MINING INDUSTRY IN INDIA

•What Is Mining ?

Mining Is The Process Of Extracting Minerals Like Gold

,Silver ,Copper ,Nickle And Uranium (Metallic) And Salt
,Potash ,Coal And Oil (Nonmetallic) Formations That
Concentrate Naturally In The Earth.
 •Classification Of Mining :

MINING

Surface Mining Underground Mining

Open – Cast
Alluvial Mining
Mining
 •History Of Mining In India :
Mining Industry In India Dates Back To 1774 . When The British East
India Company Was Given The First Permission To Mine Coal In
Ranigange.
Then Soon After That Other Mining Activities Started Throughout India.
Like Goldmining In Kolar Gold Fields In Karnataka And The Mining Of
The First Oil Field Was Started In Digboi (Assam). But During That Time
The Mining Industry Was Mostly Primitive In Nature Until The Current
Century .
Soon After India Got Its Independence There Was A Gradual
Growth Of Mining Sector In India . By The Use Of Different Economics
Plan (Five Year Plan).
 •Merits Of Mining :

 Merits :
1) The One And Only Way To Extract
Natural Resources .

2) Employment.

3) Development Of Area .
  Demerits :

1) Pollution.

2) Rare Earth Elements .

3) Non – renewable Resource .

• Important Mining Product Of India :

India Is One Of The Major Mineral

Producer In The World .

I. Leading Producer Of Mica .

II. It Ranks fifth In bauxite, and one of

the major producer of coal

III. India Ranks Fourth In Iron

Production .
Mica
• The mica is rock forming silicates
• Group of chemical and physical related aluminum silicated minerals which
is common in igneous and metamorphic rock. Which can be splitting into
flexible sheets used in insulator and electrical equipment.
 properties
Mica is belong to a silicates family. It is very shiny crystal and is a common
for the others minerals like Tourmaline, Aquamarine , fuchite and
Aventurine. Mica physical properties are as follows.

• VARIETY OF - SILICATE
• COMMON LOCATION - BRAZIL, RUSSIA, AFRICA, INDIA
• COLOR VARIATION - WHITE, SILVER, YELLOW, GREEN AND PINK
• ALTERNATIVE NAME - MUSCOVITE
 How Mica is formed

Magmatic Consolidating Crystallization

activities magmas of magma
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MICA
1. Biotite- Dark brown to black mica found in igneous and
metamorphic rock which is typically black or nearly so, are
the most abundant.

1. Lepidolite- A mineral of mica group an important

source of lithium generally pinkish to lilac in color, occurs
in lithium-bearing pegmatite

2. Muscovite- A colorless or pale brown mica with

potassium or the common light-coloured mica.
Paragonite- A colorless or pale brown mica with sodium
which is macroscopically indistinguishable from muscovite,
also are fairly common.

Phlogopite- A brown form of mica consisting of hydrous

silicate of potassium and magnesium and aluminum a
green species that does not have the same general
macroscopic characteristics as the other micas, occurs
sporadically in many marine sedimentary sequences.
MAP SHOWING THE MICA PRODUCING REGION IN INDIA IN THE YEAR 2013-14

Source: pmfias.com
 Mica producing region in India
• The three major types of mica
found in India are: muscovite,
phlogopite and biotite.
• Important mica bearing
pegmatite occurs in Andhra
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar
and Rajasthan.
• Andhra Pradesh leads with
41% share in country's total
resources followed by
Rajasthan (21%), Odisha
(20%), Maharashtra (15%),
Bihar (2%) and balance (less
than 1%) in Jharkhand.
:ISC
GEOGRPAHY(XII),
by D.R. KHULLAR
Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of mica

