2001 : IIT Kanpur, 1 Mark] humidity (H) versus temperature (T).
Q.2 For what value of Lewis number, the wet-
bulb temperature and adiabatic saturation
temperature are nearly equal?
(A) 0.33 (B) 0.5
Line joining ( H 1 , T1 ) and ( H 2 , T2 ) is the
(C) 1 (D) None constant enthalpy line. Choose the correct
one from the following options.
[GATE 2016 : IISc Bangalore, 1 Mark]
(A) T1 Dew point temp, T2 Dry bulb
Common Data for temp, T3 Wet bulb temp
Questions 3 & 4 (B) T1 Dew point temp, T2 Wet bulb
temp, T3 Dry bulb temp
An air-water vapour mixture has a dry bulb
(C) T1 Wet point temp, T2 Dry bulb
temperature of 600 C and a dew point
temp, T3 Dew bulb temp
temperature of 400 C . The total pressure is
101.3 kPa and the vapour pressures of water (D) T1 Dry point temp, T2 Wet bulb
at 400 C and 600 C are 7.30 kPa and 19.91 temp, T3 Dew bulb temp
kPa, respectively. [GATE 2003 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks]
GATE ACADEMY® 45 Humidification
Q.6 At 250 C and 90% relative humidity, water Q.2 The Lewis relation for air - water
evaporates from the surface of a lake at the humidification is given by
rate of 1.0 kg/m 2 /h . The relative humidity K y Mass transfer coefficient of moisture
that will lead to an evaporation rate of 3.0 in air
kg/m 2 /h , with other conditions remaining hG : Heat transfer coefficient
the same, is
Cs : Heat capacity of vapour)
(A) 30% (B) 50%
hG K y Cs2
(A) 1 (B) 1
(C) 60% (D) 70% K y Cs hG
[GATE 2010 : IIT Guwahati, 2 Marks] hG2
(C) 1 (D) None of these
Q.7 The humidity of air at a dry-bulb K y Cs
temperature of 650C is 0.025 kg water/kg Q.3 What is the effect on wet bulb temperature if
dry air. The latent heat of vaporization of temperature of gas get increased keeping its
water at 00C is 2500 kJ/kg. The absolute humidity constant.
psychometric ratio of air is 0.95 kJ (kg dry (A) Increase (B) Decrease
air) 1 K 1 . Considering 00C as reference (C) Constant (D) None of these
temperature, the enthalpy of air (in kJ/kg) at Q.4 What is the effect on relative humidity of
its adiabatic saturation temperature of 350C gas if humidity of gas get decrease?
is ___________ (rounded off to two decimal (A) Increase (B) Decrease
places).
(C) Constant (D) None of these
[GATE 2018 : IIT Guwahati, 2 Marks] Q.5 The dew point of an unsaturated mixture of
Q.8 If the percentage humidity of air (300C, total vapour and gas does not depend on
pressure 100 kPa) is 24% and the saturation (A) The temperature of the mixture
pressure of water vapour at that temperature (B) The total pressure of the mixture
is 4 kPa, the percent relative humidity and (C) The composition of the mixture
the absolute humidity of air are (D) All of the above
(A) 25.2, 0.0062 (B) 25, 0.0035 Q.6 If the specific heats of a gas and vapour are
0.2 kJ/kg-K and 1.5 kJ/kg-K respectively
(C) 20.7, 0.0055 (D) 18.2, 0.0035
and the humidity is 0.01 the humid heat in
[GATE 2007 : IIT Kanpur, 2 Marks] kJ/kg-K is
Assignment/Practice Questions (A) 0.31 (B) 0.107
(C) 0.017 (D) 0.215
Q.1 During Adiabatic Saturation Process Q.7 A room contains 35 kg of dry air and 0.5 kg
(A) Both the relative humidity and the of water vapor. The total pressure and
specific humidity increase. temperature of air in the room are 100 kPa
(B) Relative humidity increase and specific and 250 C respectively. Given that the
humidity decrease. saturation pressure for water at 250 C is 3.17
kPa. The relative humidity of the air in the
(C) Relative humidity decrease and specific
room is
humidity increase.
(A) 67 % (B) 83 %
(D) None of these (C) 55 % (D) 71 %
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 46 GATE ACADEMY®
Q.8 If the percent humidity of air
(30 C, P 100 kPa)
0
is 24% and the
saturation pressure of water vapour at that
temperature is 4 kPa, the percent relative
humidity and the absolute humidity of air
are respectively
(A) 24.75 %, 0.0042
(B) 24.75 %, 0.0062
(C) 24 %, 0.0062
(D) 24 %, 0.0042
Q.9 Air, initially at 101.3 kPa and 400C and with
a relative Humidity of 50%, is cooled at
constant pressure to 300C. The cooled air
has
(A) A higher dew point.
(B) A higher absolute humidity.
(C) A lower relative humidity.
(D) A lower wet bulb temperature.
GATE ACADEMY® 47 Humidification
Answer Keys
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
1. C 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. D
6. D 7. 124 8. A
Assignment/Practice Questions
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A
6. D 7. D 8. B 9. D
Assignment/Practice Solution
1. During adiabatic saturation air becomes 5. Dew point does not depends on temperature
completely saturated with moisture. Which of the vapor and gas mixture.
means both Relative and specific or absolute This can be explained using psychometric
humidity increases. charts.
hG
2. Lewis relation, 1
Ky Cs
Only for air – water system.
3.
