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THE UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND

SEMESTER TWO 2017

Campus: City

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Antarctica: The Frozen Continent

(Total Time Allowed: TWO hours)

INSTRUCTIONS:

Multiple Choice Questions:

• Use the Teleform Sheet.
• Use pencils only. Shade the rectangle completely.
• Do not X out mistakes. ERASE them completely.
• Complete last name, first name, and initials,
ID Number, fill spaces from left to right.
• Your code is 1020562.
Check this is correct on your teleform

Short Answer Questions:

• Print your name and ID at the top of EVERY ANSWER PAGE.
• Record your answers in the spaces provided.

Exam Format: Total marks = 120

ALL QUESTIONS MUST BE ATTEMPTED.

Multiple Choice Questions: Answer ALL questions. 90 marks

Short Answer Questions: Answer ALL questions. 30 marks

Exploitation 5 marks
Political 6 marks
Human Impacts 6 marks
Birds 3 marks
Fish 5 marks
Marine Mammals 5 marks

Hand in your Teleform answer sheet and Short Answer Sheets.

Retain your Multiple Choice Question pages.

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SECTION A

Multiple Choice Questions

(90 marks)
(Recommended time: 1½ hours)

Choose the ONE correct answer from the alternatives provided.

1. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
regulates which of the following species?

1. fin-fish, molluscs, seabirds and krill

2. fin-fish, krill, whales and seals
3. seabirds, whales, krill and seals
4. krill, seabirds and whales

2. Commercial fishing decimated marbled rock cod populations. Which of the following
statements BEST describes this fishery?

1. Marbled rock cod was the first fishery established around the sub-Antarctic Islands
in the early 1900s. The stocks collapsed, but have recovered to their original
numbers.
2. Marbled rock cod was the first dedicated fishery established around South Georgia
in the late 1960s. The stocks collapsed to 2.5% of their original population size and
currently the population is around 3% of pre-exploitation numbers.
3. Marbled rock cod was the second largest fishery after the mackerel ice-fish
collapsed. The stocks collapsed to 10% of their original population size and numbers
are slowly recovering.
4. Marbled rock cod is one of the early fisheries that still exists around the sub-
Antarctic Islands. CCAMLR regulate the fishery that is primarily of interest to the
Norwegians.

3. Which of the following actions is NOT used to minimise the risk of accidentally
catching seabirds in Antarctic longline fisheries?

1. streamers that flap from the stern (birdlines)

2. deployment of gear at night
3. loud noises to scare birds
4. weighted lines so the baits sink faster

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4. In regards to the Antarctic and Patagonian toothfish fishery, which of the following
statements is CORRECT?

1. The Antarctic toothfish populations are distributed closer to the Antarctic continent
and the Patagonian toothfish is distributed around the sub-Antarctic islands. The
Antarctic toothfish is primarily fished by the New Zealand fleet in the Ross Sea
region, Area 88.
2. The Antarctic toothfish populations are at a critically low level due to over-fishing
throughout their range. CCAMLR regulate this fishery so only two member states
are allowed to commercially target these species.
3. Patagonian toothfish were targeted in the 1990s after other fisheries collapsed. Their
spawning grounds are in the Ross Sea which is why the Patagonian toothfish are the
primary target of the New Zealand fishing fleet.
4. Patagonian and Antarctic toothfish are distributed throughout the Southern Ocean
with mixing between the two species. The fishery for both species mainly occurs
south of the South Atlantic Sea in Area 48.

5. Which Antarctic region has more than 50% of the krill productivity?

1. south of the southwest Atlantic Ocean

2. south of the southeast Indian Ocean
3. south of Australia
4. south of the southwest Pacific Ocean

6. Which of the following is the CORRECT order of large marine animals that were
hunted at Macquarie Island?

1. elephant seals, blue whales, Adelie penguins, King penguins

2. fur seals, elephant seals, humpback whales, royal penguins
3. fur seals, elephant seals, King penguins, royal penguins
4. elephant seals, blue whales, humpback whales, Adelie penguins

7. Penguins on Macquarie Island were exploited for their oil:

1. after the elephant seal stocks were depleted.

2. when the international market specifically required penguin oil.
3. when the penguin meat was no longer commercially viable.
4. only during the non-breeding season to avoid reducing the supply.