Districts where mined

1. Nellore
2. Vishakhapatnam
3. Godavari
4. Krishna
5. Dugur
 Mining activity in Andhra Pradesh
Local problems
• Nellore district
• Production 883 tone • Illegal mining
• Abundances of mines • Old mines are closed
• Support the GDP of country • Water level is decreasing
• Revenue from mining has • Child laboring
greater growth rate
• Employment
MINING IN RAJISTHAN
Districts where mined
1. Jaipur
2. Udaipur
3. Bilwara
4. Tonk
5. Sikar
6. Ajmer
7. Dungarpur
MINING IN JHARKHAN AND BIHAR
Districts where mined
1. Gaya
2. Hazaribagh
3. Kodarma*
4. Tisri
5. Domchanch and Dhab
 IMPORTANCE OF MICA IN INDIAN ECONOMY

India is a major producer of mica in the world. it is the largest producer of

sheet mica. according to British geological survey, the world’s largest
deposit of mica is at koderma district in the state of Jharkhand (India).about
95% of India's mica is distributed in just three states of Jharkhand, Andhra
Pradesh and Rajasthan.

SOURCE:GLOBAL INFORMATION DATA

EXPORT OF MICA FROM INDIA IN THE
YEAR 2015

• For over hundred years, India has

enjoyed the monopoly in the
production and export of sheet mica in
the world. Of late, there has been a
steady downfall in the production of
mica. This declining trend could be
attributed to fall in the demand of
natural mica in the world market due to
technological improvements that
facilitate use of reconstituted mica and
emergence of mica substitutes.
However, there are sufficient resources
in the country to meet the domestic
requirement and export demand.
EFFECTS OF MINING IN RULARS AREAS
 BAUXITE
Bauxite is an important ore which is
used for making aluminium. It is an
oxide of aluminium. It is not a specific
mineral but a rock consisting of
hydrated aluminium oxides. It is a clay
like substance which is pinkish, whitish
or reddish in colour depending on the
amount of iron content.
 THE WORLD’S LEADING BAUXITE
PRODUCING COUNTRIES
RANK COUNTRY BAUXITE PRODUCTION(in thousand tonnes),
2014

1. AUSTRALIA 81,000
2. CHINA 47,000
3. BRAZIL 32,000
4. GUINEA 19,300
5. INDIA 19,000
6. JAMAICA 9,800
7. KAZAKHSTAN 5,500
8. RUSSIA 5,300
9. SURINAME 2,700
10. VENEZUELA 2,200
Source – Geological Survey acc to 2014
INDIA: RANK 5TH IN WORLD’S BAUXITE
PRODUCTION

In world’s bauxite production, India holds the

fifth position. India produces 19,000 metric
tonnes annually. India has seven bauxite
producing states. It has seven smelting plants
and nine refineries for aluminium.
Bagmar Bauxite
Industry's
Khawardah mine
DISRTIBUTION AND PRODUCTION OF
BAUXITE IN INDIA
The main bauxite producing states in India
are:
 ORISSA
 GUJARAT
 JHARKHAND
 MAHARASHTRA
 CHATTISGARH
 TAMIL NADU
 MADHYA PRADESH
Distribution Of Bauxite In India
STATES CONTRIBUTION MAJOR AREAS OF DEPOSITS

