MESSAGE SWITCHING, CELL SWITCHING (ATM).

TELEPHONE NETWORK SIGNALING NETWORK

TOPOLOGIES, LAYERING THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS, OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION
(OSI) MODEL, DATA ENCAPSULATION,

Message Switching
 Message Switching is a switching technique in which a message is transferred as a
complete unit and routed through intermediate nodes at which it is stored and
forwarded.
 In Message Switching technique, there is no establishment of a dedicated path
between the sender and receiver.
 The destination address is appended to the message. Message Switching provides a
dynamic routing as the message is routed through the intermediate nodes based on
the information available in the message.
 Message switches are programmed in such a way so that they can provide the most
efficient routes.
 Each and every node stores the entire message and then forward it to the next node.
This type of network is known as store and forward network.

Message switching treats each message as an independent entity.

Advantages Of Message Switching

 Data channels are shared among the communicating devices that improve the
efficiency of using available bandwidth.
 Traffic congestion can be reduced because the message is temporarily stored in the
nodes.
 Message priority can be used to manage the network.
 The size of the message which is sent over the network can be varied. Therefore, it
supports the data of unlimited size.

Disadvantages Of Message Switching

 The message switches must be equipped with sufficient storage to enable them to
store the messages until the message is forwarded.
 The Long delay can occur due to the storing and forwarding facility provided by the
message switching technique.

Difference between circuit switching and packet switching

The following table highlights the major differences between circuit switching and packet
switching –
 Circuit Switching Packet Switching

Circuit switching requires a dedicated path before Packet switching does not require any
sending data from source to destination. dedicated path to send data from
source to destination.

It reserves the entire bandwidth in advance. It does not reserve bandwidth in advance

No store and forward transmission It supports store and forward transmission

Each packet follows the same route A packet can follow any route

Call setup is required No call setup is required

Bandwidth wastage No bandwidth wastage

Differences b/w Datagram approach and Virtual Circuit approach

Datagram approach Virtual Circuit approach

Node takes routing decisions to forward the packets. Node does not take any routing decision.

Congestion cannot occur as all the packets travel in Congestion can occur when the node is
different directions. busy, and it does
not allow other packets to pass through.

It is more flexible as all the packets are treated as an It is not very flexible.
independent entity.

Cell switiching :-

Connection-oriented packet-switched network

■ Used in both WAN and LAN settings
The process of packet switching is resembles in cell switching. The difference is the packets
length is fixed. ATM technology is popular for packet switching.
Cell switching is associated with Asynchronous Transmission Mode (ATM) which is considered
to be a high speed switching technology that attempted to overcome the speed problems
faced by the shared media like Ethernet and FDDI. Cell switching uses a connection-oriented
packet-switched network.

When a connection is established it is known as signaling. It is called cell switching because

this methodology uses a fixed length of packets of 53 bytes out of which 5 bytes are reserved
for header. Unlike cell technology, packet switching technology uses variable length packets.
Even though cell switching closely resembles packet switching because cell switching also
breaks the information into smaller packets of fixed length and thereby ensuring guaranteed
delays.

Cell switching has many advantages. High performance, common LAN/WAN architecture
multimedia support, dynamic bandwidth, and scalability. High performance is achieved
because this technology uses hardware switches.

 TELEPHONE NETWORK SIGNALING NETWORK TOPOLOGIES :-

Telephone Network is used to provide voice communication. Telephone Network uses Circuit
Switching. Originally, the entire network was referred to as a plain old telephone system
(POTS) which uses analog signals. With the advancement of technology, i.e. in the computer
era, there comes a feature to carry data in addition to voice. Today’s network is both
analogous and digital.

Major Components of Telephone Network: There are three major components of the
telephone network:
Local loops
Trunks
Switching Offices
There are various levels of switching offices such as end offices, tandem offices, and regional
offices. The entire telephone network is as shown in the following figure:

A telephone system
Local Loops: Local Loops are the twisted pair cables that are used to connect a subscriber
telephone to the nearest end office or local central office. For voice purposes, its bandwidth is
4000 Hz. It is very interesting to examine the telephone number that is associated with each
local loop. The office is defined by the first three digits and the local loop number is defined
by the next four digits defines

Trunks: It is a type of transmission medium used to handle the communication between

offices. Through multiplexing, trunks can handle hundreds or thousands of connections.
Mainly transmission is performed through optical fibers or satellite links.

Switching Offices: As there is a permanent physical link between any two subscribers. To
avoid this, the telephone company uses switches that are located in switching offices. A
switch is able to connect various loops or trunks and allows a connection between different
subscribes.

 Advantages of Telephone Network:

It is a circuit-switched network.
There is no transmission delay as any receiver can be selected.
It is cheap in price because it is a widely spread network.

 Disadvantages of Telephone Network:

It requires a large time for connection.