If you increase the temperature Ti , then also
DP temperature will remain same
6. Humid heat, CH C pgas y' C p vapors
As you can see from psychometric charts. CH 0.2 0.011.5
TWB2 TWB1 CH 0.215
7. Absolute humidity,
4. If the absolute humidity of gas gets
0.5 kg vapor
decreased, which means PA , partial pressure y'
35 kg dry air
of water vapor decreases and as PA
PA 18
decreases, Relative humidity also decreases y ' 0.014
PT PA 29
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 48 GATE ACADEMY®
PA 18
0.0143
PT PA 29
9. Using psychometric charts
PA
0.023
100 PA
PA 2.3 0.023PA
PA 2.24 kPa
PA
Now, RH 100%
PS
2.24
100%
3.17
71% Wet Bulb temperature is obtained along
adiabatic saturation curve corresponding to
8. Percentage humidity
RH = 100%. As we can see
PA P PS
T 0.24 TWB1 TWB2
PT PA PS
Given, PT 100 kPa
PS 4 kPa
PA 100 4
0.24
100 PA 4
PA
0.01
100 PA
PA 1 0.01 PA
PA 0.99 kPa
PA
Now, RH 100%
PS
0.99
100%
4
24.75%
18 PA
And, y '
29 PT PA
18 0.99
0.0062
29 100 0.99
8 Drying
The time required (in second) to reduce the
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
moisture content of the solids from 0.3 to
Q.1 A wet solid is dried over a long period of 0.2 (dry basis) is
time by unsaturated air of non-zero constant (A) 2000 (B) 4000
relative humidity. The moisture content (C) 5000 (D) 6000
eventually attained by the solid is termed as
[GATE 2000 : IIT Kharagpur, 2 Marks]
the
Q.4 200 kg of solid (on dry basis) is subjected to
(A) Unbound moisture content a drying process for a period of 5000 s. The
(B) Liquid below bubble point drying occurs in the constant rate period
(C) Saturated vapour with the drying rate as NC 0.5 103
(D) Saturated liquid kg/m 2 -s . The initial moisture content of the
[GATE 2013 : IIT Bombay, 1 Mark] solid is 0.2 kg moisture/kg dry solid. The
Q.2 In the drying of non – dissolving solids at interfacial area available for drying is
constant drying conditions, the internal 4 m 2 /100 kg of dry solid. The moisture
movement of moisture in the solid has a content at the end of the drying period is (in
dominant effect on the drying rate during kg moisture/kg dry solid)
(A) The initial adjustment period only (A) 0.5 (B) 0.05
(B) The constant rate period only (C) 0.1 (D) 0.15
[GATE 2001 : IIT Kanpur, 2 Marks]
(C) The falling rate period only
Q.5 A solid is being dried in the linear drying
(D) Both the initial adjustment and constant
rate regime from moisture content X 0 to X F .
rate periods
The drying rate is zero at X 0 and the
[GATE 2019 : IIT Madras, 1 Mark] critical moisture content is the same as the
Q.3 In a laboratory test run, the rate of drying initial moisture, X 0 . The drying time for
was found to be 0.5 103 kg/m 2 when the
L
moisture content reduced from 0.4 to 0.1 on m S is
a dry basis. The critical moisture content of ARC
the material is 0.08 on a dry basis. A tray X
(A) m( X 0 X F ) (B) m 0
dryer is used to dry 100 kg (dry basis) of the XF
same material under identical conditions.
The surface area of the material is 0.04 X X
(C) m ln 0 (D) mX 0 ln 0
m 2 /kg of dry solid. XF XF
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 50 GATE ACADEMY®
Where LS Total mass of dry solids, A
total surface area for drying, RC constant
maximum drying rate per unit area and X
moisture content (in mass of water/mass of
dry solids).
[GATE 2003 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks]
Q.6 The equilibrium moisture curve for a solid is
shown
The total moisture content of the solid is X
and it exposed to air of relative humidity H. The drying time in hours required to reduce
In the table below, Group I lists the types of an initial moisture content of 25% to a final
moisture and Group II represents the regions moisture content of 2% is
in the graph.
(A) 1.55 (B) 1.75
(C) 3.25 (D) 4.55
Relative humidity
1.0
3
[GATE 2012 : IIT Delhi, 1 Mark]
H 4
1
Q.8 It takes 6 h to dry a wet solid from 50%
moisture content to the critical moisture
2
content of 15%. How much longer will it
X take to dry the solid to 10% moisture
content. Under the same drying conditions
Group I Group II (the equilibrium moisture content of the
solid is 5%).
P. Equilibrium moisture 1. Region
Q. Bound moisture 2. Region (A) 15 min (B) 51 min
R. Unbound moisture 3. Region (C) 71 min (D) 94 min
S. Free moisture 4. Region [GATE 2002 : IISc Bangalore, 2 Marks]
Q.9 A 25 25 1cm flat sheet weighting 1.2 kg
Which one of the following is the correct
initially was dried from both sides under
match?
constant drying rate conditions. It took 1500
(A) P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4 s for the weight of the sheet to reduce to
(B) P-1, Q-3, R-4, S-2 1.05 kg. Another 1m 1m 1cm flat sheet of
(C) P-1, Q-4, R-2, S-3 the same material is to be dried from one
(D) P-1, Q-2, R-4, S-2 side only. Under the same constant drying
rate conditions, the time required for drying
[GATE 2009 : IIT Roorkee, 2 Marks]
(in sec) from its initial weight of 19.2 kg to
Q.7 Consider the drying operation shown in the 17.6 kg is
figure below for a solid loading (dry basis)
(A) 1000 (B) 1500
of 50 kg/m 2 with a constant drying rate of
(C) 2000 (D) 2500
5 kg/m 2 -h .The falling rate of drying is
linear with moisture content. [GATE 2004 : IIT Delhi, 2 Marks]
GATE ACADEMY® 51 Drying
Q.10 A 50cm 50cm 1cm flat wet sheet Q.13 A fiberboard sheet (1.5m 2.0m 15mm) is
weighting 2 kg, initially was dried from both being dried by suspending it horizontally in
the sides under constant drying rate period. a current of hot, dry air. The edges are
It took 1000 s for the weight of the sheet to insulated so that drying takes place only
reduce to 1.75 kg. Another 1m 1m 1cm from the top and bottom surfaces. The wet
flat sheet is to be dried from one side only. sheet weighing 16 kg with initial moisture
Under the same drying rate and other content of 60% loses moisture at a constant
conditions, time required for drying (in sec) rate of 1.25 10 5 kg m 2 s 1 until the
from initial weight of 4 kg to 3 kg is moisture content falls to 30%. All moisture
(A) 1000 (B) 1500 contents are on dry basis. The time required
(C) 2000 (D) 2500 for drying during constant rate period (in
[GATE 2007 : IIT Kanpur, 2 Marks] hour) is _____________ (rounded off to
Q.11 A batch of 120 kg wet solid has initial third decimal place).