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8. Grytviken whaling station was established by _________ and was based on _________
initially using _________ whalers.

1. Carl Anton Larsen; South Georgia; land-based

2. Carl Anton Larsen; Macquarie Island; land-based
3. Joseph Hatch; South Georgia; ship-based
4. Joseph Hatch; Macquarie Island; ship-based

9. Commercial whaling was a major activity in the Southern Ocean during the 1900s.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT with regards to whaling?

1. Governments required catch records from all whaling activities until the
establishment of the International Whaling Commission. They managed the industry
successfully until the 1960s when climate change resulted in a decline in the number
of whales.
2. With the beginning of commercial whaling in the mid-1900s, the International
Whaling Commission was formed to regulate the industry. Scientific research was
undertaken on all ships until population declines resulted in a moratorium on
whaling in 1986.
3. When whaling was established, companies were required to pay for scientific
research. Large whaling ships were established in the early 1900s and concern about
the decline in stocks led to the establishment of the International Whaling
Commission in 1946.
4. Whaling was established at several sites around Antarctica. The whalers conducted
scientific research leading to an ecosystem-based management process. Commercial
whaling was halted in 1994 with the establishment of a Southern Ocean Whaling
Sanctuary.

10. Early sealers and whalers were paid a 'lay' that was approximately 1% of the total
earnings, but most of them returned to shore in debt. Why did they incur this debt?

1. They were charged for the use of all items when at sea.
2. They did not work hard enough.
3. There were not enough seals for them to hunt.
4. They paid to go on the voyages.

11. There are four heat loss mechanisms that make Antarctic work challenging for humans.
Which of the following can speed up heat loss under most conditions?

1. wind speed
2. snow levels
3. amount of sunshine
4. dehydration

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12. Why would conduction be a problem when working in Antarctica?

1. Because we are often sitting on the ground or handling equipment for long periods
of time.
2. We do not sweat enough because it's cold.
3. We breathe more heavily in Antarctica because we are often working at altitude.
4. Because the air flowing over our skin when we are outside working carries heat
away.

13. What causes altitude sickness?

1. An oxygen deficiency in the blood at high altitudes.

2. We expend too much energy climbing to higher altitudes and are exhausted.
3. There is a decrease in temperature at higher altitudes.
4. Oxygen increases from sea level as you go to higher altitudes.

14. Given the abundance of animals as a source of food in Antarctica, why did early
voyagers get scurvy?

1. They were not able to consume enough to meet their vitamin B1 needs.
2. There was not enough fresh food with sufficient vitamin C.
3. Antarctic animals have low iron levels so do not provide sufficient vitamins.
4. Thiamine is a limiting nutrient in Antarctic systems.

15. How would you know if someone was moderately hypothermic?

1. They would have slurred speech, loss of fine motor control and violent,
uncontrolable shivering.
2. They would be unconscious and their organs would start to fail.
3. They would be clumsy and shivering a lot.
4. They would have blue skin, waves of violent shivering, a weak pulse and difficulty
speaking.

16. The primary motivation behind all four International Polar years (IPYs) was to:

1. increase public awareness of the scientific importance of the polar regions.

2. promote international collaborative research focused on the Arctic and Antarctic
regions.
3. better understand the world-wide climate patterns through research in the Antarctic.
4. gain a better understanding of the Earth's magnetism through research in the polar
regions.

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17. The first International Polar Year, proposed by Karl Weyprecht and Georg von
Neumayer was largely focused on the study of:

1. outer space and radio science.

2. geology and outer space.
3. climate and magnetism.
4. radio science and biology.

18. The first International Polar Year had limited scientific success. This was because of:

1. the significant logistic challenges faced by researchers working in the polar regions.
2. a poorly coordinated and defined program of research.
3. financial limits associated with the great depression.
4. disagreements between the two main collaborating nations.

19. Pictured below are the two team leaders of the Commonwealth Transantarctic
Expedition (CTAE).

The person labelled B is:

1. Douglas Mawson from Australia

2. Vivian Fuchs from United Kingdom
3. Richard Byrd from America
4. Edmund Hillary from New Zealand

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20. The role of the Ross Sea Party in the Commonwealth Transantarctic Expedition (CTAE)
of 1957-58 was to support the Weddell Sea party by:

1. establishing a vehicle route from the Ross Sea toward the South Pole.
2. All the options are correct.
3. laying supply depots.
4. building Scott Base at McMurdo Sound.

