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DC-Lab Report 05

This document describes an experiment on analyzing circuits using mesh analysis and nodal analysis techniques. The purpose is to demonstrate the validity of these techniques by comparing calculated and measured circuit values. Mesh analysis uses Kirchhoff's voltage law to write loop equations and solve for loop currents, while nodal analysis uses Kirchhoff's current law to write node equations and solve for node voltages. The experiment involves building circuits, writing the analysis equations, calculating values, measuring with a multimeter, and comparing results, which are found to be close. Both techniques provide systematic methods for circuit analysis.

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Shahriar Ahsan Joha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1K views

DC-Lab Report 05

This document describes an experiment on analyzing circuits using mesh analysis and nodal analysis techniques. The purpose is to demonstrate the validity of these techniques by comparing calculated and measured circuit values. Mesh analysis uses Kirchhoff's voltage law to write loop equations and solve for loop currents, while nodal analysis uses Kirchhoff's current law to write node equations and solve for node voltages. The experiment involves building circuits, writing the analysis equations, calculating values, measuring with a multimeter, and comparing results, which are found to be close. Both techniques provide systematic methods for circuit analysis.

Uploaded by

Shahriar Ahsan Joha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Title: Study of Mesh Analysis and Nodal Analysis

Introduction :
Mesh analysis and nodal analysis are two widely used techniques in circuit analysis. They provide
systematic approaches to solve complex circuits and determine the voltage and current values at various
points within the circuit. These techniques are commonly studied in electrical engineering labs to
analyze and understand circuit behavior.
The purpose of this experiment is
 To demonstrate the validity of mesh analysis and nodal analysis technique through experimental
measurements.
 To observe the difference between the measured values and the calculated values.

Theory and Methodology:

Mesh analysis, also known as the "loop-current method," is based on Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL). It
involves identifying loops in the circuit and assigning loop currents. The steps for mesh analysis are as
follows:
a) Identify the essential meshes (loops) in the circuit.
b) Assign a current variable to each mesh, typically in clockwise or counterclockwise
directions.
c) Apply KVL to each mesh, summing the voltage drops around the loop as equal to zero.
d) Formulate equations using Ohm's Law (V = IR) to relate the currents and voltages in the
circuit.
e) Solve the resulting system of equations to obtain the mesh currents.
f) Calculate voltages across elements using Ohm's Law or other appropriate circuit equation.

Mesh analysis is particularly useful for circuits with many voltage sources and few current sources. It
simplifies the analysis by directly determining the mesh currents.
Figure 1

ii) Nodal analysis:


A node is a junction of two or more branches, where a branch is any combination of series elements. For
a network of N nodes, therefore there will existed (N-1) nodes with a fixed potential relative to the
assigned reference node. There are five steps to the node voltages which are given below (format
approach) [2].
a) Choose a reference node and assign a subscripted voltage label to the (N–1) remaining nodes of
the network.
b) The number of equations required for a complete solution is equal to the number of subscripted
voltages (N–1). Column 1 of each equation is formed by summing the conductance tied to the
node of interest and multiplying the result by that subscripted nodal voltage.
c) The mutual terms must be considered which are always subtracted from the first column. It is
possible to have more than one mutual term if the nodal voltage of current interest has an
element in common with more than one other nodal voltage. Each mutual term is the product of
the mutual conductance and the other nodal voltage tied to that conductance.
d) The column to the right of the equality sign is the algebraic sum of the current sources tied to the
node of interest. A current source is assigned a positive sign if it supplies current to a node and a
negative sign if it draws current from the node.
e) Solve the resulting simultaneous equations for the desired voltages. [The format approach can be
applied only to networks in which all voltage sources have been converted to their equivalent
current source.

Apparatus:
1. Trainer Board
2. Digital Multimeter
3. DC Source (12V, 6V)
4. Resistors (0.6KΩ, 3.3KΩ, 10KΩ, 10KΩ, 10KΩ, 5.5KΩ,)
5. Connecting Wires

Precautions:

 All the apparatus was checked.


 The circuit was implemented where necessary.
 It was made sure that the DC source was not shorted while connecting it to the trainer board.
 The DC source was turned off while the circuit was being implemented.
 The digital multimeter was set in voltage mode while measuring voltage and were to current
mode while measuring current. Also made sure to jump the cathode to Amphere socket.
 The multimeter was connected in parallel with resistor when measuring voltage and was
connected in series while measuring current.
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 3 Figure 4

Experimental procedure:

1. The circuit was connected as shown in figure 3. After analysing, 3 equations were made to
describe the circuit. After the calculation, the current through each loop was measured and the
direction of current was indicated. Data table 1 was filled with these datas.