moisture content of 0.2 kg water/kg dry [GATE 2018 : IIT Guwahati, 2 Marks]
solid. The exposed area for drying is
Assignment/Practice Questions
0.05 m 2 /kg dry solid. The rate of drying
follows the curve given below. Q.1 A wet solid of 28% moisture is to be dried to
0.5% moisture in a tray dryer. A laboratory
test shows that it requires 8 hours to reduce
the moisture content of the same solid to
2%. The critical moisture content is 6% and
the equilibrium moisture content is 0.2%.
The falling rate is linear. Calculate the
drying time in hours if the drying conditions
are similar to those in the test. All moistures
are on dry basis. ___________.
Q.2 In a falling rate period, if the rate of drying
varies as R b C. so time of drying in
The time required (in hour) for drying this
the falling rate period will be
batch to a moisture content of 0.1 kg
S R S R X
water/kg dry solid is (A) S ln C (B) S ln 2 C
Aa R2 Aa RC X 2
(A) 0.033 (B) 0.43
(C) 0.6 (D) 2.31 SS R X SS R
(C) ln C C (D) ln 2
[GATE 2011 : IIT Madras, 2 Marks] Aa R2 X 2 Aa RC
Q.12 A wet solid of 100 kg is dried from a Q.3 A wet solid is dried over a long period of
moisture content of 40 wt % to 10 wt%. The time by unsaturated air of non-zero constant
critical moisture content is 15 wt % and the relative humidity. The moisture content
equilibrium moisture content is negligible. eventually attained by the solid is termed as
All moisture contents are on dry basis. The the
falling rate is considered to the linear. It (A) Unbound moisture content
takes 5 hours to dry the material in the
(B) Equilibrium moisture content
constant rate period. The duration (in hours)
of the falling rate period is (C) Free moisture content
[GATE 2014 : IIT Kharagpur, 2 Marks] (D) Bound moisture content
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 52 GATE ACADEMY®
Q.4 A wet solid is to be dried from 80 % to 10 % Q.10 In a laboratory drying test was a solid
moisture, wet basis. The moisture to be material the following relation for the falling
evaporated per 1000 kg of dried product is rate period was obtained
(A) 630 kg (B) 3888.89 kg dX
0.075( X 0.07)
(C) 700 kg (D) 3500 kg dt
Q.5 All moisture in a non-hygroscopic material Where X is the moisture content on dry
is basis and‘t’ the time in hours. The critical
(A) Bound moisture moisture content is 1.4 Kg moisture per Kg
(B) Free moisture of dry material. Calculate the equilibrium
moisture content up to two decimal places in
(C) Unbound moisture
Kg moisture
(D) Equilibrium moisture __________
Kg dry material
Q.6 100 kg nicotine-water solution containing 2
Q.11 800 Kg of solid (on dry basis) is subjected to
% nicotine is to be extracted with 300 kg of
a drying process for a period of 6000 s. The
kerosene at 200 C . Determine the extraction
drying occurs in the constant rate period
of nicotine after one stage operation. At the
kg
dilute end of the system, the equilibrium with the drying rate as NC 0.7 103 2
m .s
relationship is Y * 0.578 X where Y and X
the initial moisture content of the solid. The
are expressed as kg nicotine/kg kerosene and
interfacial area available for drying is 4
kg nicotine/kg water respectively.
m2/100 Kg of dry solid. The moisture
(A) 1.27 kg (B) 2.38 kg content at the end of the drying period is (in
(C) 1 kg (D) 1.7 kg Kg moisture / Kg dry solid) __________( up
Q.7 A certain material was dried under constant to two decimal places)
drying conditions and it was found that 2
hours are required to reduce the free
moisture concentration from 80 % to 60 %
with constant rate period only. If drying is
done for 1 hour only the final moisture
concentration of the solid material is
_______. (Upto two decimal places)
Q.8 A wet solid is dried using saturated air. The
moisture of the solid which remains in
equilibrium with this air is called
(A) Free moisture
(B) Critical moisture
(C) Bound moisture
(D) Unbound moisture
Q.9 The unit of psychometric ratio is
kg dry air kJ
(A) (B)
kJ K kg dry air K
kJ
(C) (D) unit less
kg dry air
GATE ACADEMY® 53 Drying
Answer Keys
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
1. D 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. D
6. B 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. C
11. D 12. 1.216 13. 11.11
Assignment/Practice Questions
1. 10.88 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. C
6. A 7. 0.7 8. D 9. B 10. 0.07
11. 0.032
Assignment/Practice Solution
1. X c 0.06, X * 0.002, X i 0.28 2. R bx C
S S dx
N
Ws ( X i X c ) WS Xc X * Aa dt
t ( X c X ) ln
*
X f X* Ss
t X2
ANC ANC dx
dt
o
Aa
Xc
bx C
(0.28 0.06) (0.06 0.002)
WS
8 0.06 0.002 SS
AN C t ln(bx C )Xc
X2
ln
0.02 0.002 Aa
S S bx2 C
W t ln
8 S [(0.22) 0.0678] Aa bxC C
ANC
SS bxC C
WS 8 t ln bx2 C
Aa
ANC .2878
S S RC
t ln
WS Aa R2
27.790
ANC
3. Answer (B): Equilibrium moisture content is
Required time drying to 0.5% moisture eventually attained in drying.