1. ORRISA 50-60% Kalahandi, Koraput, Bolangir,

Sambalpur and Sundergarh
districts
2. GUJARAT 15% Gulf of Kachch and the
Arabian Sea through
Bhavnagar, Junagadh and
Amreli districts
3. JHARKHAND 10-15% Ranchi, Lohardaga, Pamalu
and Gumla districts
4. MAHARASHTRA 10% Kolhapur, Ratnagiri, Satara and
Pune
5. CHHATTISGARH 6% Bilaspur, Durg districts and the
Amarkantak plateau regions of
Surguja, Raigarh and Bilaspur
6. TAMIL NADU 2% Nilgiri and Salem districts
7. MADHYA PRADESH Less than 2% Amarkantak plateau area, the
Maikala range in Sahdol,
Mandla and Balaghat districts
and the Katni area of Jabalpur
district
 ORISSA: THE LARGEST BAUXITE
PRODUCING STATE
Orissa is the largest bauxite producing state in India
accounting for more than half of the total
production of India. The total recoverable reserves
in the state are estimated at 1,370.5 million tonnes.
THE MAIN BAUXITE BELTS:
The main bauxite belt is in Kalahandi and Koraput
districts and extends further into Andhra Pradesh.
This 300 km long, 40 to 100 km wide and 950 to
1300 metre thick belt is the largest bauxite bearing
region of the country.
1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS:
• AIR POLLUTION
• CONTAMINATION OF SURFACE WATER
• CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
• DEGRADATION OF SOIL
• EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL VEGETATION
• DEFORESTATION
• NEGATIVE EFFECT ON ECOSYSTEM
• WASTAGE OF LAND
• LOSS OF LANDSCAPE
2. SOCIAL IMPACTS:
• SOCIAL TENSIONS
• VIOLENT CONFLICTS
• HUMAN DISPLACEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT
• LOST ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER
• IMPACTS ON LIVELIHOOD
• IMPACTS ON CULTURAL AND AESTHETIC
RESOURCES
• IMPACTS OF MIGRATION
• IMPACTS ON PUBLIC HEALTH
• Economic Impact :-
Mining has an potential to affect the economy
of the country directly and also give a shape
to the economy of the country. It provides
employment, government revenues etc. It
also provides opportunities for economic
growth and diversification.
 TRADE
As much as 80% of the bauxite is used for
producing aluminium. India’s exports of
bauxite have been reduced considerably
due to increasing demand in the home
market. Still India manages to export
small quantities of bauxite.
The main buyers of Indian bauxite are :
Italy(60%), UK (25%), Germany(9%) and
Japan (4%).
History has proven that demand of Aluminium
surpassed the prediction many times when
compared to other metals in the world.
Following are the five vital prospects that sees
aluminium industry is on the brighter side in the
coming years.
• Indian aluminium demand shot up by 38% in
five years from 2009 to 2014. At present
India is world’s fifth largest consumer of
aluminium. It is expected that the high
demands of aluminium have probability to lift
the country to top 3 in 2016-2017.
• The Indian recovery on economy is better
than many country and currently growing at
7.9%. Also government’s push on power sector
created optimistic vibes for aluminium
industry.
• The demand of aluminium in US is expected to
grow at 4-5 % in upcoming years. So the
aluminium demand from India is predictable to
grow at around 2.5%.
• Demand for aluminium by Chinese is expected
to grow at around 6-7 if Demand growth will
be rising in consumer related sectors.
• On an encouraging side, the reduction in
crude prices since months is expected to aid
on the front cost. With coal availability
showing signs of improvement in India. Its
production and transportation is showing
really opportunistic signs.
 Coal
• Coal is a hard rock which is flammable in
nature and also a fossil fuel which is
being used for different purposes in the
daily life.
• It consists of 60-90% of carbon , rest
consist of nitrogen , hydrogen , sulphur
and oxygen.
• It is a sedimentary rock formed by the
pressure of overlying layer on it and also
associated by the change in temperature.
 History of coal mining in India
• Mining of coal in India started in year 1774 by Suetonius Grant
Healthy and John Summer of East India Company , they started
the exploitation of coal commercially from the Raniganj coal field
on the western bank of Damodar River.
• Due to low demand the growth of coal remained slow for the
centaury .But when the steam engine was introduced in 1853
the demand of coal increased , the production of coal increased
to about 1 million metric tons annually .
• In 1894 -95 the Jharia coal field was first introduced while the
construction of railway lines from Barakar to Dhanbad via
Katras and Jharia was going on.
• After the Independence the government introduced 5 years plan
in which the production of coal increased to 33 million metric
tons .
• The National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC) was
established in 1954 with an aim to increase the production of
coal efficiently .
Distribution of coal mines
in India
 Coal Reserves
State Type of Coalfield
(in million metric tonnes)
Jharkhand 80,356.20 Gondwana
Odisha 71,447.41 Gondwana
Chhattisgarh 50,846.15 Gondwana
West Bengal 30,615.72 Gondwana
Madhya Pradesh 24,376.26 Gondwana
Telangana 22,154.86 Gondwana
Maharashtra 10,882.09 Gondwana
Uttar Pradesh 1,061.80 Gondwana
Meghalaya 576.48 Tertiary
Assam 510.52 Tertiary
Nagaland 315.41 Tertiary
Bihar 160.00 Gondwana
Sikkim 101.23 Gondwana
Arunachal Pradesh 90.23 Tertiary
TOTAL 293,497.15

