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THE UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND

SEMESTER TWO 2020
Campus: City, NZ Online, Offshore Online

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Antarctica: The Frozen Continent

(Total Time Allowed: TWO hours)

INSTRUCTIONS:
Multiple Choice Questions:
• Use the Teleform Sheet.
• Use pencils only. Shade the rectangle completely.
• Do not X out mistakes. ERASE them completely.
• Complete last name, first name, and initials, ID Number,
fill spaces from left to right.
• Your code is 1022024
Check this is correct on your teleform.
• Do not shade the box for option E/5 as this exam does not have
an option E or 5 for any questions. (If this is shaded the system
will not mark your response for this question.)
Short Answer Questions:
• Print your name and ID at the top of EVERY ANSWER PAGE.
• Record your answers in the spaces provided.

Exam Format: Total marks = 90

ALL QUESTIONS MUST BE ATTEMPTED.
Multiple Choice Questions: Answer ALL questions: 60 marks

Short Answer Questions: Answer ALL questions. 30 marks

Human Impacts 5 marks
Political 5 marks
Birds 5 marks
Fish 5 marks
Mammals 5 marks
Ecosystems 5 marks

Hand in your Teleform answer sheet and Short Answer Sheets.

Retain your Multiple Choice Question pages.

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SECTION A

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

(60 marks)
(Recommended time: 80 minutes)

Choose the ONE (1) correct answer from the alternatives provided.

1. Ozone is:

(a) a pollutant caused by the burning of fossil fuels.

(b) more healthy to breathe than oxygen.
(c) a form of carbon dioxide.
(d) a form of oxygen.

2. The ozone layer is in the portion of the atmosphere known as the:

(a) troposphere.
(b) stratosphere.
(c) heterosphere.
(d) mesosphere.

3. At which altitude can the greatest concentration of ozone be found?

(a) 40 km
(b) 0 km
(c) 10 km
(d) 20 km

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4. Ozone formation and destruction are normally balanced, maintaining the concentration
in the atmosphere. The diagram illustrates the process of ozone formation.

The correct labels (i - iv) for the process are:

(a) (i) = UV-B; (ii) = O3; (iii) = O; (iv) = O2

(b) (i) = UV-A; (ii) = O; (iii) = O2; (iv) = O3
(c) (i) = UV-B; (ii) = O; (iii) = O3; (iv) = O2
(d) (i) = UV-C; (ii) = O2; (iii) = O2; (iv) = O3

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5. The graph below is a plot of ozone concentration against time in years.

Which line best describes the historical trend in ozone concentration over Antarctica?

(a) Line B
(b) Line D
(c) Line C
(d) Line A

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6. Complete the table below by matching the correct season to the description of each
stage in the ozone cycle over Antarctica.

Season Description

(i) Polar vortex dissipates, polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) disappear,

inactive chlorine (Cl) can’t be converted to Cl gas, some Cl atoms
bind to other molecules returning to inactive forms.

(ii) Ozone formation and destruction by UV. Chlorofluorocarbons

(CFCs) and Cl containing compounds accumulate.

(iii) Cl gas reacts with UV forming Cl atoms, CFC’s react with UV

releasing Cl atoms, Cl atoms catalyse the ozone destruction process.

(iv) Polar vortex forms, PSCs form and provide a surface for inactive Cl
molecules to react releasing Cl gas.

(a) (i) = Autumn; (ii) = Summer; (iii) = Winter; (iv) = Spring

(b) (i) = Winter; (ii) = Spring; (iii) =Autumn; (iv) = Summer
(c) (i) = Summer; (ii) = Autumn; (iii) = Spring; (iv) = Winter
(d) (i) = Autumn; (ii) = Summer; (iii) = Spring; (iv) = Winter

7. Anthropogenic means ________ in terms of climate change.

(a) made by nature

(b) good for humans
(c) caused by humans
(d) fixed by humans

8. From climate records it is clear that:

(a) there has been warming in the last 100 years.

(b) a runaway greenhouse effect threatens to kill life on Earth.
(c) the scientific notion of global warming seems to be in error.
(d) Earth's temperatures have actually decreased substantially in the last 100 years.