21. The map below indicates the route taken by the Commonwealth Transantarctic
Expedition (CTAE).

The Crossing Party started at:

1. Scott Base.
2. Shackleton Base.
3. South Ice.
4. the South Pole.

22. The Antarctic Treaty System is a collection of agreements that regulates:

1. only science and research, but not commercial activity such as tourism in the
Antarctic
2. international relationships, but not human activity such as science in the Antarctic.
3. international relationships and human activity in the Antarctic.
4. mining, sealing and tourism, but not science in the Antarctic.

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23. The primary agreement that underlies the Antarctic Treaty System is:

1. the Antarctic Treaty.

2. the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
(CCAMLR).
3. the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
(CRAMRA).
4. the Protocol on Environmental Protection (Madrid Protocol).

24. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? The Antarctic Treaty:

1. was originally signed by the 12 nations that had been part of the International
Geophysical Year.
2. bans nuclear reactors and mining in the Antarctic.
3. was signed in 1959 and came into force in 1961.
4. puts all terrestrial claims in abeyance.

25. A New Zealand citizen working at Mawson station, located inside the Australian
Territorial claim is subject to:

1. International law.
2. American law.
3. New Zealand law.
4. Australian law.

26. The rules that govern the Antarctic are formulated and agreed upon in annual meetings
by:

1. the current 24 non-consultative Antarctic Treaty countries.

2. the current 29 Antarctic treaty consultative countries.
3. the current 29 consultative and 24 non-consultative Antarctic Treaty countries.
4. the original 12 signatories to the Antarctic Treaty.

27. The Antarctic Treaty has been extended by a number of conventions / protocols. Which
of the following did NOT come into force?

1. Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals

2. Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
3. Protocol on Environmental Protection
4. Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

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28. What is the dominant type of tourism that occurs in the Antarctic?

1. overflights by private and commercial aircraft

2. commercial ship-based cruises
3. private yacht-based cruises
4. extended land-based expeditions

29. The initial accident report released in 1980, cites the cause of the Air New Zealand
Erebus crash as:

1. an unexpected blizzard.
2. shortage of fuel.
3. pilot error.
4. changing of the aircraft's navigation computer co-ordinates.

30. Responding to public pressure, the New Zealand Government announced a one-person
Royal Commission Enquiry into the Air New Zealand Erebus accident, which was
undertaken by Justice Peter Mahon. According to Justice Mahon the likely cause of the
crash was:

1. an unexpected blizzard.
2. pilot error.
3. changing of the aircraft's navigation computer co-ordinates.
4. shortage of fuel.

31. Generally the impacts associated with Antarctic tourism are __________________, but
can have some significant ____________________ environmental effects.

1. small; local
2. large; local
3. small; regional
4. large; regional

32. A number of different groups have established settlements in the Antarctic region. The
earliest settlers in the Antarctic region were:

1. sealers, then explorers and lastly scientists.

2. sealers, then scientists and lastly explorers.
3. explorers, then scientists and lastly sealers.
4. scientists, then sealers and lastly explorers.

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33. The oldest continuously occupied settlement in the Antarctic region is the:

1. New Zealand, Scott Base, Ross Island.

2. Australian, Mawson Station, East Antarctica.
3. American, McMurdo Station, Ross Island.
4. Argentine base, Orcadas, South Orkney Islands.

34. ______________ people visit Antarctica as a tourist than as part of a scientific program.
However, the total number of person days in Antarctica for research programs is
_____________ than the number for tourism.

1. More; less.
2. Fewer; greater.
3. Fewer; less.
4. More; greater.

35. The general lesson learnt from the demolition and removal of the Cape Hallet research
station was that:

1. penguin colonies will re-establish quickly at a site if buildings are removed.

2. fuel storage facilities in the Antarctic will quickly start to leak if not continually
maintained.
3. it is very time consuming, difficult and expensive to remediate sites in the Antarctic.
4. you should not burn large amounts of waste in the Antarctic.

36. The most significant local pollution in the Antarctic has occurred as the result of:

1. activities associated with private expeditions.