4. Initial moisture content
(0.28 0.06) (0.06 0.002)
t 27.79 0.06 0.002
0.80 kg water
ln 4
0.005 0.002 1.080 kg dry solid
t 10.88hrs Final moisture content
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 54 GATE ACADEMY®
0.1 kg water 8. Air is saturated, which means it cannot take
0.111
1.01 kg drysolid further moisture in it.
Dry soil in product = 1000 (0.90) This saturated air will be in equilibrium with
= 900 kg unbound moisture
Moisture to be evaporated hG
9. Psychrometric ratio, r
900 4 0.111 3500 kg ky '
5. Non – hygroscopic materials are those Where,
materials which does not allow moisture to hG = convective heat transfer coefficient
move internally inside them. So all moisture W/m 2 k
is present on their surface unbound ky ' = convective mass transfer coefficient
moisture kg/m2s
Ex :- PVC, polystyrene, resins etc.
W
6. Question of extraction not drying Hence, r
kg
m2 h 2
m s
J
r
kg K
KJ
Or, r
kg dry air K
10. at equilibrium moisture content,
dX
Remember, water and kerosene will not mix. 0 0.075 X 0.07 0
Suppose, y kg nicotine is taken away by dt
kerosene. X eq 0.07
So, nicotine remaining is water 2 y 11. WDB 800 kg
Given, equilibrium relation, y 0.578 X
*
tc 6000s
y 0.578 X
*
kg
Nc 0.7 103
y 2 y m2 s
0.578
300 98 Total area,
y 1.277 kg Answer 4 m2
A 800 kg drysolid in
WDB
7.
AN c
X i X f tc1 100 kg drysolid
constant drying regime,
WDB
0.80 0.60 2 …(i) WDB X i X f
ANc Nc
A tC
WDB
and
AN c
0.80 X f tc2 1 …(ii) 0.7 103 6000
800
Xi X f
32
0.80 0.60 2 0.168 X i X f
(i) (ii) ,
0.80 X f 1
Initial moisture content is not given in
0.20 1.6 2 X f question
2 X f 1.6 0.20 Take, X i 0.2 X f 0.032
X f 0.7
9 Adsorption
Assume Langmuir isotherm describes the
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
adsorption of acetone on activated carbon.
Q.1 At equilibrium, the concentration of water in What is the amount of acetone adsorbed (in
vapour phase (C*) in kg/m 3 of air space and kg per kg of activated carbon) at a partial
the amount of water (m) adsorbed per kg of pressure of 50 mmHg and 300 C ?
dry silica gel are related by C* 0.0667m .
(A) 0.23 (B) 0.25
To maintain dry conditions in a room of air
space 100 m 3 containing 2.2 kg of water (C) 0.30 (D) 0.35
vapour initially, 10 kg of dry silica gel is
kept in the room. The fraction of initial [GATE 2016 : IISc Bangalore, 2 Marks]
water remaining in the air space after a long
time (during which the temperature is Q.4 In a batch adsorption process, 5 gm of fresh
maintained constant) is adsorbent is used to beat 1 litre on an
aqueous phenol solution. The initial phenol
(A) 0.0 (B) 0.2
concentration is 100mg / l . The equilibrium
(C) 0.4 (D) 1.0
relation is given by q* 1.3 C . Where q * is
[GATE 2004 : IIT Delhi, 2 Marks]
the amount of phenol adsorbed in mg of
Q.2 Adsorption on activated carbon is to be used phenol per gram of adsorbent and C is the
for reducing phenol concentration in concentration of phenol in mg/litre in the
wastewater from 0.04 mol/l to 0.008 mol/l. aqueous solution. When equilibrium is
The adsorption isotherm at the operating attained between the adsorbent and the
temperature can be expressed as solution, the concentration of phenol in the
q 0.025 C 1/3
where q is the phenol solution, rounded to 1 decimal place is
concentration in solid (mol/g solid) and C is _____mg/litre.
the phenol concentration in water (mol/l).
The minimum amount of solid (in grams) [GATE 2017 : IIT Roorkee, 2 Marks]
required per liter of wastewater (up to one
decimal place) _______. Assignment/Practice Questions
[GATE 2015 : IIT Kanpur, 2 Marks] Q.1 A wastewater solution having a volume of 1
Q.3 At 300 C , the amounts of acetone adsorbed at m3 contains 0.21 kg phenol/m3 of solution.
partial pressures of 10 and 100 mmHg are A total of 1.40 kg of fresh granular activated
0.1 and 0.4 kg acetone/kg activated carbon, carbon is added to the solution, which is
respectively. mixed thoroughly to reach equilibrium.
Mass Transfer [Work Book] 56 GATE ACADEMY®
The equilibrium relation is q 0.5 C , where
kg phenol kg phenol
q and c 3 . What
kg adsorbent m solution
percent of phenol is extracted ________
(upto 2 digits after the decimal).
Q.2 Adsorption of on activated carbon is used
for reduction of phenol concentration from
0.04 mol/lit to 0.008 mol/lit. Adsorption
isotherm and the operating condition is
q 0.025c1/3 where q phenol
concentration on solid in (mol/gm)
c Phenol concentration in water in
(mol/lit)
Find amount of solid in gm required per lit
of waste water ________. (Upto two
decimal places).