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9. It is thought that the Earth's climate is being changed rapidly by:

(a) natural sources of change.

(b) decreases in carbon dioxide.
(c) increased oxygen content.
(d) human-caused releases of impurities.

10. In terms of atmospheric change, which of the following is TRUE?

(a) Change has never occurred.

(b) International treaties have been able to halt climate change.
(c) The present era is the first time there has ever been climate change.
(d) Humans are adding impurities to the atmosphere at a rate previously unknown.

11. With regards to the settlement of the Antarctic, which of the following statements is /
are TRUE?

(i) The earliest settlements in the Antarctic region were established by

explorers.

(ii) The Norwegian explorer Borchgrevink set up the first base on the Antarctic
continent at Cape Adare in 1899

(iii) Captain Scott set up the first winter base in the Antarctic at Hut Point on
Ross Island in 1901.

(a) Only (ii) and (iii)

(b) All statements are true
(c) Only (iii)
(d) Only (i)

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12. There are approximately 40 permanent scientific bases / stations in the Antarctic. These
bases support a population of about:

(a) 1000 people in winter and 4,000 in summer.

(b) 100 people in winter and 40,000 in summer.
(c) 100 people in winter and 400 in summer.
(d) 1000 people in winter and 40,000 in summer.

13. The figure below is a map of Cape Armitage, Ross Island, Antarctica.

The location marked (i) at Pram Point is the smaller of two scientific bases / stations in
this area. The station / base is:

(a) McMurdo Station.

(b) Scott Base.
(c) Terra Nova Station.
(d) Orcadas Base.

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14. The graphs below represent the number of tourists visiting Antarctica between 1965–
2016.

The correct labels for each graph line (i – iv) are:

(a) (i) = Total number; (ii) = Cruises - landing; (iii) = Cruises - no landing; (iv) =
Overflights
(b) (i) = Overflights; (ii) = Total number; (iii) = Cruises - landing; (iv) = Cruises - no
landing
(c) (i) = Land-based expeditions; (ii) = Cruises - landing); (iii) = Overflights; iv =
Cruises - no landing
(d) (i) = Cruises - no landing; (ii) = Total number; (iii) = Overflights; (iv) = Land-
based expeditions

15. The initial accident report released in 1980, cited the cause of the Air New Zealand
Erebus crash as:

(a) an unexpected blizzard.

(b) pilot error.
(c) changing of the aircraft's navigation computer co-ordinates.
(d) shortage of fuel.
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16. How many International Polar Years (IPYs) have there been?

(a) 5
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 3

17. The Commonwealth Transantarctic Expedition was the first overland crossing of
Antarctica and was a journey from:

(a) Scott Base via the South Pole, to the Weddell Sea.
(b) the Weddell Sea, via the South Pole to Scott Base.
(c) the Ross Sea via the South Pole, to Scott Base.
(d) Scott Base via the South Pole, to the Ross Sea.

18. With regards to the Second International Polar Year, which of the following statements
is / are TRUE?

(i) First proposed by Karl Weyprecht and Georg von Neumayer.

(ii) Focused on meteorology, magnetism, auroral phenomena and radio science.

(iii) Extensive use of recently developed airplanes, motorized sea and land
vehicles.

(iv) Was less successful than the first International Polar Year, with only a small
number of nations participating.

(a) Only (ii) and (iii)

(b) All statements are true
(c) Only (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(d) Only (i)

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19. Which person is INCORRECTLY paired with their role?

(a) Edmund Hillary - Leader of the Ross Sea Party, Commonwealth Transantarctic
Expedition
(b) Vivian Fuchs - Leader of the Crossing Party, Commonwealth Transantarctic
Expedition
(c) Ernest Shackleton - Leader of the Imperial Transantarctic Expedition
(d) Richard Byrd - Leader of the American Circumpolar Expedition

20. The diagram below summarises the current structure of the Antarctic Treaty.

The correct names for the conventions / protocols labelled (i - iii) are:

(a) (i) = Antarctic Flora and Fauna; (ii) = Conservation of Antarctic Seals; (iii) =
Ethical Treatment of Antarctic Animals
(b) (i) = Conservation of Antarctic Seals; (ii) = Conservation of Antarctic Marine
Living Resources; (iii) = Environmental Protection
(c) (i) = Ethical Treatment of Antarctic Animals; (ii) = Regulation of Antarctic
Mineral Resources; (iii) = Environmental Protection
(d) (i) = Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resources; (ii) = Antarctic Flora and Fauna;
(iii) = Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

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21. A New Zealand researcher wants to conduct an ecological study on Adélie penguins in
the Antarctic. They will be measuring the reproductive success of pairs and will be
handling chicks and weighing birds throughout the summer breeding season. The
researcher will have to comply with the rules and regulations in which of the following:

(a) Protocol on Environmental Protection

(b) Convention on the Ethical Treatment of Antarctic Animals
(c) Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
(d) Conservation of Antarctic Flora and Fauna

22. Match the word to correctly complete each of the following sentences.

i ––––––––– is when a species is only found in a given region or location.

ii ––––––––– is the decaying flesh of a dead animal.

iii ––––––––– is when there are two distinct forms e.g. of a species.

iv ––––––––– is fatal aggression from a brother or sister.

(a) (i) = Carrion; (ii) = Dimorphism; (iii) = Siblicide; (iv) = Endemism

(b) (i) = Endemism; (ii) = Carrion; (iii) = Dimorphism; (iv) = Siblicide
(c) (i) = Exotic; (ii) = Carrion; (iii) = Dimorphism; (iv) = Siblicide
(d) (i) = Exotic; (ii) = Carrion; (iii) = Monomorphism; (iv) = Patricide

23. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

(a) Many of the Antarctic avian species are endemic.

(b) Antarctic avian species are generally comprised of small numbers of individuals.
(c) There are in total approximately 40 species of birds that breed on Antarctica and
sub-Antarctic islands.
(d) Antarctica has low avian diversity.

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24. Breeding populations of birds in the Antarctic are:

(a) randomly distributed because of the predictable nature of prey species.

(b) clustered together because of limited breeding sites.
(c) bipolarly distributed because they are adapted to cold.
(d) uniformly distributed because of the predictable nature of prey species.

25. How do seabirds such as albatross avoid becoming dehydrated even though they live in
an environment that is almost entirely salt water?

(a) They actively transport excess salt from the blood into secretory tubules found in
nasal glands.
(b) Like animals that live in extremely arid conditions, they are able to survive for
long periods of time without fresh water, only drinking when they have access to
fresh water on land.
(c) They excrete excess salt in their urine.
(d) They don't actually swallow the salt water.

26. Which of the following statements are TRUE?

(i) Penguins are seabirds.

(ii) Penguins are all approximately the same size.

(iii) Most penguin breed on land.

(iv) Penguins are carnivores.

(a) Only (ii), (iii) and (iv)

(b) Only (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) All the statements are true.
(d) Only (i), (iii) and (iv)

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27. Other than in captive populations, penguins are only found in the:

(a) Southern hemisphere.

(b) Antarctic.
(c) Northern hemisphere.
(d) sub-Antarctic and Antarctic.

28. A penguin feather is shown in the picture below.

The structure labelled (i) is:

(a) the quill.

(b) an outer contour feather.
(c) an inner contour feather.
(d) down.

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29. Most penguins breed in __________________ colonies, build __________________

nests and they have a brood patch that allows them to keep their eggs warm.

(a) large; simple

(b) large; complex
(c) small; simple
(d) small; complex

30. Emperor penguins live most of the year:

(a) in open water.

(b) on the fast ice.
(c) in the pack ice.
(d) on the ice shelf.

31. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE? Modern fishes of the Southern Ocean
are highly specialised Notothenioids including the:

(i) sharks and rays.

(ii) icefish.

(iii) Antarctic cod.

(iv) hagfish.

(a) Only (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct

(b) Only (ii) and (iii) are correct
(c) Only (i) is correct
(d) Only (iv) is correct

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32. Freshwater fishes:

(a) have never been found in Antarctic waters.

(b) have adapted to live in the saline lakes in the Dry Valleys.
(c) are currently only found in the Antarctic Peninsula.
(d) last lived in Antarctica about 180MYA in the Mid-Jurassic.