2. activities associated with tourism.
3. activities associated with research stations.
4. oil spills from shipping large amounts of fossil fuel by sea.

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37. The figure below is a diagrammatic representation of global distillation. This process
results in the movement of certain types of pollution from one area to another.

What processes are occurring at the points labelled 1, 2 and 3 on the diagram?

1. (1) evaporation, (2), condensation (3) transport.

2. (1) evaporation, (2) transport, (3) condensation.
3. (1) condensation, (2) evaporation, (3) transport.
4. (1) transport, (2) condensation, (3) evaporation.

38. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

1. Ultraviolet B is less harmful than ultraviolet A, but is still a risk to humans.

2. Ultraviolet A is less harmful than ultraviolet B, but is still a risk to humans.
3. Ultraviolet A and B are equally harmful to humans.
4. Ultraviolet A is the major wavelength produced by tanning beds and is not harmful.

39. The chemical formula for ozone is:

1. O
2. CFC
3. O3
4. O2

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40. The Earth's atmosphere is made up of five layers. What is the CORRECT order of these
layers starting with the layer closest to the surface of the Earth?

1. Troposphere, Stratosphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere and Exosphere

2. Mesosphere, Troposphere, Exosphere, Stratosphere and Thermosphere
3. Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere
4. Stratosphere, Troposphere, Mesosphere, Exosphere and Thermosphere

41. The graph above is a plot of ozone concentration against time in years. Which
line BEST describes the historical trend in ozone concentration over Antarctica?

1. Line B
2. Line A
3. Line D
4. Line C

42. Ozone holes have been discovered in:

1. Russia and the Antarctic.

2. Antarctica and Australia.
3. the Arctic and the Antarctic.
4. Australia and Russia.

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43. The evidence for global climate change has come from a number of different sources.
Which of the following has NOT been used as an indicator of global climate change?

1. ice-core analysis
2. dendrochronology (tree-ring analysis)
3. oceanic sediments
4. changing patterns of volcanism

44. The figure below is a diagrammatic representation of the Greenhouse effect.

The arrow labelled A represents:

1. solar radiation.
2. ultraviolet C light.
3. nuclear radiation.
4. reflected infrared emission.

45. What effect might increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations have on seawater?

1. Seawater will become more acidic, and carbonate concentrations will decrease.
2. Seawater will become more acidic, and carbonate concentrations will increase.
3. Seawater will become more alkaline, and carbonate concentrations will decrease.
4. There will be no change in the pH of seawater, because carbonate will turn to
bicarbonate.

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46. How would acidification of seawater affect marine organisms? Acidification of seawater
would:

1. decrease dissolved carbonate concentrations and promote faster growth of shell-

building animals.
2. increase dissolved carbonate concentrations and promote faster growth of shell-
building animals.
3. decrease dissolved carbonate concentrations and hinder growth of shell-building
animals.
4. increase dissolved carbonate concentrations and hinder growth of shell-building
animals.

47. Birds dominate the Antarctic ecosystem and breeding populations are typically clustered
together rather than being evenly distributed. This is because:

1. the number of prey species is very limited.

2. of the high energetic requirements associated with living in a cold environment.
3. fresh running water is only available in a small number of locations.
4. suitable breeding locations are very limited.

48. Which of the following statements are CORRECT?

(i) Ornithology is the study of birds.
(ii) In total there are approximately 40 species of birds that breed on Antarctica and
sub-Antarctic islands.
(iii) Relative to other regions there are a large number of avian species that breed in
the Antarctic.
(iv) Many Antarctic bird species are endemic.

1. Only (i) and (iv) are correct.

2. Only (ii) and (iii) are correct.
3. Only (iii) is correct.
4. Only (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct.

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49. Birds can be divided into two major groups, these groups are:

1. land and seabirds.

2. perching birds and flightless birds.
3. endemic and land birds.
4. seabirds and perching birds.

50. Most birds that breed in the Antarctic are:

1. seabirds.
2. land birds.
3. flightless birds.
4. perching birds.

51. The only family of Pelecaniiformes that breed in the Antarctic is:

1. penguins.
2. skua.
3. cormorant or shags.
4. gulls.

52. The most significant present day threat to sub-Antarctic populations of albatross is:

1. habitat destruction.
2. sea level changes as a result of global warming.
3. long-line fishing.
4. the feather trade.

