Assignment Title : Run Multiple Regression (Assignment 2)

Student’s Name : Goh Jia Quan (GS65807)

Course : KOM6115 Advanced Statistics for Communication Research

Lecturer : Prof. Dr. Jusang Bin Bolong

Assignment Topic and Tasks: Run Multiple Regression based on data provided.

A. Case Study

B. Research Variables

C. Research Objective

D. Conceptual Framework

E. Hypothesis

F. Result (table/interpretation/implication and suggestion of study)

G. Appendix: SPSS output.

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 1. Case Study

A researcher surveyed 210 respondents about the corporate social responsibility of their

organizations. The questionnaire consisted of five parts. Respondents filled in their

demographic information in Part A. Meanwhile, Part B measures the awareness of the

organization’s CSR initiatives (AW); Part C measures the congruence between the

organization and CSR initiatives (FT); Part D measures the organizational motives for

engaging in CSR initiatives (MT); and lastly, Part E measures the employees’ attitude

toward the organization (AT).

2. Research Variables

2.1. Independent Variables/ Predictors/Factors:

a. CSR Awareness. 1= Strongly disagree … 5= Strongly agree (Compute to

score/ratio)

b. Congruence between the organization and CSR initiatives. 1= Strongly disagree

… 5= Strongly agree (Compute to score/ratio)

c. CSR Motivation. 1= Strongly disagree … 5= Strongly agree (Compute to

score/ratio)

2.2. Dependent Variables/ Criterion:

d. Employees’ attitude toward the organization (AT). 1= Strongly disagree … 5=

Strongly agree (Compute to score/ratio)

3. Research Objective

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 The present study aims to determine the contribution of CSR awareness, CSR congruence

and CSR motivation towards employees’ attitude towards the organizations.

4. Research Framework

In light of the previously discussed prior literature on CSR activities in relationship with

employees’ attitude towards the organizations

CSR Awareness (AW)

CSR Congruence (FT) Employees’

CSR Motivation (MT)

, figure 1 depicts the research conceptual model to be tested in the current study.

5. Hypotheses

Based on the literature review, the current study hypotheses are as follow:

H1: CSR awareness is a factor to contribute of employees’ attitude towards the

organizations.

H2: CSR congruence is a factor to contribute of employees’ attitude towards the

organizations.

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 H3: CSR motivation is a factor to contribute of employees’ attitude towards the

organizations.

Tentative Regression Equation Model:

Willingness to communicate = 0 + 1 (CSR Awareness) + 2 (CSR Congruence) + 3 (CSR

Motivation)

6. Results

6.1. The factors which influenced employees’ attitude towards the organizations.

ANOVA test for regression analysis shows that there is a significant relationship between

both dependent variable and independent variable at the 0.05 significance level. The analysis in

Table 1 shows that model of CSR Motivation (MT) and CSR Congruence (FT) gives a

significant result with F= 212.987, Sig= 0.000, p<0.05.

Table 1

Analysis of Variance of Variables (ANOVA)

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Value (p)

Regression 890.531 2 445.266 212.987 .000

Residual 432.750 207 2.091

Total 1323.281 209

Meanwhile, multiple regression analysis (Table 2) shows that the estimated coefficients

provided support for H2 and H3 which means that CSR Congruence and CSR Motivation are

factors to contribute to the employees’ attitude towards the organization. The analysis results

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indicate that the regression model was fitted. The model explained 67.3% of variance with

employees’ attitude towards the organization and was found to be significant (F= , Sig= 0.000,

p<0.05). According to table 2, the combination of CSR Motivation and CSR Congruence

increased the contribution value of variance towards employees’ attitude to 67.3% for the total of

149 respondents in the study. Thus, CSR Awareness is not significantly contributing to the

dependent variable.

Table 2

Coefficient Regression of Independent Variables: Multi-Regression Analysis, Stepwise Method.

Mode
B Beta t Sig. Value
l

2 (Constant) 1.673 1.724 0.086

CSR Motivation 0.361 0.036 10.069 0.000

CSR Congruence 0.295 0.047 6.271 0.000

R R Square Adjusted R Square R Change

2 0.820 0.673 0.670

Based on the analysis results from Table 1 and 2, we accept H2 and H3 as contributing

factors in this study and reject H1 from the model. CSR awareness is not contributing to the

dependent variable. In a summary, only two independent variables, which are CSR congruence

and CSR Motivation which contribute towards the employees’ attitude towards the organization.

7. Discussion and Coclusion

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 Figure 2 shows the fit model for the prediction of employees’ attitude towards the

organization. Therefore, the equation regression fit model of this study is: Employees’ attitude

towards the organization= 1.673 + 0.361 (CSR Motivation) + 0.295 (CSR Congruence). The aim

of this research was to determine the contribution of CSR awareness, CSR congruence and CSR

motivation towards employees’ attitude towards the organizations. The findings of the current

research showed that only CSR congruence and CSR motivation are the contributor to

employees’ attitude towards the organizations, with moderate relationship. On the other hand,

CSR awareness is not contributing to employees’ attitude towards the organizations. In other

words, it can be reported that only CSR congruence and CSR motivation are the independent

variables which contributes towards employees’ attitude towards the organizations among the

respondents in this study. These findings are similar to the theory of Bowery (2020) that stated

that employees’ feelings towards the companies they are working for is depending on the

companies’ public images. However, Betty and James (2021) found that motivation of

employees may affects their attitude towards the organizations.