Source- Coal India as on 1st April 2014

Pie chart for showing the State wise coal
reserves in India

Source –Coal India Limited acc to 2004 survey

Types of Mining Method in India

• Underground mining
In this type of mining
the materials are
extracted from deep
inside the earth using
tunnel.
• In India this mining is
practiced in Singareni
Coal Mine.

Singareni coal mine

• Surface Mining
In this type of mining
the material is
extracted from the
surface by removing the
top soil.

• In India this type of

mining is practiced in
Dhanbad Coal Field.

Dhanbad Coal Field

 Types of Coal
• Anthracite Coal-It is a
metamorphic rock by nature and
is a hard and deep black colour.
This coal is considered the highest
gradient coal and is light
weighted in nature . It is formed
when bituminous coal is subjected Anthracite Coal
to high pressure and change in
temperature.% of carbon is 85%.
• Bituminous Coal-It is formed
when more pressure is exerted on
the lignite coal . More the
pressure is exerted more the
carbon contain increases leading
to the increase in the heating
content of the coal.% of carbon is Bituminous coal
50-85%.
• Lignite Coal- It is a soft brown
coal which has more water
content. It is better than the peat
but not as a coal.% of carbon is
35-50%.

Lignite Coal

• Peat coal-It is the first stage of

coal formation and consist of 60%
organic matters. The water
content is very high in this coal so
leads to huge pollution.% of
carbon is less than 35%.

Peat Coal
 Major Coal Mining fields in India
1)Gondwana coal field
• Damodar River Valley (Largest gondwana Coal Field)
1)Jharkhand – This field has the largest coal reserves in India . Some of its
coal mine are Jharia , Giridih , Bokaro etc.
2)West Bengal- This has the 4th largest coal reserves in India . Some of its
coal mine are Raniganj , Bakura (Mejia) , Bardhaman (Santoria) etc.
• Son-Mahanadi-Brahmani :-
3)Orissa-This has the 2nd largest reserves in India .
Some of its mines are Talcher , Rampur etc.
4)Chattisgarh-This has the 3rd largest reserves in
India . Some of its mines are Korba , Jhilimili etc.
• Satpura Coal Field :-
5)Madhya Pradesh-It has a huge source of coal resources in India.
Some of its coal field are Umaria ,Sohagpur , etc.
• Godavari –Indravati Valley :-
5)Andhra Pradesh- This takes the 5th position in the India .
Some of its mines are Singareni and Tadur.
6)Maharastra-This takes the 6th position in the India . Some
of its mines are Wardah , Ballarpur, etc.
2) Tertiary Coal

 Meghalaya-Garo , Khashi,coal field

 Assam and Arunachal Pradesh-
Jhanji coal field , Dhasai coal field,
Safari coal field etc.
 Nagaland-Borhola coal mine
 Jammu-Kura , Kalakot ,etc.
 Gujrat- Akirmoto , Panandhro
coal mine.
 Pondicherry-Bahur coal mine
 Uses of coal
 Steam Power-It provide heat to
raise the steam in wide range .
It is use for oil and electricity.

 Electrical Power-Coal is used in

thermal generator to produce
thermal energy.

 Domestic fuel-coal is still widely used as

domestic fuel in many part of the
rural India.
 Metallurgical coke-Coal can be used to
make metallurgical coke for use in blast
furnace. Power generators and
the steel plant uses most of the coal.