53. There are two species of skua that breed in the Antarctic. These are:

1. the black skua and the great skua.

2. the south polar skua and the black skua.
3. the great skua and the brown skua.
4. the brown skua and the south polar skua.

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54. With regards to the general characteristics of penguins, which of the following are
CORRECT?
(i) Penguins are sexually dimorphic, with males being generally heavier than
females.
(ii) Penguins unlike other birds have teeth.
(iii) Most penguin breed on land.
(iv) Penguins are omnivores.

1. Only (i) and (iii) are correct.

2. All of the statements are correct.
3. Only (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct.
4. Only (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct.

55. Other than in captive populations, penguins are only found in the:

1. Antarctic.
2. Southern hemisphere.
3. Northern hemisphere.
4. sub-Antarctic and Antarctic.

The table below relates to question 56, it shows the three genera of penguins and
examples of species in each genus.

Genus Species of penguin

(Common name)

Eudyptes (crested) Macaroni

Pygoscelis (brush-tailed) Chinstrap

Gentoo

Aptenodytes King

56. Three other species of penguin are Rockhopper, Adélie and Emperor. Identify the genus
each of these penguin species belong to.

1. Rockhopper - Pygoscelis; Adélie - Aptenodytes; Emperor - Eudyptes

2. Rockhopper - Eudyptes; Adélie - Pygoscelis; Emperor -Aptenodytes
3. Rockhopper - Aptenodytes; Adélie - Pygoscelis; Emperor -Eudyptes
4. Rockhopper - Aptenodytes; Adélie - Eudyptes ; Emperor– Pygoscelis

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57. Most penguins breed in ________________________ colonies, build

________________________ nests and they have a brood patch that allows them to
keep their eggs warm.

1. small; complex
2. large; complex
3. small; simple
4. large; simple

58. Which of the following statements are CORRECT?

(i) Emperor penguins are the only penguin that breed on ice rather than land.
(ii) Emperor penguins feed predominantly on krill.
(iii) Emperor penguins live most of the year in the pack ice.

1. All of the statements are correct.

2. Only (i) and (iii) are correct.
3. Only (iii) is correct.
4. Only (ii) and (iii) are correct.

59. The figure below is a cross section through an Emperor penguins feathers and skin.
Correctly identify the features labelled A-D.

1. A - outer vane, B - tip of calamus, C - skin, D - down.

2. A - skin, B - down, C - outer vane, D - tip of calamus.
3. A - tip of calamus, B - skin, C - down, D - outer vane.
4. A - down, B - outer vane, C - tip of calamus, D - skin.

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60. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

1. Emperor penguins are monogamous during each breeding season.

2. Emperor penguins mate for life.
3. Emperor penguins are polyandrous during each breeding season.
4. Emperor penguins are polygynous during each breeding season.

61. The fossil fish fauna evidence indicates there was a:

1. greater diversity of fish species and an abundance of sharks and rays.

2. lower diversity of fish species and an abundance of sharks and rays.
3. greater diversity of fish species and fewer sharks and rays.
4. lower diversity of fish species and notothenioid species were all benthic.

62. Which of the following statements BEST describes the Antarctic cryopelagic habitat?

1. the layer of the ocean on the undersurface of fast, pack and platelet ice and icebergs
2. the coastal zones of the oceans where coral reefs are located
3. the layer of the ocean where all biological life is located
4. the layer of the ocean where photosynthesis cannot occur

63. The silverfish (Pleurogramma antarcticum) has adapted to swim in the water column
(i.e. it is pelagic) through several adaptations including:

1. the loss of larval-like red (endurance) muscle distributions.

2. having increased lipids in muscles and special lipid deposits.
3. developing a flattened body design.
4. having large pectoral fins for labriform swimming.

64. While out on the research vessel Tangaroa in Antarctic waters in 2016 your research
team discover a new fish. Video footage from near the bottom at great depth shows the
fish has a sedentary lifestyle, is an ambush predator and has a distinctive barbel lure.
This fish most likely belongs to the Notothenioidei family:

1. plunderfishes.
2. thornfish.
3. dragonfish.
4. icefish.

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65. The diagram above shows a likely Antarctic toothfish lifecycle with four main stages.
What happens at Stage 1 in deeper waters around sea mounts and rises?