It has a low transmission speed.
  Applications of Telephone Network:

It helps to connect people.

It is used by business organizations to advertise their products.
It is also used around the world for recreational purposes.

 LAYERING THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

 Concept: Layering. Layering represents an ordered grouping of functionality, with the

application-specific functionality located in the upper layers, functionality that spans
application domains in the middle layers, and functionality specific to the deployment
environment at the lower layers.

 In layered architecture of Network Model, one whole network process is divided into small
tasks. Each small task is then assigned to a particular layer which works dedicatedly to
process the task only. Every layer does only specific work.

OSI Model
Open System Interconnect is an open standard for all communication systems. OSI
model is established by International Standard Organization (ISO). This model has seven
layers:

Application Layer: This layer is responsible for providing interface to the application
user. This layer encompasses protocols which directly interact with the user.

Presentation Layer: This layer defines how data in the native format of remote host
should be presented in the native format of host.

Session Layer: This layer maintains sessions between remote hosts. For example, once
user/password authentication is done, the remote host maintains this session for a
while and does not ask for authentication again in that time span.

Transport Layer: This layer is responsible for end-to-end delivery between hosts.
 Network Layer: This layer is responsible for address assignment and uniquely
addressing hosts in a network.

Data Link Layer: This layer is responsible for reading and writing data from and onto
the line. Link errors are detected at this layer.

Physical Layer: This layer defines the hardware, cabling wiring, power output, pulse
rate etc.

Internet Model
Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite, also known as Internet suite. This defines Internet
Model which contains four layered architecture. OSI Model is general communication
model but Internet Model is what the internet uses for all its communication. The
internet is independent of its underlying network architecture so is its Model. This
model has the following layers:

Application Layer: This layer defines the protocol which enables user to interact with
the network.For example, FTP, HTTP etc.

Transport Layer: This layer defines how data should flow between hosts. Major
protocol at this layer is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). This layer ensures data
delivered between hosts is in-order and is responsible for end-to-end delivery.

Internet Layer: Internet Protocol (IP) works on this layer. This layer facilitates host
addressing and recognition. This layer defines routing.

Link Layer: This layer provides mechanism of sending and receiving actual data.Unlike
its OSI Model counterpart, this layer is independent of underlying network
architecture and hardware.

DATA ENCAPSULATION

Encapsulation marks where a packet, or unit of data, begins and ends. The beginning
part of a packet is called the header, and the end of a packet is called the trailer. The data
between the header and trailer is sometimes referred to as the payload.
 The packet header carries information in its first few bytes to mark where the packet
begins and to identify the type of information it carries. As a packet travels from its source to a
destination, different layers in a computing system contribute to the packet header. The header
info varies depending on which protocol is used, as each protocol has a defined format.

This article is all about Data Encapsulation and Decapsulation in Networking. Both
encapsulation and decapsulation processes are simultaneously running over a network in order
to make effective communication possible. Encapsulation is the process which is executed on
the sender’s side whereas decapsulation occurs on the receiver’s side.

ENCAPSULATION PROCESS :

Step-1 :

The process starts from the Application, Presentation and Session layer in the OSI model or
Application layer in TCP/IP model, takes the data input from user and adds a header section
(optional) then forwards it to the Transport layer.
Step-2 :

After this, further the transport layer again adds additional new information, called “segment
header”. This whole data packet is called “Segment” and at the end while decapsulation, this
information is required. Now, this data is passed onto the next layer in the model, Network
Layer.

Step-3 :

Similarly, the Network Layer adds header and trailer sections in the “Data Segment” received
from the Transport Layer and forms new entity called as a Datagram. This data is further passed
onto the Data Link Layer.

Step-4 :

Again, the Data Link Layer adds another field of data on the input received from the Network
Layer. And this whole new data fragment is passed to the next layer, i.e. Physical Layer.

Step-5 :

At the end, the last layer Physical Layer adds the ultimate data in the input received from the
previous layer. And the process of Encapsulation terminates.

DECAPSULATION PROCESS :

Step-1 :
The process starts from the Physical Layer in the OSI model or TCP/IP model, takes the
encapsulated data input signal and decapsulates the whole data into a Datagram and forwards
it to the Data Link Layer.
Step-2 :
After this, further the Data Link Layer again cuts off additional new information. This whole
datagram is decapsulated, analyzed and both header and trailer are checked, if everything is
found correct. Now, this partially decapsulated data is passed onto the next layer in the model,
Network Layer.

Step-3 :
Similarly, the Network Layer decapsulates header and trailer sections in the Data Segment
received from the Data Link Layer is further passed onto the Transport Layer.

Step-4 :
Again, the Transport Layer decapsulates another field of data on the input received from the
Network Layer. And further this data fragment is passed to the next layer, Application Layer.

Step-5 :
At the end, the last Application Layer completely decapsulates the data fragment input received
from the previous layer. And the process of Decapsulation terminates.