 Chemical Industry-Apart from the role

of source of fuel energy it also provide many raw material
for chemical industries too like coal gas ,coal tar ,
sulphates of ammonia etc.
 Problems of coal sectors in India
 On Supply Side :-
 Coal quality is poor with more moisture contain and
high ash.
 Coking coal is scarcely found.
 It suffers a huge resistance like tribal resistance,
environmentalists view, etc.
 Excessive wastage due to poor management and
technology.
 On Demand Side :-
 Increase in carbon cease has increased its cost in
market.
 Oversupply of coal due to amendment of coal act.
Measures for the improvement of coal in
India
Conservation of coal.
Sustainable use of coal.
Use of renewable resources.
Reduction of use of coal in Domestic purpose.
Exploration of the unexplored coal mines.
Put limits on Coal extraction.

Diagram of an underground coal mine

 Coal mines in future
 India is the third largest producer of coal in the world but
demand for coal is increasing day by day and the
avaibility of coking coal is decreasing.
 Most of the coal in India is mined from the surface mining
only 1/4th is obtained from the underground mining. Its
is expected in future that the coal would be extracted
from the underground mines.
 The coking coal of ours is more gassy so there must be
de-gasification plant installed in deep earth so that the
coking coal is de-gasified.
 The methane produced during the extraction of coal can
be utilized for different purposes also.
There has already a start in the work of construction of
underground gasification and it is expected to complete
in near future to get de-gasified coal.
 Critical appreciation of the coal mining in India
 As we all know that coal plays an important part in our daily life. But
it has an adverse on the environment too like the surface mining of
coal destroys the current soil profile of that area, it destroy wildlife
of that area, current land use alters, etc and many other problems
are caused due to this coal mining.
 On the other hand it’s a important part of our economy ,it help in
industrial development ,thermal electrification etc.
 We must also note the political interference involved in the mining
of coal in India, as we all know about the coal scam case which took
place in March 2012 in which many of our Ministers are involved.
 Apart from all these new improvement is starting to get the
methane produced during coal mining used properly etc.
 According to the Indian Chamber Of Commerce steps should be
taken to promote research and exploration of the unexplored coal
fields, Indian Railway , Port authority and Industry should work in
close collaboration to plan development and improve
infrastructure. In this way we can improve the coal use and utilize it
to the fullest as well as save for future
.
iron
 Introduction
As soon as iron ore was discovered in the
ancient times, it started to change the
fabrication of the world, iron became the
universal metal an also became the backbone
of the modern civilization, it is now the
foundation of the basic industry and is used all
over the world.
Now we shall see how we actually get this
universal metal from the earth
 Extraction of iron from iron ore
• Iron ore being in the
mineral state ( Fe2o3)
has no particular direct
uses, and thus
iron(Fe2) is extracted
and the oxygen is
removed,
• the process by which it
is removed is known as
reduction
Source : Ncert.in
 Types of iron ore
The standard of living of the people is judged by the
consumption of iron ore. Iron is taken out of the
mines in the form of iron ore, and different types
of iron ore contains varying percentage of iron
1. Magnetite – best quality of iron ore, contains
72%of iron
2. Haematite – contains 60to70 % of pure iron
3. Limonite – contains 40 to 60 percent of pure
iron
4. Siderite – contains many impurities and has 40
to 50 % of iron ore
 Production and distribution of iron ore
• The total reserve of iron ore in
the country is about 12,317.3
million tones of haematite and
5395.2 tones of magnetite.
• The resources of haematite iron
ore is limited to the parts of
Chhattisgarh and some lesser
parts of Karnataka ,Jharkhand
and Orissa.
• magnetite iron ore is located in
Karnataka , Madhyapredesh ,Goa
, Kerala, Jharkhand, etc

Source : isc geography ( Dr khuller )

 State wise production of iron ore
IN MIL TONNES

state 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014(p)