1. adult toothfish spawn

2. egg and larval drift over a period of a few months
3. the adult toothfish matures over a number of years
4. juvenile toothfish spend 3-4 years growing and feeding

66. Lanternfishes (Myctophidae):

1. have luminous organs.

2. have no swim bladder.
3. have no haemoglobin in their blood.
4. live near the surface in the photic zone.

67. Scientists are studying an Antarctic fish that live on the bottom of McMurdo Sound
(600-700 m depth) where water temperatures average approximately -1.93oC. The most
likely reason this fish can survive in such low temperatures is that:

1. it is protected by significant amounts of antifreeze.

2. it produces ice nucleating agents (INAs) to direct freezing to its extracellular
compartments.
3. there is little chance of it coming into contact with ice living at this depth.
4. it is resistant to freezing.

68. In the cold, the cellular membranes of Antarctic Notothenioids contain more
polyunsaturated bonds in membrane phospholipid acyl-chains. This acts to:

1. decrease membrane fluidity in the cold.

2. increase membrane fluidity in the cold.
3. increase oxygen diffusion rates through muscle tissues.
4. stop the formation of ice crystals.

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69. To which of the following types of molecules does Antarctic fish 'antifreeze' belong?

1. phospholipid
2. alcohol
3. glycoprotein
4. carbohydrate

70. Which adaptions listed below have improved underwater vision for Antarctic fish?

(i) large eyes

(ii) increased photoreceptor density
(iii) increased percentage of rods versus cones
(iv) rapid dark-adaption rates

1. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are all correct

2. Only (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
3. Only (i) and (iii) are correct
4. Only (i) and (iv) are correct

71. When Notothenioids, such as the one in the diagram above, use an oscillatory pectoral
fin motion in swimming. This is called:

1. labriform locomotion for slow energy saving movement.

2. subcarangiform locomotion for slow energy saving movement.
3. subcarangiform locomotion for rapid burst movements.
4. labriform locomotion for rapid burst movements.

72. Buoyancy adaptations in Antarctic fish include:

1. low lipid levels and abundant cartilage.

2. high lipid levels and highly calcified bones.
3. low lipid levels and highly calcified bones.
4. high lipid levels and abundant cartilage.

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73. The main muscles used in swimming by Antarctic Notothenioids are the
_______________ of the trunk rather than the massive bulk of _______________. The
muscle fibres also contain highly active _______________ specialised for operating at
low temperatures.

1. superficial red muscle; white muscle; aerobic enzymes

2. white muscle; superficial red muscle; aerobic enzymes
3. superficial red muscles; white muscle; lipid stores
4. white muscle; superficial red muscle; lipid stores

74. Antarctic fish show a number of reproductive adaptations including:

(i) slow seasonal growth

(ii) delayed maturation
(iii) longevity
(iv) large size

1. Only (i) and (iii) are correct

2. Only (iii) is correct
3. (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) are all correct
4. Only (iv) is correct

75. Icefish transport oxygen dissolved in the blood. This is possible because they:

(i) lack haemoglobin.

(ii) have a higher flow rate than other Antarctic fish.
(iii) have a larger heart size than other Antarctic fish.
(iv) have smaller blood vessels than other Antarctic fish.

1. only (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct

2. only (i) and (iii) are correct
3. (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) are all correct
4. only (i) and (iv) are correct

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76. What is the main purpose of the sebaceous glands found in Antarctic fur seal skin?

1. They protect the under-fur layer from damage.

2. They produce oil to waterproof the fur.
3. They are where the under-fur layer is produced.
4. They trap air for insulation.

77. The Phocidae are commonly known as the ______ seals. They are insulated with ______
and move using their ______ flippers.

1. eared; blubber; front

2. eared; fur; front and back
3. true; blubber; front
4. true; fur; front and back

78. Antarctic fur seals have high site fidelity to their breeding grounds. Which of the
following statements BEST describes conditions that would result in a successful
population of seals?

1. Dense aggregations of krill, as indicated by high chlorophyll a concentrations, are

within 2 km of the seals breeding ground and the krill are located 20 m below the
sea-surface.
2. Aggregations of krill associated with a seasonal water current are located within 5
km of the seals breeding ground.
3. Very high aggregations of fish and krill 20 km offshore from the seals breeding
ground and located 100 m below the sea-surface.
4. High numbers of toothfish are aggregated within 5 km of the seals breeding ground
and located at 50 m below the sea-surface.

