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Cell Respiration Reviewer

Cellular respiration is a step-by-step process that breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration which uses oxygen to produce a large amount of energy, and anaerobic respiration which does not use oxygen and produces less energy. The four main steps of cellular respiration are glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

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Ellemer Rose Castañares
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31 views

Cell Respiration Reviewer

Cellular respiration is a step-by-step process that breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration which uses oxygen to produce a large amount of energy, and anaerobic respiration which does not use oxygen and produces less energy. The four main steps of cellular respiration are glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Uploaded by

Ellemer Rose Castañares
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CELL RESPIRATION

Cell respiration is the step by step breakdown of glucose to synthesize


energy in the form of ATP.

ATP- composed of adenine, ribose and a phosphate tail made of three


phosphate atoms.

Why must it be a stepwise process?


It must be stepwise process so that there would only be enough energy
to be used in certain reactions. The product at the end of every step is
crucial to start the next step. Moreover, the controlled released of
energy allows it to be stored. Besides, one, big process would only
result to explosive release of energy which is a waste of energy
produced and is destructive to the cell.

There are two types of cellular respiration:


1. Anaerobic respiration which do not require oxygen. It has less
amounts of energy.
2. Aerobic respiration that needs oxygen to take place. It releases large
amounts of energy.

There are four steps involved in cellular respiration:


1. Glycolisis- occurs in the cytosol. It is the breakdown of glucose into 2
pyruvate molecules (3 carbon each) due to loss of hydrogen-oxidation.
Other end-products are 2 net ATPs and 2 NADH. When there is no
enough oxygen in the cell, the process proceed to anaerobic
respiration- fermentation. The product of anaerobic respiration is lactic
acid and ethanol.
1 Glucose= 2 ATPs
Only 3. 5% of the total energy in glucose is harvested, more carbons to
stripped off
The addition of P to ADP is made by PEP(phosphoenolpyruvate),
whereas the breakdown of ATP into ADP is made by pyruvate kinase.

2. When there is enough oxygen the 2 pyruvate moves toward the


mitochondrial matrix(also known as grooming phase). Using the
enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenasis in the process called Pyruvate
Oxidation, pyruvate is transformed into 2 acetyl CoA. Other products
from this step are 2CO2 and 2 NADH.

2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+ + 2 CoA= 2 acetyl CoA+2 CO2 +2NADH

3. Krebs Cycle- also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid


cycle. It involves several processes that allow 2 acetyl CoA to be
converted into oxaldacetate, 4CO2, 6NADH, 2 ATPs and 2 FADH. It
happens in the mitochondrial matrix.

4. Electon Transport Chain(also called chemiosmosis)- takes place in


the mitochondrial inner membrane which converts 10 NADH and 2
FADH into 34 ATPs and water molecule.
Qubiquonone and Cytochrome-electron carriers

NADH and FADH2 donates electrons that flows from the first complex
up to the fourth complex in the ETC allowing hydrogen ions to be
pumped out from the matrix and creating a hydrogen gradient . As
electrons transfer from one comlex to another, 4 hydrogen ions are
released. When the electron reaches the last complex, the elcetron is
combined with the oxygen and 2 hydrogen in the matrix to create
water. Since, the inner mitochondrial membrane is not permeable to
hydrogen ions, an enzyme ATP synthase allows these ions to pass
through the IMM, creating energy to phosphorelate ADP to ATP.

-oxidative phosphorylation
-chemiosmosis is the movement of ions towards the matrix
through the ATP synthase proposed by Peter Mitchell
Excess acetyl coa is used to form lipids
Excess pyruvate is to Glycogen
Krebs cycle-amino acid

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
-is a process wherein the byproducts of cellular respiration together
with sunlight is formed to make glucose or starch
-making energy and organic molecules from light energy, water and
carbon dioxide

Plants-reduction
Animals-oxidation

Plants capture light energy and synthesize them to chemical energy


which can be stored and moved around (starch)
-need to acquire building blocks of atoms such as C, H,O, N, P, K, S
and Mg to build organic molecules(carbs, protein, lipids and nucleic
acids)

Leaves are the solar collectors whereas the roots absorb water and
other nutrients
Stomate or stomata is place for gas exchangeand gas exchange
Guard cells allow the enter of carbon dioxide and exit of oxygen

Type of photosynthesis
-light dependent requires sunlight
-light independent (Calvin Cycle)- main product is G3P which can be
made into carbs, protein,lipids, amino acid and nucleic acid
1. Carbon oxidation
2. Reduction of NADPH into NADP
3. Regeneration of RuBP

As stomates open, carbon dioxide is absorb but water vapor is


released. Whereas, the closing of stomates prevent water loss but
result to O2 build up which is detrimental to the plants. Excess O2
would deplete the amount of carbon dioxide necessary to start the
Calvin cycle. When it happens, the rubisco would bind the RuBP to the
oxygen atom, causing the breakdown of the carbon molecules, thus no
energy and no sugar is made.

Plants in hot and dry climates have developed adaptations to prevent


water loss and O2 build-up. They separate the carbon fixation and
Calvin Cycle. In C4 plants, they separate the carbon fixation and calvin
cycle in two different structures-mesophyll cell and bundle sheet cell
whereas CAM plants separate these two process by time.

Rubisco- Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase


RuBP- ribulose biphosphate

C3 plants- G3P normal plants rich in carbs like rice, wheat, cassava.
95% of plants and trees are C3 plants.
Photorespiration-breakdown of glucose due to building-up of O2.
C4 plants- separate the carbon fixation and calvin cycle in two cells-
precursor PEP carboxylase, may ara Phosphoenolpyruvate(C3) +
CO2= oxaloacetate(4C). Examples are corn, sugarcane
CAM- timing is all what it takes, ex. Cacti, succulents ,pineapple

DNA Replication

Replication fork- point where two DNA strands are separated


Enzymes:
1. Helicase- unzipped the DNA
2. Single-binding protein- stabilizes the single DNA strand
3. Topoisomerase- straightens the DNA para smooth pag-unzip
4. Primase- starts the DNA replication process
-attaches to the 3’ end of the parent strand kay ang
replication ga start from 5’ to 3’
-produces primer which signals DNA polymerase 3 to bind
5. DNA polymerase 3-replicates the parent strand strand
-Okazaki fragments kay unlike the opposite direction sang
parents strand so the replication cannot go the same direction

5’ to 3’=3’ to 5’
3’ to 5’=5’ to 3’

6. Exonuclease- removes the primer, then the DNA polymerase 1


replicates the missing points
7. DNA ligase zips the fragements to create the double strand

Leading strand and lagging strand

Remember that DNA polymerase proof reads the newly made DNA
from 3’ to 5’
DNA repair is done by DNA polymerase 1 through 5’-3’ direction
Nuclease-repair the mismatched pair though nucleotide incision
Telomers ensure that genes do not erode near the DNA end
Telomerase lengthens the telomers in germ cells
Chromatin- DNa complex
Histones- proetins responsible for first DNA packing

DNA replication is semiconservative, semi-discontinuous and is


bidirectionall(unparallel)
Photophosphorylation. The process of conversion of ADP to form ATP
using the energy of sunlight during the first phase of photosynthesis is termed
as photophosphorylation.

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