2. Then the circuit was connected as figure 4. 3 nodal equations were made to describe the circuit.
We aquired the nodal voltage values by solving these equations and compared them with
measured values. Data table 2 was filled.

Data Table:
Table-1 (For Figure 3):

Value of Resistors: R1 =0.6KΩ, R2 =3.3KΩ, R3 =10KΩ, R4 =10KΩ, R5 = 10KΩ.

Value of Voltage Sources: E1 =12V, E2 =6V.

10.6I1-10.I2=12
Equation 1
23.3I2-10I1-10I3=-6
Equation 2
23.3I3-10I2=6
Equation 3

I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I3 (mA)


Measured Values 1.7 0.55 0.2
Calculated Values 1.91 0.82 0.61
Simulated Values 1.91 0.825 0.612

Table-2 (For Figure 4):


Value of Resistors: RS =5.5KΩ, R1 =0.6KΩ, R2 =3.3KΩ, R3 =10 KΩ, R4 = 10 KΩ, R5
=10KΩ.
Value of Voltage Source: E =12 V.

61V1-55V2-3.3V3=72
Equation 1
112V2-100V1-6V3=0
Equation 2

166V3-33V2-100V1=0
Equation 3

V1 (V) V2 (V) V3 (V)


Measured Values 7.80 7.40 7.70
Calculated Values 9.33 8.66 7.14
Simulated Values 6.161 4.856 5.761
Simulation and Measurement:

Fig 5: Simulation for Mesh analysis Current measurements.

Fig 6: Simulation for Nodal analysis Voltage measurements.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International


6
University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
Report Questions:

Here,
E1= 12 V
E2 =6V
R1=0.6 kΩ
R2=3.3 kΩ
R3= 10 kΩ
R4= 10 kΩ
R5= 10 kΩ
Using Mesh analysis in figure 3. We get 3 loop,
For loop 1,
(R1+R5) I1 – R5 I2 = E1
10.6 I1 – 10 I2 = 12 ------------------ (i)
For loop 2,
(R5+R6+R4) I2 – R5 I1 – R4 I3= - E2
23.3 I2 – 10 I1 – 10 I3 = -6 -------------------- (ii)
For loop 3,
(R2+R3+R4) I3 – R4 I2 = 6
23.3 I3 – 10I2 = 6 ----------------------- (iii)
Using Cramer's rule,
10.6 −10 0
D = −10 23.3 −10
0 −10 23.3
= [ 2364.634 ]

= 2364.634
12 −10 0
DI1 = −6 23.3 −10
6 −10 23.3

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International


7
University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
=4516.68
So, I1 = 1.91 mA
10.6 12 0
DI2 = −10 −6 −10
0 6 23.3
So I2 = 0.82 mA
16.1 −0.6 12
DI3 = −0.6 13.9 0
−10 −10 0
So I3 = 0.61 mA

Using Nodal analysis in figure 4. We get 3 node,


For node 1,
V 1−E V 1−V 2 V 1−V 3
+ + =0
Rs R1 R2
V 1−12 V 1−V 2 V 1−V 3
+ + =0
5.5 0.6 3.3
61V1- 55V2-3.3V3= 72----------- (i)
For node2,
V 2−V 1 V 2−V 3 V 2
+ + =0
R1 R5 R3
112V2-100V1-6V3 =0---------------(ii)
Foe node 3,
V 3 V 3−V 1 V 3−V 2
+ + =0
R4 R2 R5
166V3 -33V2 – 100V1 =0 -----------------(iii)
By solving equation i, ii, iii we get V1 = 9.33 V , V2 = 8.66 V, V3 = 7.14 V

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International


8
University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
Discussion and Conclusion:
Mesh analysis is a method that is used to solve planar circuits for the voltage and currents at any
place in the circuit. Nodal Analysis is the method of determining the voltage between nodes in a
circuit in terms of branch currents. For table 1 we used the basic mesh analysis for determining
current and for table 2 we used nodal analysis to find out the voltage. We found that the
calculated value is almost similar to the measured value.

Resources
[1] Robert L. Boylestad, “Introductory Circuit Analysis”, 13th Edition, Prentice Hall, New York.
[2] DC students Lab Manual exp- 05
[3] Study Library- https://studylib.net/doc/9945dc34 Access date: 11-07-23

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International


9
University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

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