79. Which of the following statements about southern elephant seal ecology is
INCORRECT?

1. Southern elephant seals breed on the Antarctic continent.

2. Southern elephant seals feed mostly on cephalopods and fish.
3. Male southern elephant seals are much larger than females.
4. The southern elephant seal is the largest species of seal.

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80. The __________ seals have specialised teeth that function like a __________ due to
their diet consisting mainly of __________. They are the __________ __________ seal
in Antarctica and live primarily on the __________ __________.

1. leopard; sieve; penguins; most abundant; Antarctic Peninsula

2. crabeater; sieve; krill; most abundant; pack ice
3. Weddell; crusher; squid; least abundant; fast ice
4. crabeater; crusher; krill; least abundant; fast ice

81. Deep diving pinnipeds use bradycardia to conserve energy. What is bradycardia?

1. restriction of circulation
2. slowing the heartrate
3. production of extra myoglobin
4. collapsed lungs

82. Which of the following BEST describes odontocetes?

1. They use teeth to catch prey, have one external nostril and typically do not undertake
seasonal migrations.
2. They use teeth to catch their prey, have two external nostrils and live in Antarctic
waters year-round.
3. They use baleen to catch their prey, have one external nostril and live near the ice
edge.
4. They use baleen to catch their prey, have two external nostrils and typically
undertake seasonal migrations.

83. The Type B killer whales undertake long, rapid, return journeys from Antarctic to sub-
tropical waters. What is the most likely reason for this behaviour?

1. To increase the probability of survival of newborn calves.

2. To take advantage of abundant prey when the winter months limit prey availability
in Antarctic waters.
3. To regenerate their skin as it does not slough off in the cold Antarctic waters.
4. For breeding purposes to increase genetic diversity.

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84. The most important prey items for baleen whales in the Southern Ocean are:

1. phytoplankton.
2. krill.
3. silverfish.
4. copepods.

85. Female Oceania humpback whales accompanied by a calf predominantly migrate to

which Antarctic feeding area?

1. Ross Sea
2. Bellingshausen Sea
3. Amundsen Sea
4. West Antarctic Peninsula

86. Which of the following statements about phytoplankton in Southern Ocean ecosystems
is INCORRECT?

1. Phytoplankton are primary consumers that are most abundant near the surface of the
ocean and they are important prey for seals, penguins and whales.
2. Phytoplankton are primary producers that are found mainly near the sea-surface,
they remove CO2 from the atmosphere and influence the climate.
3. Phytoplankton are primary producers that include diatoms, which remove CO2 from
the atmosphere and play an important role in climate system function.
4. Phytoplankton are primary prey for copepods and krill, that survive in light limited
environments by slowing their metabolic rate.

87. What happens to the majority of the phytoplankton in Antarctic waters?

1. It is eaten by krill.
2. It is eaten by crabeater seals.
3. It falls to the seabed and forms sediment.
4. It is consumed by planktivores.

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88. Antarctic food webs have a vertical flux of organic material. Which of the following
statements BEST describes how nutrients are moved back up the water column?

1. Benthic feeding organisms are prey for fishes and squids, that are eaten by sperm
whales who defecate when they surface to breathe.
2. Benthic fishes are prey for mesopelagic fishes, that are eaten by baleen whales who
defecate when they surface to breathe.
3. Krill undertake daily migrations from the benthos, where they prey upon small
organisms, to the surface of the ocean where they defecate.
4. Mid-water fishes feed on small squids, then they are eaten by large mesopelagic
sharks.

89. The seasonal pack ice zone is:

1. ice free during the summer months and the main area where phytoplankton bloom.
2. a nutrient rich zones with poor primary production and high diversity of marine
organisms.
3. the primary region of the marine pelagic food web.
4. a nutrient poor zone year-round except for a very brief bloom in summer.

90. Terrestrial food-webs in Antarctica are restricted to _______ of the landmass. Primary
productivity is _______ in the Antarctic Peninsula than the Dry Valleys region. The
primary producers are organisms such as _______ with _______ dominating as the main
carnivores.

