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ADC Exp.-1

1. The document describes an experiment to construct an amplitude modulation circuit using a transistor. A carrier signal of 500 kHz and 50 mV is modulated by an 8 V, 1 kHz modulating signal. The modulated signal is then demodulated using an envelope detector to reconstruct the original modulating signal. 2. Key components of the amplitude modulation circuit include resistors, capacitors, a transistor, and power supply. The amplitude demodulation circuit uses an envelope detector with a diode and resistors to extract the modulating signal from the modulated carrier wave. 3. The experiment involves measuring the modulation index, plotting input and output waveforms, and observing the demodulated signal on an oscilloscope. The goal is to demonstrate

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kausik rajan
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19 views

ADC Exp.-1

1. The document describes an experiment to construct an amplitude modulation circuit using a transistor. A carrier signal of 500 kHz and 50 mV is modulated by an 8 V, 1 kHz modulating signal. The modulated signal is then demodulated using an envelope detector to reconstruct the original modulating signal. 2. Key components of the amplitude modulation circuit include resistors, capacitors, a transistor, and power supply. The amplitude demodulation circuit uses an envelope detector with a diode and resistors to extract the modulating signal from the modulated carrier wave. 3. The experiment involves measuring the modulation index, plotting input and output waveforms, and observing the demodulated signal on an oscilloscope. The goal is to demonstrate

Uploaded by

kausik rajan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

1.1 Objective

To construct an amplitude modulator circuit using transistor with Vc = 50 mv, Vm = 8 V to satisfy


under modulation condition and generate amplitude modulated signal. Calculate the
modulation index and also demodulate using envelope detector and reconstruct the modulating
signal. Simulate amplitude modulation (AM) wave in time domain using SCILAB.

1.2 Hardware Required

S.No. Equipment/Component name Specifications/Value Quantity


1 Cathode ray oscilloscope (0-20 MHz) 1
2 Audio frequency oscillator (0-2) MHz 2
3 Regulated power supply (0-30 V), 1 A 1

4 Resistors 1.5 KΩ 2
10 KΩ 3
20 KΩ 1
100 KΩ 2
5 Capacitors 0.1 µF 1
0.01 µF 1
0.001 µF 3
22 µF 1
6 Semiconductor device (Transistor) BC108 1
7 Semiconductor device (Diode) OA79 1

1.3 Theory
Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics of the carrier signal are
varied in accordance with the modulating signal. The baseband signal is referred to as
modulating signal and the output of the modulation process is called as the modulated signal.

AM Modulation Circuit Diagram

Specifications

R1 = R2 = R5 = 10 KΩ; R3 = 1.5 KΩ; R4 = 20 KΩ; C1 = 0.01 µF; C2 = 0.001 µF; C3 = 0.1 µF;
Vc = 50 mV; fc = 500 KHz; Vm = 8 V; fm = 1 KHz; Vcc = 30 V
Fig. 1.1 AM modulator circuit.

1.3.1 Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude modulation is defined as the process where amplitude of the carrier wave is varied
in accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating signal. The envelope of the
modulating wave has the same shape as the base band signal provided the following two
requirements are satisfied:

1. The carrier frequency fc must be much greater than the highest frequency components fm of
the message signal m(t).

i.e. fc >> fm

2. The modulation index must be less than unity. If the modulation index is greater than unity,
the carrier wave becomes over modulated.

1.3.2 Amplitude Demodulation

The process of detection provides a means of recovering the modulating signal from modulated
signal. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The envelope detector circuit is
employed to separate the carrier wave and eliminate the side bands. Since the envelope of an
AM wave has the same shape as the message, independent of the carrier frequency and phase,
demodulation can be accomplished by extracting envelope.
An increased time constant RC results in a marginal output follows the modulation envelope.
A further increase in time constant the discharge curve become horizontal if the rate of
modulation envelope during negative half cycle of the modulation voltage is faster than the rate
of voltage RC combination, the output fails to follow the modulation resulting distorted output
is called as diagonal clipping: this will occur even high modulation index.

The depth of modulation at the detector output greater than unity and circuit impedance is less
than circuit load (Rl > Zm) results in clipping of negative peaks of modulating signal. It is called
“negative clipping”.

AM Demodulation Circuit Diagram

Specifications

C1 = 0.001 μF, C2 = 22 μF, C3 = 0.001 μF, R1 = 100 KΩ, and R2 = 100 KΩ

Fig. 1.2 AM demodulator circuit.

1.4 Pre Lab Questions

1. Define modulation.

2. Why modulation is necessary for communication system.

3. The maximum peak-to-peak voltage of an AM wave is 16 mV and the minimum peak-to-


peak voltage is 4 mV. Calculate the modulation factor.
4. The load current in the transmitting antenna of an unmodulated AM transmitter is 8 A. What
will be the antenna current when modulation is 40%?

5. Define amplitude modulation and demodulation?

1.5 Lab Procedure

1.5.1 Amplitude Modulation

1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit.


2. The power supply is connected to the collector of the transistor.

3. Set the input signal fm as 1 KHz and 8 V sinusoidal signal in AFO.

4. Set the carrier signal fc as 500 KHz and 50 millivolt sinusoidal signal in AFO.

5. The amplitude modulated output is taken from the collector of the Transistor.

6. Note down Emax and Emin from the output waveform.

7. Calculate modulation index using the formula.


𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
Modulation index (m) = 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛

8. Plot the input signals and obtained AM output waveforms in the graph sheet.

1.5.2 Amplitude Demodulation

1. The circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. The amplitude modulated signal from AM generator is given as input to the


demodulator circuit.

3. The demodulated output is observed on the CRO.

4. Plot the obtained AM demodulated output waveforms in the graph sheet.

1.6 Observation - Hardware

Signal name Amplitude Frequency Time period


Modulating signal

Carrier signal

Modulated signal

Demodulated signal

1.6.1 Model graph


Fig. 1.3. Amplitude modulation waveforms.

Fig. 1.4. AM demodulated waveform.

1.7 Post Lab Questions


1. What is the carrier frequency in an AM Wave when its highest frequency component is 850
Hz and the Bandwidth of the signal is 50 Hz.
2. A carrier of 100 V and 1200 kHz is modulated by a 50 V, 1000 Hz sine wave signal. Find
the modulation factor.

1.8 Lab Result


Thus, the amplitude modulation and demodulation were performed and the modulation index
for various modulating voltage were calculated.

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