Figure 2

Fit Model for prediction of employees’ attitude towards organization.

CSR Congruence
Employees’
attitude towards
the organizations
CSR Motivation

8. Implication of the study

and it examined the contribution of CSR Awareness, CSR Congruence and CSR Motivation

towards Employees’ attitude towards the organization. The use of a survey for data collection

gives a knowledge of the nature of AT among respondents. The findings suggest the organization

management teams should provide more motivation and suitable social activities for employees

to enhance the employees and organization’s relationship. CSR activities should be held

frequently within the organizations. Managers should participate in the CSR activities to prove

that they are willing to lead the employees to contribute to the society as well.

9. Limitation and future recommendations

While this study demonstrates promising outcomes, it does have certain limitations that

should be addressed in future research endeavors. One limitation is the relatively small sample

size, which could be expanded to include over 500 participants. Additionally, this research solely

focuses on the perspectives of employees, thereby excluding the viewpoint of employers. To

provide a more comprehensive understanding, it would be valuable to include insights from

employers as well. Future studies could consider employing qualitative or mixed-method

research designs to complement the existing literature on corporate social responsibility (CSR)

activities within organizations. Conducting in-depth interviews with management teams from

various organizations would allow for more detailed explanations and incorporate multiple

viewpoints on the research topics. Furthermore, it is recommended that future researchers

consider incorporating a broader range of samples, including both government and private

companies, to enhance the generalizability of the findings.

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APPENDIX

Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
ScoreAT 21.5762 2.51624 210
ScoreAW 23.4286 2.20203 210
ScoreFT 25.2429 2.91721 210
ScoreMT 34.5524 3.82257 210

Correlations
ScoreAT ScoreAW ScoreFT ScoreMT
Pearson Correlation ScoreAT 1.000 .570 .716 .782
ScoreAW .570 1.000 .589 .616
ScoreFT .716 .589 1.000 .683
ScoreMT .782 .616 .683 1.000
Sig. (1-tailed) ScoreAT . .000 .000 .000
ScoreAW .000 . .000 .000
ScoreFT .000 .000 . .000
ScoreMT .000 .000 .000 .
N ScoreAT 210 210 210 210
ScoreAW 210 210 210 210
ScoreFT 210 210 210 210
ScoreMT 210 210 210 210

Variables Entered/Removeda
Variables Variables
Model Entered Removed Method
1 ScoreMT . Stepwise
(Criteria:
Probability-of-F-
to-enter <= .050,
Probability-of-F-
to-remove
>= .100).

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2 ScoreFT . Stepwise
(Criteria:
Probability-of-F-
to-enter <= .050,
Probability-of-F-
to-remove
>= .100).
a. Dependent Variable: ScoreAT

Model Summaryc
Adjusted R Std. Error of the
Model R R Square Square Estimate Durbin-Watson
1 .782a
.611 .609 1.57346
2 .820b
.673 .670 1.44588 1.979
a. Predictors: (Constant), ScoreMT
b. Predictors: (Constant), ScoreMT, ScoreFT
c. Dependent Variable: ScoreAT

ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 808.321 1 808.321 326.493 .000b
Residual 514.960 208 2.476
Total 1323.281 209
2 Regression 890.531 2 445.266 212.987 .000c
Residual 432.750 207 2.091
Total 1323.281 209
a. Dependent Variable: ScoreAT
b. Predictors: (Constant), ScoreMT
c. Predictors: (Constant), ScoreMT, ScoreFT

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 Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 3.800 .990 3.839 .000
ScoreMT .514 .028 .782 18.069 .000
2 (Constant) 1.673 .971 1.724 .086
ScoreMT .361 .036 .548 10.069 .000
ScoreFT .295 .047 .341 6.271 .000
a. Dependent Variable: ScoreAT

Excluded Variablesa
Collinearity
Partial Statistics
Model Beta In t Sig. Correlation Tolerance
1 ScoreAW .142 b
2.630 .009 .180 .620
ScoreFT .341b 6.271 .000 .400 .533
2 ScoreAW .055c 1.043 .298 .072 .568
a. Dependent Variable: ScoreAT
b. Predictors in the Model: (Constant), ScoreMT
c. Predictors in the Model: (Constant), ScoreMT, ScoreFT

Casewise Diagnosticsa
Case Number Std. Residual ScoreAT Predicted Value Residual
92 -4.610 15.00 21.6662 -6.66620
a. Dependent Variable: ScoreAT

Residuals Statisticsa
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N
Predicted Value 15.5397 24.9431 21.5762 2.06420 210
Residual -6.66620 3.36629 .00000 1.43895 210
Std. Predicted Value -2.924 1.631 .000 1.000 210
Std. Residual -4.610 2.328 .000 .995 210
a. Dependent Variable: ScoreAT

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