33. The lack of a swim bladder in modern Antarctic Notothenioids tells us these fish are
likely to be from:

(a) a single ancestral notothenioid species that was pelagic.

(b) multiple ancestral notothenioid species that were pelagic.
(c) multiple ancestral notothenioid species that were a mix of benthic and pelagic.
(d) a single ancestral notothenioid species that was benthic.

34. Antifreeze glycoproteins in Antarctic fishes:

(a) melt ice crystals by warming them up.

(b) can only work on ice that is present.
(c) work in a colligative manner.
(d) completely stop ice nucleation from ever occurring.

35. Scientists are studying an Antarctic silverfish that lives in the ice-filled cryopelagic
region of the McMurdo Sound, where water temperatures average approximately
-1.93oC. The most likely reason this fish can survive in such low temperatures is
because:

(a) of the lack of haemoglobin means the white blood does not freeze.
(b) the metabolism of the fish is so slow that ice does not form.
(c) it is protected by antifreeze glycoprotein.
(d) there is little chance of the fish coming into contact with ice living at this
temperature.

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36. In which ways do Antarctic Icefish differ from other Notothenioid fishes inhabiting
Antarctic Coastal waters?

(i) They have no red blood cells.

(ii) They have no scales.

(iii) They have AFGPs in their blood.

(iv) They have unusually large hearts.

(a) all of these statements are correct

(b) none of these statements is correct
(c) only (ii) and (iii) is correct
(d) only (i) is correct

37. Recent studies suggest that the Antarctic toothfish in CCAMLR Area 88 spawn mainly
on the _______________________of the Pacific-Antarctic ridge. Spawning appears to
take place during the_______________________. As they mature, the fish gradually
move deeper out onto the continental slope. Finally the fish undergo a northwards
migration to the _______________________ to start the cycle again.

(a) continental shelf; austral winter and spring; ice shelf

(b) continental shelf; austral spring and summer; Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
(c) seamounts and rises; austral spring and summer; ice shelf
(d) seamounts and rises; austral winter and spring; Pacific-Antarctic Ridge

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38. The diagram below shows the reported catch by CCAMLR between 1973 and 2018.

What does the diagram tell us about the Antarctic Krill Fishery?

(a) As the fishery has developed, the location of fishing has moved from Area 48 in
the Indian Ocean to Area 58 in the Atlantic Ocean and has focussed almost
entirely in the Atlantic sector since the early 1990s and is well below the
sustainable limit.
(b) As the fishery has developed, the location of fishing has moved from Area 48 in
the Indian Ocean to Area 58 in the Atlantic Ocean and has focussed almost
entirely in the Atlantic sector since the early 1990s and is well above the
sustainable limit.
(c) As the fishery has developed, the location of fishing has moved from Area 58 in
the Indian Ocean to Area 48 in the Atlantic Ocean and has focussed almost
entirely in the Atlantic sector since the early 1990s and is well above the
sustainable limit.
(d) As the fishery has developed, the location of fishing has moved from Area 58 in
the Indian Ocean to Area 48 in the Atlantic Ocean and has focussed almost
entirely in the Atlantic sector since the early 1990s and is well below the
sustainable limit.

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39. Which of the following statements about Antarctic toothfish is/are CORRECT?
Antarctic toothfish:

(i) are an important Southern Ocean predatory fish feeding on other fish and
squid.

(ii) grow very slowly to a large size.

(iii) reach reproductive maturity in 8 years.

(iv) are harvested using continuous trawls at depths 1,200-1,800m.

(a) only (i) and (iv) are correct.

(b) only (i) and (ii) are correct.
(c) only (ii) and (iii) are correct.
(d) only (i) and (iii) are correct.

40. Plastics in the Southern Ocean can cause a number of issues with fishes and krill.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?

(a) Biofilms on the plastispheres are beneficial because they smell and look like non-
food sources.
(b) Plastic can enter and move up the food chain as fish consume krill/smaller fish.
(c) Fish or Krill eat or swallow plastic which can cause blockages in the stomach or
starvation.
(d) Plastispheres may contain pathogenic organisms, which can cause diseases.