Q.3 For adsorption process, which of the
following statement is true?
(A) Always endothermic and Entropy
change is negative
(B) Always endothermic and Entropy
change is positive
(C) Always exothermic and Entropy change
is negative
(D) Always exothermic and Entropy change
is positive
Q.4 At a given equilibrium pressure, the
concentration of adsorbed gas on a
adsorbent solid.
(A) Increases with increased temperature
(B) Remain constant with change in temp.
(C) Decreases with increased temperature.
(D) Decreases linearly with increased temp.
GATE ACADEMY® 57 Adsorption
Answer Keys
Class Room Practice, PYQ Questions
1. C 2. 6.4 3. C 4. 13.33
Assignment/Practice Questions
1. 41.42 2. 6.4 3. C 4. C
Assignment/Practice Solution
1. Material balance on the adsorbate 2. Basis: 1 litre
qF M CF S qM cS
q F Initial concentration of solute
adsorbed on the solid
q Final concentration at equilibrium.
M = Amount of adsorbent, kg
S Volume of feed solution, m 3
CF Initial concentration of solute in the q 0.025 C
1
3
fluid plate Leaving steams will be in equilibrium
C = Final concentration at equilibrium in the
0.032 mol
q
S gm
fluid phase
qF M CF S qM CS
mol
qF 0 And, C 0.008
lit
= 0(1.40) 0.21(1.0) q(1.40) C(1.0) 0.032
So, 0.025 2 101
q 0.15 0.714 C … (a) S
From the isotherm 0.032
0.005
q 0.5 C … (b) S
= 0.5 C 1.5 0.714 C S 6.4gm
1.214C 0.15 3. # Adsorption is an exothermic process.
0.15 #For Adsorptions entropy change is negative
C because when a gas is adsorbed, the freedom
1.214
of movement of its molecules become
C 0.123
restricted. This amounts to decrease in the
C 0.123 Kg phenol /m3 entropy of the gas after adsorption, i.e.,
kg phenol randomness decreases.
q 0.617
kg carben 4. Since adsorption is an exothermic process,
(CF C ) favorable condition for adsorptions are low
% Extracted 100
CF temperatures and high pressures.
0.21 0.123
41.42%
0.21
Mass Transfer
Multiple Select Questions - MSQ
Q.1 A continuous rectifying column is separating a binary mixture containing A and B (A is more
volatile than B) into overhead distillate product containing 95 mole % A. The liquid overflowing
(leaving) from adjacent plates in the enriching section contains 58.6 mole % and 50 mole % A,
respectively. The plate efficiency is 100 %. Reflux is at its bubble point. Relative volatility can be
taken as 2.5.
Select the CORRECT Statements?
(A) The reflux ratio (R) is 1.84 (B) The reflux ratio (R) is 1.23
(C) The slope of rectifying section is 0.648 (D) The slope of rectifying section is 0.552
Q.2 The stripping section operating line for a binary distillation problem is y = 1.4x - 0.02. The relative
volatility is 2.6. On a particular tray the composition of liquid leaving the tray is x = 0.20. Flow rate
of vapor in the stripping section is 200 mol/hr. If the Murphree tray efficiency is 0.7, then
(A) The composition of the vapour leaving the tray is 0.358
(B) The composition of the vapour leaving the tray is 0.40
(C) The liquid flow rate in the stripping section is 280 mol/hr.
(D) The residue flow rate (W) is 80 mol/hr.
Q.3 Which of the following statements are CORRECT regarding the solvent selection for absorptions
(A) A good solvent should have high volatility or vapor pressure
(B) A solvent should have high viscosity
(C) A solvent should be less corrosive in nature
(D) A solvent should be selected such that solubility of the species to be absorbed in the solvent is
high
Q.4 A packed tower is designed to recover 90% NH3 from a gas mixture containing 10% NH3 and 90%
air using water. Equilibrium relation is Y = 8X. The ratio of water to gas flowrate on solute free basis
is to be kept at 30% more than the minimum value.
(A) The operating water to gas flowrate on solute free basis is 9.36
(B) The operating water to gas flowrate on solute free basis is 7.20
(C) The mole ratio of ammonia absorbed in water is 0.03017
(D) The mole ratio of ammonia absorbed in water is 0.01067
Q.5 Absorption towers are operated under conditions of
(A) Low pressure (B) High pressure
(C) Low temperature (D) High temperature
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GATE ACADEMY Multiple Select Questions - MSQ 59
Q.6 Absorption of SO2 from Air-SO2 mixture is carried out steady state using water as solvent. The
mole fraction of SO2 in bulk gas phase and bulk liquid phase are 0.40 and 0.10 respectively. The
interfacial mass transfer coefficient for SO2 (in mol m-2 s-1) in gas phase and liquid phase are 0.2
and 2 respectively. The equilibrium relation is given by y* = 3x, where y* and x are mole
fractions of SO2 in gas and liquid phase respectively. Assuming the two film theory to be valid,
choose the correct answers from the following:
(A) The total resistance of the two phases (on gas phase basis) is equal to 6.5 mol-1 m2 s
(B) The fractional mass transfer resistance offered by gas phase is 0.769
(C) The fractional mass transfer resistance offered by gas phase is 0.458
(D) The fractional mass transfer resistance offered by liquid phase is 0.231
Q.7 It is decided to extract A from a feed (100 mol/hr.) containing 40 mol% A and 60 mol% B in two
ideal cross-current stages as shown below, using equal amount of pure solvent C in each stage.
Components B and C are immiscible. 50% of A in the feed is extracted in Stage 1. The
equilibrium relation is given by Y* = 2X where, X = moles of A per mole of B in raffinate Y* =
moles of A per mole of C in extract in equilibrium with raffinate. Then
Solvent Solvent
Feed Raf finate1 Raf finate2
Stage1 Stage2
Extract1 Extract2
(A) Amount of pure solvent used is 30 mol/hr.