Orissa 76,128 67,414 64,308 34,536
Karnataka 38,983 13,233 11,225 7,032
Goa 35,564 33.638 10.575 -
Chhattisgarh 29,320 30,457 27,941 12,682
Jharkhand 22,288 19,258 18,010 11,352
madhyapredesh 1,762 1,237 1,421 1,270
Rajasthan 27 32 235 203

Source : digital fire . Com , yours article library

Newspaper article from, the times
of India, showing the shutting down
of the some iron mines in Orissa by
the shah commission, due to illegal
mining activities in 2013

Newspaper article from the

Hindu business lines, showing
the ban of Goa mines, by the
state in 2012 for illegal mining
 Imports and Exports of iron
India is the 4th largest producer of iron ore in the world, and
exports about 50-60 % iron ore to countries like Japan, Korea,
European countries. Japan is the biggest buyer of Indian iron
ore, accounting for three to four month export of iron ore

increased demand for iron ore in the domestic market due to

the expansion of iron and steel industry has greatly effect the
export performance of India
Problem faced by iron mining industry
in India
• Capital - iron mining industry requires a large amount of
capital investment
• Lack of technology- because of low investment in modern
technology , the industry has lost its edge , and is now
behind the advance countries
• Low productivity- the labor productivity in India is around
90-100 tonnes where as in other countries its 600-
700tonnes per man per year.

• Inferior quality products –due to lack of modern technology

, capital investment, and week infrastructural facilities
leads to inferior quality of goods
 Future prospects

• in terms of production India ranks 4th in the iron

production of the world

• The vision 2020, is also present where India again

wants of achieve the highest amount of iron
production what it had , in 2010

• host country for the 10th international summit on

rock fragmentation by blasting
 ANNUAL INCREMENT AND DECREMENT IN PRODUCTION

name 2012 2013 2014 2015 Production per year

mica 1899 1246 1610 454 tonnes
bauxite 1359956 1661160 21666011 12710783 tonnes
coal 590 600 610 640 Metric tonnes
iron 168582 136618 152433 72395 1000 tonnes

Mica Bauxite
2000 15000000
10000000
1000
5000000
0 0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2012 2013 2014 2015

Mica - in India mica is not mined in its pure state but also mined in many other forms like scrap, impure etc, but to be
specific the , the quantity of pure mica is very less in India.

Bauxite - the production of bauxite has increased in the recent years in India, through the widening scope policy, the
ministry of mines has decided to increase the lease area from 10sq km to 50sq km in Orissa, and also by amending the
mines and minerals act of 1957, in 2015,the ministry also introduced several measures

Source : w.w.w.envis.com, ministry of mines data (upto oct 14)

 Coal
Iron
650 200000

600 100000

0
550
2012 2013 2014 2015
2012 2013 2014 2015

Coal - since 2012 we can see a gradual rise in the production level of coal, this is due to high domestic demand,
and this demand leads to further discovery of uncharted mining territories, and also giving special emphasis on coal
on the five year plan, an in the present years , an online system of leasing coal fields ( e- auction ) will be starting in
India due to which people from any where from the world will be able to leas a specific part of coal field, and will
built a price fare system, transparency.

Iron - iron is showing a declining trend, in its production, even in present times. But by the order of the supreme
court, more mines will be going to start from sept 2017,and also the mines that were closed in Orissa, Goa,
Karnataka will also be open to start production
 Bibliography
• Quora
• Yours article.com
• Ministry of mining data 2014-2015
• W.w.w.ismenvis.nic.in
• W.w.w.indiastat.com
• Indexmundi.com
• ISC geography by Dr khullar
• Ibm.nic.in
 The end
TOPIC
“ MINING INDUSTRY IN INDIA “
INTRODUCTION by
ANUBHAB MONDAL
MICA BY
MD REZA
BAUXITE BY
SONAKSHI mishra
COAL BY
Sejuti bagal
IRON BY
BISWARUP mazumder
THANK YOU