41. Sealing began in ____ focusing on ___ and industrial whaling began in ___focusing on
____, with both industries first established in ____

(a) 1798; Antarctic fur seals; 1914; right whales; South Georgia
(b) 1778; Antarctic fur seals; 1904; humpback whales; South Georgia
(c) 1798, elephant seals, 1904, right whales, Antarctic Peninsula
(d) 1778, elephant seals, 1904, humpback whales, Antarctic Peninsula

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42. Which of the following statements about Antarctic fur seals are key factors that have
helped the species recover from sealing?

(i) they breed every year

(ii) they have a varied diet

(iii) they disperse from breeding grounds

(iv) they have warm blubber

(a) only (iii) and (iv)

(b) only (ii) and (iii)
(c) only (i) and (iv)
(d) only (i) and (ii)

43. Elephant seals are the largest ____, with sexual dimorphism (___ larger than ____);
sexes reduce competition with _____

(a) Otariids; males; females; acoustics

(b) Phocids; females; males; acoustics
(c) Phocids; males; females; niche partitioning
(d) Otariids; males; females; niche partitioning

44. Which of the following statement BEST describes Type C killer whales?

(a) They are the smallest killer whale, found in the sub-Antarctic region where they
feed on fish.
(b) They are the largest killer whale primarily feeding on minke whales.
(c) They feed mainly on penguins near the Antarctic Peninsula.
(d) They live in inshore waters in the dense pack-ice feeding mainly on fish.

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45. Killer whales feed on many different prey. The mammal-eating killer whale types in
Antarctica are the ___ which feed mainly on ____ and the ___ that mainly feed on ____

(a) Type A; minke whale; large B; seals

(b) Type A; humpback whales; small B; seals
(c) Type A; minke whales; large B; humpbacks
(d) Type C; seals; large B; penguins

46. There are three families of seals. The _______ also known as the eared seals, have
_______ species in Antarctic waters. In contrast the _______, or true seals have
_______ species in Antarctic waters.

(a) Otariidae; one; Phocidae; five

(b) Odobenidae; five; Phocidae; one
(c) Phocidae; five; Otariidae; one
(d) Otariidae; three; Phocidae; two

47. Humpback whales and leopard seals both sing to ____, but leopard seals do this in ___
and humpbacks in ____.

(a) attract mates; the fast ice; tropical winter breeding grounds
(b) find food; the fast ice; Antarctic Peninsula
(c) find food; the pack ice of Antarctica; Antarctic Peninsula
(d) attract mates; the pack ice of Antarctica; tropical winter breeding grounds

48. Which feature is common across Antarctic seals and enables them to efficiently catch
krill?

(a) streamlined bodies

(b) echolocation
(c) rapid swimming
(d) lobed teeth

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49. This graph shows that ___ were the first species to collapse due to poor commercial
whaling practices, followed by ___ and ____.

(a) Humpback; blue; fin

(b) Right whale; blue; fin
(c) Right whales; humpback; blue
(d) Humpback; fin; blue

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50. Which of the following statements about baleen whales in the Southern Ocean is
INCORRECT?

(a) Most species migrate north to breed in tropical waters.

(b) Most species migrate to Antarctic waters in summer to feed on krill.
(c) They are one of two families of cetaceans in the Southern Ocean.
(d) Baleen whales use filter feeding and echolocation to feed on krill.

51. An example of a terrestrial food-chain would be:

(a) diatoms → mites → penguins

(b) lichens → tardigrades → penguins
(c) algae → microbes → tardigrades
(d) plants → tardigrades → mites

52. Krill undergo ____ to avoid potential _____ . Eggs sink and hatch into ___ down to
_____ before beginning their developmental ascent.

(a) Developmental descent; freezing; nauplii larvae; 500 m

(b) Downsizing; predators; fucilia; 1500 m
(c) Downsizing; freezing; nauplii; 500 m
(d) Developmental descent; predators; nauplii larvae; 1500 m

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53. The average air temperature on Signy Island has increased by approximately 1oC over
the past 40 years. This has resulted in the lakes having an increased number of ice-free
days. Which of the following statements BEST summarises the potential long-term
consequences of these changes?