1. 2%; higher; fungi; springtails

2. 2%; higher; cyanobacteria; mites
3. 10%; lower; protists; water bears
4. 10%; lower; mosses; rotifers

QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET FOLLOWS

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THE UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND

Short Answer Questions Section

NOTE: • Print your name and ID at the top of EVERY ANSWER PAGE.
• Record your answers in the spaces provided.
• Answer ALL questions. 30 marks

Surname: ________________________________ Forenames: _______________________________

University of Auckland ID Number: ______________________________ UPI: _________________

Exploitation Political Human Birds Fish Marine

Impacts Mammals
FOR OFFICIAL USE

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ID: ____________________________

SURNAME: ____________________________ FIRST NAME: ______________________

SECTION B
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
(30 marks)
(Recommended time: 30 minutes)

EXPLOITATION (5 marks total)

91. Fill in the letter (A-D) from the figure that BEST fits the descriptions provided. Note that one of
the letters fits two descriptors. (5 marks)

_______ Area with the highest densities of krill.

_______ CCAMLR Area 58.
_______ Area with lowest densities of krill.
_______ New Zealand’s primary region for the toothfish fishery.
_______ Primary area for the Patagonian toothfish fishery

From: Atkinson et al. 2008 MEPS

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ID: ____________________________

POLITICAL (6 marks total)

92. Complete the table below by entering the correct number of nations that participated in each of
the International polar years. Select from the numbers listed below (a–d). (2 marks)
(a) 12
(b) 44
(c) 60+
(d) 67

International 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Polar Years
Year(s) 1882-3 1932-3 1957-8 2007-9
Number of
participating
nations

93. The third (3rd) International Polar Year was also known as the

______________________________. (1 mark)

94. The Antarctic Treaty has four specific objectives. Complete the table below by detailing the
remaining THREE (3) objectives. (3 marks)

Objective

(a) Prohibit military activity except in support of science.

(b) Prohibit

(c) Promote

(d) Hold

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ID: ____________________________

SURNAME: ____________________________ FIRST NAME: ______________________

HUMAN IMPACTS (6 marks total)

95. Ozone formation and destruction are normally balanced.

On the diagram below clearly label the following:

(a) Ozone formation
(b) UV-B & C
(c) Oxygen molecule
(d) UV-C
(e) Ozone
(f) Oxygen atom. (3 marks)

96. Describe the role that polar stratospheric clouds play in the destruction of ozone. (2 marks)

97. Correctly complete the following sentence. (1 mark)

The albedo effect is thought to play an important role in climate change. An object with

a high albedo is _________________________ in colour, while an object with a low albedo is

____________________________ in colour.

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ID: ____________________________

BIRDS (3 marks total)

98. List the THREE (3) features of Antarctica that are critical to the distribution and abundance of
the birds of the region. (3 marks)

(a)

(b)

(c)

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SURNAME: ____________________________ FIRST NAME: ______________________

FISH (5 marks total)

99. The Southern Ocean is a unique, remote, cold (sub-zero temperatures and sea-ice) marine
environment with little habitat diversity. Complete the diagram below by labelling the habitat
types labelled A-D. (2 marks)

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ID: ____________________________

FISH cont.

100. Complete the table to match each of the following families of Antarctic fish (lettered A-D) with
the appropriate description in the table. (2 marks)

A. Icefish B. Lanternfish C. Snailfish D. Silverfish

Family Description
(A-D)
Important as a prey species for other fishes, seals, whales, penguins and the
south polar skua, considered a keystone species.
Often pinkish in colour, with a jelly-like layer beneath the skin giving them
a soft-bodied appearance

Small (30-150 mm), mesopelagic fishes with swim bladders, large eyes and
mouths

Circumpolar in distribution with white or translucent blood

101. Give TWO (2) reasons why modern notothenioids show a high degree of endemism. (1 mark)

(i) ________________________________________________________________________

(ii) ________________________________________________________________________

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ID: ____________________________

SURNAME: ____________________________ FIRST NAME: ______________________

MARINE MAMMALS (5 marks total)

102. The Southern Ocean is a High Nutrient – Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) environment. This is
because some nutrients are not available for uptake by phytoplankton. Briefly describe how
baleen whales play a major role in making iron biologically available to phytoplankton. You
may use a diagram to illustrate your answer.

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