(B) The mole percent of ‘A’ in extract from Stage 2 is 50%
(C) The mole percent of ‘A’ in raffinate from Stage 2 is 14.29%
(D) Amount of pure solvent used is 50 mol/hr.
Q.8 Which of the following are CORRECT?
Convective mass flux
(A) Sherwood Number Diffusive flux across a layer of thickness l
Convective mass flux
(B) Stanton Number Flux due to bulk flow of the medium
Flux due to bulk flow of the medium
(C) Peclet Number Diffusive flux across a layer of thickness l
Convective mass flux
(D) Stanton Number Diffusive flux across a layer of thickness l
Q.9 Select the INCORRECT statements among the following:
(A) The diffusivity of liquids is directly proportional to the viscosity of the liquid
(B) According to Wilke and Lee model, the diffusivity of gases is directly proportional to the
temperature.
(C) The Knudsen diffusivity is directly proportional to the square root of the temperature
5 2
(D) The diffusivity of gases is of the order 10 m /sec .
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60 Mass Transfer : Work Book GATE ACADEMY
Q.10 Which of the following statement/s are correct:
(A) In Extractive distillation, an entrainer is added to the binary distillation mixture which
increases the relative volatility between the components of binary mixture
(B) In Azeotropic distillation, the entrainer forms a minimum boiling azeotrope with one of the
component and is removed as an overhead product
(C) In Azeotropic distillation, the entrainer forms a maximum boiling azeotrope with one of the
component and is removed as an overhead product
(D) In Azeotropic distillation, the entrainer forms a minimum boiling azeotrope with one of the
component and is removed as a bottom product
Q.11 Equilibrium (OP) and operating lines (AB) for four gas liquid contacting operations are shown.
Which of the following statements are CORRECT?
B P
P Eq. line
Y Y B
Eq. line
A
A
O X O X
(a) (b)
A P Eq. line P
B B
Y Eq. line Y
K
A
O X O X
(d)
(A) Figure (a) represents continuous counter current absorptions
(B) Figure (b) represents continuous co-current stripping
(C) Figure (c) represents continuous co-current absorptions
(D) Figure (d) represents continuous counter current stripping
Q.12 Consider the case of diffusion of A through Non-diffusing B. Which of the following relations are
CORRECT. {Symbols have usual meanings}
𝐴𝐵 𝐷 𝑃 𝐴𝐵 𝐷 𝑃
(A) 𝐾𝐺 = 𝑅𝑇𝛿𝑃 (B) 𝐾𝑦 = 𝑅𝑇𝛿𝑃
𝐿𝑀 𝐿𝑀
𝐷 𝑃 𝐾 𝐾𝑦
(C) 𝐾𝐶 = 𝛿𝑃𝐴𝐵 (D) 𝐾𝐺 = 𝑅𝑇𝑐 =
𝐿𝑀 𝑃
Where, 𝐾𝐺 is the gas phase mass transfer coefficient based on partial pressure differences.
𝐾𝑦 is the gas phase mass transfer coefficient based on mole fraction differences.
𝐾𝐶 is the gas phase mass transfer coefficient based on concentration differences.
Q.13 Select the correct statements among the following:
(A) In film theory, mass transfer occurs by purely molecular diffusion.
(B) In penetration theory, each liquid elements stays in contact with the gas for the same period of
time.
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GATE ACADEMY Multiple Select Questions - MSQ 61
(C) In surface renewal theory, each liquid elements stays in contact with gas phase for different
amount of time.
3
2
(D) In Boundary layer theory, Mass transfer coefficient is proportional to 𝐷𝐴𝐵
Q.14 At equilibrium the concentration of water in vapor phase (C*) in Kg/m^3 of air space and the amount
of water (m) adsorbed per kg of dry silica gel are related by C* = 0.0667 m. To maintain dry
conditions in a room of air space 100 m^3 containing 2.2 kg of water vapor initially, 10 kg of dry
silica gel is kept in the room. Then,
(A) Amount of water adsorbed by silica gel is 1.821 kg
(B) Amount of water adsorbed by silica gel is 1.319 kg
(C) Fraction of initial water remaining in the air space after long time is 0.8
(D) Fraction of initial water remaining in the air space after long time is 0.4
Q.15 Which of the following statement/s are correct:
(A) In Extractive distillation, an entrainer is added to the binary distillation mixture which increases
the relative volatility between the components of binary mixture
(B) In Azeotropic distillation, the entrainer forms a minimum boiling azeotrope with one of the
component and is removed as an overhead product
(C) In Azeotropic distillation, the entrainer forms a maximum boiling azeotrope with one of the
component and is removed as an overhead product
(D) In Azeotropic distillation, the entrainer forms a minimum boiling azeotrope with one of the
component and is removed as a bottom product.
Q.16 In liquid-liquid extraction 10 kg of a solution containing 2 kg of solute C and 8 kg of solvent A is
brought into contact with 10 kg of solvent B. Solvents A and B completely immiscible in each other
whereas solute C is soluble in both the solvents. The extraction process attains equilibrium. The
equilibrium relationship between the two phases is Y* = 0.9 X, where Y* is kg of C/kg of B and X is
kg of C/kg of A.
Choose the correct answers:
(A) Less than 2 kg of C is transferred to solvent B.
(B) More than 1 Kg of C is transferred to solvent B.
(C) The amount of C in the raffinate is 0.90 kg.
(D) The amount of C in the extract is 1.06 kg.