(a) An increase in ice-free days will result in greater chlorophyll productivity and a
subsequent increase in biodiversity. In the long-term this means the lakes will
become mesotrophic rather than their current oligotrophic status.
(b) An increase in temperature will increase chlorophyll productivity, leading to an
increase in tardigrade numbers.
(c) An increase in ice-free days will allow nutrients to move through the ecosystem.
This will result in an increased number of penguins and seals who obtain food
from the lakes.
(d) An increase in air temperature will result in an overall increase in the lake water
temperature. This will cause a decrease in productivity as organisms in these
lakes are adapted to cold temperatures only.

54. Antarctica comprises three distinct biogeographical zones. The _____ zone comprises
the _____. The ____ Antarctic Zone comprises the _____ where as the ______
Antarctic Zone comprises _____.

(a) Subantarctic; outer-islands; Continental; Antarctic Continent except the Peninsula

west coast; Maritime; West coast of Antarctic Peninsula & some offshore islands.
(b) Subantarctic; pelagic food web, Continental, lake and maritime food webs,
Maritime, outer-islands
(c) Subantarctic; West coast of Antarctic Peninsula & some offshore islands;
Continental; Antarctic Continent except the Peninsula west coast; Maritime;
outer-islands
(d) Subantarctic; outer-islands; Maritime; Antarctic Continent except the Peninsula
west coast; Continental; West coast of Antarctic Peninsula & some offshore
islands.

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55. Antarctica is a high-nutrient, low chlorophyll environment where productivity is driven

by ____ , the main primary producers: in ____ , productivity is limited by ____, but
year-round productivity is limited by ____

(a) zooplankton; autumn; lack of sun; low phosphorous

(b) phytoplankton; autumn; lack of sun; low phosphorous
(c) phytoplankton; winter; lack of sun; low iron
(d) zooplankton; winter; warmth; low iron

56. A community is a collective of organisms:

(a) dependent on krill.

(b) arranged in a food web.
(c) interacting during a phytoplankton bloom.
(d) interacting in a particular region.

57. The flora and fauna of Antarctica are adapted to extreme environments. For example,
___ are freeze ___, and can resume function after thawing, whereas ____ are freeze
____, and can produce anti-freeze.

(a) moss; tolerant; snow algae; resistant

(b) snow algae; tolerant; penguin; resistant
(c) moss; tolerant; whales; resistant
(d) seals; tolerant; penguin; resistant

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58. What is the BEST statement about detritivores?

(a) Detritivores are specialist consumers that include decomposers such as

cyanobacteria in the maritime terrestrial and are important as the bulk of primary
productivity falls to sediments.
(b) Detritivores are specialist consumers that include lichens in the maritime
terrestrial food web and are important decomposers because the bulk of primary
productivity falls to sediments.
(c) Detritivores are specialist consumers that include decomposers such as mites in
the maritime terrestrial foodweb and are important as the bulk of primary
productivity falls to sediments.
(d) Detritivores are specialist producers that include decomposers such as
cyanobacteria in the maritime terrestrial and are important as the bulk of primary
productivity falls to sediments.

59. Environmental change can impact benthic communities. For example, _____ can _____
the sea floor, change _____ and _____, which can also impact water ______ .

(a) phytoplankton blooms; impact; zooplankton; productivity; temperature

(b) phytoplankton blooms; scour; predation; light levels; temperature
(c) ice collapse; scour; ice cover and light levels; temperature
(d) ice collapse; scour; phytoplankton blooms; zooplankton; productivity

60. In the McMurdo Dry Valleys, where the air temperature is -25oC, there is a layer of
sediment found 2 m below the permanent ice cover. In regard to the sediment origins
and particles, which of the following statements is CORRECT?

(a) Wind-blown sediment from the land settles on the lake surface and moves
through the ice as the surface thaws and freezes.
(b) Wind-blown particles move through the ice to the freshwater lake system and
once they gain nutrients from the lake the particles migrate back up through the
ice.
(c) The sediment has been trapped in the near-surface lake ice since the early
formation of the lake and is unable to move due to the extremely cold
temperatures.
(d) The large microbial community has created a closed ecosystem and the sediment
layer is part of the normal cycle of the system.

QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET FOLLOWS

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET

THE UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND

Short Answer Questions Section

NOTE: • Print your name and ID at the top of EVERY ANSWER PAGE.
• Record your answers in the spaces provided.
• Answer ALL questions. 30 marks

Surname: First Name:

University of Auckland ID Number: Username:

Human
Political Birds Fish Mammals Ecosystems
Impacts
FOR OFFICIAL USE

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET

ID: _____________________________

SURNAME: __________________________FIRST NAME: ________________________

SECTION B
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
(30 marks)
(Recommended time: 40 minutes)

HUMAN IMPACTS (5 marks total)

61. In the space below describe the difference between weather and climate. (2 marks)

62. In the table below list the two other major factors that influence the Earth's climate.
(1 mark)
Major climate factors

(i) Sun

(ii)

(iii)

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ID: _____________________________

63. The graph below, shows changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. In the
boxes provided correctly label the following:

(i) Years
(ii) Carbon dioxide (parts per million)
(iii) Atmospheric samples (Mauna Loa)
(iv) Ice core (Law Dome) (2 marks)

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET

ID: _____________________________

SURNAME: __________________________FIRST NAME: ________________________

POLITICAL (5 marks total)

64. Who conducted the New Zealand Governments Royal Commission Enquiry into the
Mount Erebus accident? (1 mark)

65. The Antarctic Treaty has four specific objectives. Complete the table below by
detailing the FOUR (4) objectives. (4 marks)

Objectives

1. Prohibit

2. Prohibit

3. Promote

4. Hold

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ID: _____________________________

BIRDS (5 marks total)

66. Complete the table below by providing the common name of the other two families of
land birds that breed South of the Antarctic convergence. (1 mark)

Order Family (common name)

Charadriiformes

Anseriformes Ducks & teals

Passeriformes

67. Penguins can regulate their temperature by a process of selective vasoconstriction. The
diagram below illustrates a situation where a penguin is in a cold environment.
Using the boxes provided, complete the labelling of the diagram. (2 marks)

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET

ID: _____________________________

SURNAME: __________________________FIRST NAME: ________________________

o
68. The Emperor penguin can withstand temperatures down to -10 C before it needs to
expend energy to keep warm.

In the table below describe THREE (3) morphological and ONE (1) behavioural feature
that enables Emperor penguin to withstand such cold temperatures. (2 marks)

Feature Description

1. Morphological

2. Morphological

3. Morphological

4. Behavioural

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ID: _____________________________

FISH (5 marks total)

69. Name one fishery in Antarctica thought to currently be sustainable.

___________________ (0.5 mark)

70. What approach has been used since the 1980’s by the Commission for the Conservation
of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) for the fisheries it monitors?
___________________ (0.5 mark)

71. The lack of haemoglobin is one of the adaptation of Antarctic Notothenioid Icefish
living in the Southern Ocean.

(a) Briefly explain how this adaptation has been beneficial for fish living in
Antarctica. (1 mark)

(b) Briefly explain how this adaptation may affect Antarctic fish as the result of
climate change. (1 mark)

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ID: _____________________________

SURNAME: __________________________FIRST NAME: ________________________

72. Complete the table below by entering the missing usage type for each bioluminescence
example. (2 marks)

Usage type Bioluminescence example

Antarctic fish using photophores located on a lure

Antarctic fish using photophores on the side of their

body which can be seen from a distance

Antarctic fish using photophores to match the

brightness of the background or downwelling light

Antarctic fish using photophores located on the

underside of the body

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ID: _____________________________

MAMMALS (5 marks total)

Antarctic fur seals, elephant seals and baleen whales were all hunted.

73. What species were the primary seal species targeted during hunting, and how does the
products extracted from the animals relate to the physiological differences between the
seal families? (3.5 marks)

74. What lessons were learned from seal hunting to try and manage whaling?
(1.5 marks)

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ID: _____________________________

SURNAME: __________________________FIRST NAME: ________________________

ECOSYSTEMS (5 marks total)

Krill play an important part in the Antarctic food web.

75. How do Krill survive the Antarctic winter? (1.5 marks)

76. Explain the role that krill play in the Southern Ocean maritime food web, highlighting
the role of seasonal changes in the environment in this food web. (3.5 marks)

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