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Lesson 5 Sets and Venn Diagrams

The document discusses sets and Venn diagrams. It defines key set theory concepts like elements, subsets, universal sets, empty sets, finite and infinite sets, intersections and unions of sets. It also discusses complements of sets and provides examples of representing sets and operations like intersections and unions using Venn diagrams. Exercises are included for practicing set operations and diagramming sets using Venn diagrams.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
364 views7 pages

Lesson 5 Sets and Venn Diagrams

The document discusses sets and Venn diagrams. It defines key set theory concepts like elements, subsets, universal sets, empty sets, finite and infinite sets, intersections and unions of sets. It also discusses complements of sets and provides examples of representing sets and operations like intersections and unions using Venn diagrams. Exercises are included for practicing set operations and diagramming sets using Venn diagrams.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON FIVE

SET THEORY AND VENN DIAGRAMS

5.1 What is a Set ?.


 Set is a collection of related elements in a particular area or topic, it can be stated or listed

Example of Sets:

 A set of all positive integers A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }

 A set of all the planets in the solar system

 A set of all the states in India

 A set of all the lowercase letters of the alphabet

5.2 Terms used in a Set.


Elements
An element refers to members of a particular set
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }
Eg
2 is an element of the set A which is rep as 2 E A
5 is an element of the set A which is rep as 5 E A
9 is an element of the set A which is rep as 9 E A

Universal Set
 It is a collection of all elements in a particular context or application. All the sets in that
context or application are essentially subsets of this universal set. Universal sets are
represented as U.
Example − We may define U as the set of all animals on earth. In this case, set of all
mammals is a subset of U, set of all fishes is a subset of U, set of all insects is a subset
of U, and so on.

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 1
Empty Set or Null Set
 An empty set contains no elements. It is denoted by ∅ or {}. As the number of elements in
an empty set is finite, empty set is a finite set. The cardinality of empty set or null set is
zero.

Subsets.
 This is a sample set of the main set.it represents elements that are in the main set
Example 1 − Let, X={1,2,3,4,5,6}X={1,2,3,4,5,6} and Y={1,2}Y={1,2}. Here set Y is a
subset of set X as all the elements of set Y is in set X. Hence, we can write Y⊆XY⊆X.

Finite Set
 A set which contains a definite number of elements is called a finite set.

Infinite Set
 A set which contains infinite number of elements is called an infinite set.

Proper Subset
 The term “proper subset” can be defined as “subset of but not equal to”. A Set X is a
proper subset of set Y (Written as X⊂YX⊂Y) if every element of X is an element of set Y
and |X|<|Y||X|<|Y|.
Example –
Let, X={1,2,3,4,5,6}X={1,2,3,4,5,6} and Y={1,2}Y={1,2}.Here set Y⊂XY⊂Xsince all
elements in YY are contained in XX too and XX has at least one element is more than
set YY.

Disjoint Set
 Two sets A and B are called disjoint sets if they do not have even one element in common.

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 2
OPERATION IN SETS
Intersection of sets
 It refers to where the elements appear in both sets i.e elements that are similar in the set
represented
 its represented by ∩
A={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
B={2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
C={a, b, c, d, e}
D={b, c, d, e, f, g, h, I, j,}

Example Find
1) A∩B ={2,4,6}
2) A ∩ C={}
3) A ∩ B ∩ C={ }

Union of sets
 It refers to the combination of elements of more than one set the elements should be listed in
order either ascending or descending
 Its represented as U
Eg
A={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
B={2,4,6,8,10}
C={a,b,c,d,e}
D={b,c,d,e,f,g,h,I,j,}
Find
i. AUB ={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10} (list in order without repetition)
ii. AUBUC={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10, a,b,c,d,e }

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 3
Exercise
1. BUC
2. CUD
3. AUBUCUD
Compliments
Refer to elements in universal set that are not in the particular set. Set A complement represented
with AC

Example: Given the universal set U={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} and the set


A={0, 1, 3, 5, 6, 10}
B={2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
C={0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
D={a, b, c, d }
E={a, b, d}

Find
AC ={2,4,7,8,7,9}

BC ={0,1,3,5,7,9}

Exercise
Find
i. CC
ii. DC
iii. EC

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 4
CLASS EXERCISE
Given the universal set U={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15} and the set
A={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,12}
B={2, 4, 6, 8,10, 15}
C={a, b, c, d, e}
D={b, c, d, e, f, g, h, I, j}
Find
i. A∩B

ii. B∩C

iii. A∩B∩C∩D

iv. AUB

v. BUC

vi. AUBUCUD

vii. AC

viii. BC

ix. ACUBC

x. ACUBCUCC

xi. (AUB)UCC

xii. (AUB)C

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 5
VENN DIAGRAM.
A set is a diagrammatic representation of a set.

Symbols used in VENN Diagrams;

Rectangle represents universal set

Circle represents a set

Shaded region represents elements of a set

Union of a set:
The union of sets A and B (denoted by A∪B) is the set of elements which are in A, in B, or in
both A and B.

Example
AUB

A B

Intersection of a set:
This represents where the regions meet or overlap
Example
The intersection of sets A and B (denoted by A∩B) is the set of elements which are in both A and
B. Hence, A∩B
Example If A={11,12,13} and B={13,14,15} then A∩B={13}A∩B={13}.

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 6
Compliments
This represents the region outside a particular set but within the universal set. they are elements
of the universal set that are not represented in a given set.
Example

AC

Exercise
i. AUBUC

ii. A∩B

iii. A∩B∩C

iv. (A∩B)UA

v. (A∩B)UC

vi. (A∩B)U(A∩C)

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 7

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