Q.17 It is desired to reduce the concentration of pyridine in 500 kg of aqueous solution from 20 wt% to
5wt% in a single batch extraction using chlorobenzene as solvent. Equilibrium compositions (end
points of the tie line) in terms of weight% of pyridine-water-chlorobenzene are (5, 95, 0) and (11, 0,
89).
(A) The amount of raffinate is 421.05 kg.
(B) The amount of extract is 717.705 kg.
(C) The amount of pure solvent required is 639 kg.
(D) The amount of pure solvent required is 739 kg.
Q.18 Mark the CORRECT relations:
1 1 1 1
(A) = + 𝐴𝑁
𝑁𝑂𝐺 𝑁𝑡𝑔 𝑡𝑙
1
(B) 𝑁𝑂𝐺 = 𝑁𝑡𝑔 + 𝐴 𝑁𝑡𝑙
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62 Mass Transfer : Work Book GATE ACADEMY
(C) 𝑁𝑂𝐺 = 𝑁𝑡𝑔 + 𝐴 𝑁𝑡𝑙
1
(D) 𝐻𝑂𝐺 = 𝐻𝑡𝑔 + 𝐻𝑡𝑙
𝐴
Where, HOG = Overall height of transfer units, NOG = Overall number of transfer units
Htg = height of transfer units based on gas phase
Htl = height of transfer units based on liquid phase
Ntg = number of transfer units based on gas phase
Ntl = number of transfer units based on liquid phase
A = absorption factor = L’/mG’
Q.19 Select the CORRECT statement from the following:
(A) In physical adsorptions the force of interaction between adsorbate and adsorbent is Vander
Waal’s force.
(B) In Langmuir adsorption isotherm, each active site adsorbs one molecule only.
(C) In Langmuir adsorption isotherm, there is no interactions among the adsorbed molecules.
1
(D) In Freundlich Isotherm given by,𝑞 = 𝐾 ′ 𝑃𝑛 , the value of n is greater than 1.
Q.20 Which of the following options are correct:
Dimensionless Numbers Relations
P: Stanton number (St) 1. Re*Sc
Q: Peclet number (Pe) 2. Sc/Pr
R: Lewis number (Le) 3. α/DAB
S: Chilton colburn factor (JD) 4. Sh/[Re* (Sc)1/3]
5. St*(Sc)2/3
6. Sh/(Re*Sc)
(A) P-4, Q-1, R-2, S-6 (B) P-6, Q-1, R-2, S-5
(C) P-6, Q-1, R-3, S-4 (D) P-6, Q-1, R-1, S-4
Q.21 A binary feed consisting of 25 mol% liquid and 75 mol% vapour is separated in a staged distillation
column. The mole fraction of the more volatile component in the distillate product is 0.95. The molar
flow rate of distillate is 50% of the feed flow rate and the McCabe-Thiele method can be used to
analyze the column. The q-line intersects the operating line of the enriching section at (0.35, 0.5) on
the x-y diagram. Then,
(A) The reflux ratio (R) is 3 (B) The reflux ratio (R) is 1.75
(C) The slope of stripping section is 0.90 (D) The slope of stripping section is 2.5
Q.22 Select the correct formulas for an air-water system.
𝑃𝑤 18 𝑠
𝑃𝑤 18
(A) Absolute humidity, Y ′ = 𝑃 (B) Saturation humidity , 𝑌′𝑠 = 𝑃 𝑠
𝑇 − 𝑃𝑤 29 𝑇 − 𝑃𝑤 29
Y′ 𝑃
(C) Percentage humidity = (𝑌 ′ ) 100% (D) Relative humidity = 𝑃𝑤𝑠 100%
𝑠 𝑤
Q.23 CO2 is being absorbed in gas absorber. HTU based on overall mass transfer coefficient
on gas side is 0.4 m. The equilibrium data is given by Y = 1.5 X. The bulk concentration
of CO2 has to be reduced from 0.05 to 0.001 mole ratio on gas side. Corresponding to operating line
is Y = 5 X + 0.001
(A) Number of transfer units is 8 (B) Number of transfer units is 5
(C) Height of the tower (in m) is 4 (D) Height of the tower (in m) is 2
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GATE ACADEMY Multiple Select Questions - MSQ 63
Q.24 Air at 1 atm is blown past the bulb of a mercury thermometer. The bulb is covered with a wick cloth.
The wick is immersed in an organic liquid (molecular weight = 58). The reading of the thermometer
is 7.6 0C. At this temperature, the vapour pressure of the liquid is 5 kPa. The psychrometric ratio is 2
kJ/kg K and the latent heat of vaporization of the liquid is 360 kJ/kg. Assume that the air, which is
blown, is free from the organic vapor.
(A) The absolute humidity of the air is zero.
(B) The value of ℎ𝐺 /𝐾𝑦 is 2 kJ/kg K
(C) The dry bulb temperature of air is 30.5 Deg. C
(D) The dry bulb temperature of air is 26.3 Deg. C
Q.25 A batch of 120 kg wet solid has initial moisture content of 0.2 kg water/kg dry solid. The exposed
area for drying is 0.05 m^2/kg dry solid. The rate of drying curve is given below:
Rate of drying (kg water removed m2 -h)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Select the correct statements:
(A) The constant drying rate is 1.5 kg water removed/m^2 Hr.
(B) The time required for drying this batch to a moisture content of 0.1 kg of water/kg of dry solid is
2.31 hours.
(C) The time required for drying this batch to a moisture content of 0.1 kg of water/kg of dry solid is
3.31 hours.
(D) The time required for drying this batch to a moisture content of 0.1 kg of water/kg of dry solid is
1.31 hours.
Q.26 Which of the following are CORRECT
(A) When q < 1, the feed is below bubble point
(B) When 0 < q < 1, the feed is a mixture of liquid and vapor
(C) When q = 0, the feed is saturated vapors
(D) When q = 1, the feed is saturated liquid
Q.27 For a system containing species P, Q and R, the composition
P
0 100
50 50
100 0
Q 0 50 100 R
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64 Mass Transfer : Work Book GATE ACADEMY
(A) At point K is 62.5% P, 12.5% Q, and 25% R (B) At point K is 12.5% P, 62.5% Q, and 25% R
(C) At point M is 25% P, 25% Q, and 50% R (D) At point M is 25% P, 50% Q, and 25% R
Q.28 Which of the following statements are correct
(A) For equimolar counter diffusion, N A N B 0 and J A J B 0
(B) For equimolar counter diffusion, N A N B 0 and J A J B 0
(C) For diffusion of A through stagnant B, N B 0 and J A J B 0
(D) For diffusion of A through stagnant B, N B 0 and J A J B c0
Q.29 A distillation column separates 10000 kg/h. of a benzene-toluene mixture as shown in the figure.
8000 kg/h
L0
D
XD = 0.95
Feed, X F = 0.5
10000 kg/h
XW = 0.05
(A) The reflux ratio (R) is 0.8 (B) The reflux ratio (R) is 0.6
(C) The residue mass flow rate (W) is 5000 kg/h. (D) The value of L0 is 3000 kg/h.
Q.30 Which of the following statements are correct in context of drying
(A) When pressure exerted by water on the surface of solid is equal to the vapor pressure of water
when the solid is completely covered with water. This moisture is called UNBOUND
MOISTURE
(B) When pressure exerted by water vapors on the surface of solid is less than the vapor pressure.
This moisture is called BOUND MOISTURE
(C) Relative humidity is 100% for UNBOUND MOISTURE
(D) Moisture content on wet basis is given by, X w (WWB WDB ) /WWB
Q.31 The ratio of liquid to gas flow rate in a countercurrent gas absorption column is increased at
otherwise identical conditions. Which of the following statements are true?
(A) The operating line shifts towards the equilibrium curve
(B) The operating line shifts away from equilibrium curve
(C) The operating line lie below the equilibrium curve
(D) The operating line lie above the equilibrium curve
Answer key
1. A, C 2. A, C, D 3. C, D 4. A, D 5. B, C
6. A, B, D 7. A, C 8. A, B, C 9. C, D 10. A, B
11. A, B, C, D 12. A, C, D 13. A, B, C 14. B, D 15. A, B
16. A, B, D 17. A, B, C 18. A, D 19. A, B, C, D 20. B, C
21. * 22. A, B, C, D 23. B, D 24. A, B, D 25. A, B
26. B, C, D 27. A, D 28. A, D 29. B, C, D 30. A, B, C, D
31. B, D
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Appendix 01: Dimensionless Numbers
1. Reynold’s Number
ρVD Inertia Force
Re
Viscous Force
It is used to analyze flow regime.
2. Prandtl Number
C p Momentum Diffusivity
Pr
k Thermal Diffusivity
Depends only on fluid & fluid properties
3. Schmidt Number
Momentum Diffusivity
Sc
DAB Mass Diffusivity
4. Lewis Number
Sc Thermal Diffusivity
Le
Pr Mass Diffusivity
5. Peclet Number
Heat transfer rate by advection
Pe Re.Pr
Heat transfer rate by convection
6. Stanton Number
Nu Heat transfer rate by convection
Stn
Re Pr Heat transfer rate by advection
7. Sherwood Number
KLC Mass transfer rate by convection
Sh
DAB Mass transfer rate by diffusion
8. Nusselt Number
hLC Heat transfer rate by convection
Nu
K Heat transfer rate by conduction
9. Grashof Number
g (Ts T ) L3C Buoyancy Force
Gr
V2 Viscous Force
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66 Mass Transfer : Work Book GATE ACADEMY
10. Rayleigh Number
Ra = Gr Pr
11. Graetz Number
D
Gz Re Pr
L
It is used to find heat transfer coefficient in hydrodynamic fully developed and thermally developing
regime.
12. Biot Number
hLC Heat transfer rate by convection in surrounding fluid
Bi
K Heat transfer rate by conduction within the solid
13. Mac Number
Fluid Velocity
Mc
Velocity of sound in same medium
14. Froude’s Number
Inertia Force
Fr
Gravitational Force
15. Euler Number
Pressure Force
Eu
Inertial Force
16. Weber Number
Kinetic energy
We
Surface tension force
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Appendix 02: Psychrometric 55 60
210
Charts 50
90
200
1.3
65
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART 190
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 29.921 inches of Mercury 85
85
15.0
1.2
180
45
60
85 170
WE
TB 1.1
UL
R
BT
AI
EM 160
Y
PE
DR
80
RA 80
TU
OF
40 RE
D
-° 150 1
UN
F
PO
HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR
-°
55
R
80
E
PE
UR
140
AT
TU
.9
ER
-B
75
MP
PY
75
VAPOR PRESSURE - INCHES OF MERCURY
ENTHALPY - BTU PER POUND OF DRY AIR
35 130
TE
AL
14.5
TH
N
TIO
EN
RA
120 .8
75
TU
SA
70 50
110 70
30
.7
100
70
25 65
65
90 .6
65
14.0
60 80 45
%
60
90
SPE
20 .5
CIF
70
%
80
IC V
55 60
55
OLU
7 0% 60
.4
M E ft
50 55
15 % 50
³/lb
60 50
40
13.5
OF
45 50
45 .3
D
5 0%
RY
40
40
AIR
45 40
10 40%
35
40 30 35 .2
DEW POINT - °F
13.0
30
35 30%
30
25 20
30 25
20% 35
25 20 .1
12.5
20
ATIVE HUMIDITY 10
10% REL 10
0
-20
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F
10 15 20 25 30
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