CC 102 – QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY

College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education

Prepared by: DENNIS M. DIMARANAN
ERWIN R. ABRENCILLO, PhD
MODULE 7C
DILUTION OF SOLUTION
Brief Introduction or Description
Physical properties can be divided into two categories. Extensive properties (such as mass and volume)
depend on the size of the sample. Intensive properties (such as density and concentration) are characteristic
properties of the substance; they do not depend on the size of the sample being studied. This section introduces
a third category that is a subset of the intensive properties of a system. This third category, known as colligative
properties, can only be applied to solutions. By definition, one of the properties of a solution is a colligative
property if it depends only on the ratio of the number of particles of solute and solvent in the solution, not the
identity of the solute. .Chemists use many different methods to describe colligative , some of which are described
in this modules .
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the module, you should be able to:
Describe the effect of solute concentration on various solution properties (vapor pressure, boiling point,
freezing point, and osmotic pressure)
Perform calculations using the mathematical equations that describe these various colligative effects.
Lesson 1 – COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION
A colligative property is a property of a solution that is dependent on the ratio between the total number of
solute particles (in the solution) to the total number of solvent particles. Colligative properties are not
dependent on the chemical nature of the solution’s components. Thus, colligative properties can be linked to
several quantities that express the concentration of a solution, such as molarity, normality, and molality. The
four colligative properties that can be exhibited by a solution are:

• Boiling point elevation

• Freezing point depression
• Relative lowering of vapour pressure
• Osmotic pressure
The word “colligative” has been adapted or taken from the Latin word “colligatus” which translates to “bound
together”. In the context of defining a solution, colligative properties help us understand how the properties
of the solution are linked to the concentration of solute in the solution.

What are Colligative Properties?

Dilute solution containing non-volatile solute exhibit some properties which depend only on the number of
solute particles present and not on the type of solute present. These properties are called colligative properties.
These properties are mostly seen in dilute solutions.
We can further consider colligative properties as those properties that are obtained by the dissolution of a non-
volatile solute in a volatile solvent. Generally, the solvent properties are changed by the solute where its

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 CC 102 – QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY
College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education
Prepared by: DENNIS M. DIMARANAN
ERWIN R. ABRENCILLO, PhD
particles remove some of the solvent molecules in the liquid phase. This also results in the reduction of the
concentration of the solvent.
Meanwhile, when we talk about the given solute-solvent mass ratio, colligative properties are said to be
inversely proportional to the solute molar mass.

Colligative Properties Examples

We can observe the colligative properties of solutions by going through the following examples. If we add a
pinch of salt to a glass full of water its freezing temperature is lowered considerably than the normal
temperature. Alternatively, its boiling temperature is also increased and the solution will have a lower vapour
pressure. There are changes in its osmotic pressure as well.
Similarly, if we add alcohol to water, the solution’s freezing point goes down below the normal temperature
that is observed for either pure water or alcohol.

Different Types of Colligative Properties of Solution

There are different types of colligative properties of a solution. These include, vapour pressure lowering,
boiling point elevation, freezing point depression and osmotic pressure.

1. Lowering of Vapour Pressure

In a pure solvent, the entire surface is occupied by the molecules of the solvent. If a non- volatile solute is
added to the solvent, the surface now has both solute and solvent molecules; thereby fraction of surface
covered by solvent molecules gets reduced. Since the vapour pressure of the solution is solely due to solvent
alone, at the same temperature the vapour pressure of the solution is found to be lower than that of the pure
solvent.

If P0 is the vapour pressure of pure solvent and Ps is the vapour pressure of the solution. The difference Po – Ps
is termed as lowering in vapour pressure. The ratio Po – Ps / Po is known as the relative lowering of vapour
pressure.
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 CC 102 – QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY
College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education
Prepared by: DENNIS M. DIMARANAN
ERWIN R. ABRENCILLO, PhD
Raoult, in 1886, established a relation between relative lowering in vapour pressure and mole fraction. The
relationship is known as Raoult’s law. It states that the relative lowering in vapour pressure of a dilute solution
is equal to the mole fraction of the solute present in the solution
If n moles of solute is dissolved in N moles of the solvent, then according to Raoult’s law
Po – Ps / Po = n / n + N
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Hexane and heptane were mixed to form an ideal solution. At 1000C, the vapour pressure of two liquids( Hexane
and heptane) are 190kPa and 45kPa respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of the solution obtained by
mixing 25g of hexane and 35 g of heptane will be:
Solution :
No of moles of hexane,n1= 25/86= 0.29
No of moles of heptane, n2=35/100=0.35
𝜒1 = n1 / n1 + n2
𝜒1 = 0.29 / 0.29 +0.35
𝜒1 = 0.45
𝜒2 = 1 – 0.45
𝜒2 = 0.55
P = P01𝜒1 +P02𝜒2
= 1900.45 + 450.55
=110 kPa

2. Elevation in Boiling Point

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapour pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.
We know that on the addition of a non-volatile liquid to a pure solvent, the vapour pressure of a solution
decrease. Therefore to make vapour pressure equal to atmospheric pressure we have to increase the
temperature of the solution. The difference in the boiling point of the solution and the boiling point of the pure
solvent is termed as elevation in boiling point.
If T0b is the boiling point of the pure solvent and Tb is the boiling point of the solution then elevation in boiling
point is given as
∆Tb =T0b-Tb
Experimental results show that there is a relation between elevation in boiling point and molality ‘m’ of the
solute present in solution

∆Tb ∝ m
∆Tb = kb m
Where,
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 CC 102 – QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY
College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education
Prepared by: DENNIS M. DIMARANAN
ERWIN R. ABRENCILLO, PhD
kb = molal elevation constant
Substituting the value of ‘m’ in the above relation we get
∆Tb = 1000 x kb x m2 / M2 x m1
Where,
m2 = mass of solvent in g
M1 = mass of solvent in kg
M2 = molar mass of solute

Boiling Point Elevation Constants

Compound Boiling Point (oC) kb (oC/m)

water 100 0.515
ethyl ether 34.55 1.824
carbon disulfide 46.23 2.35
benzene 80.10 2.53
carbon tetrachloride 76.75 4.48
camphor 207.42 5.611

Sample Problem
The molal elevation constant for water is 0.513o C kg mol–. When 0.2mole of sugar is
dissolved in 250g of water, calculate the temperature at which the solution boils under
atmospheric pressure.
Solution:
The elevation in boiling point can be written as
∆Tb = moles of sugar x 1000 / weight of water in gram
∆Tb = 0.2 x 1000 / 250
∆Tb = 0.8
⇒ T0b-Tb = 0.8
For pure water, T0b =100oC
⇒ Tb= 0.8 + 100
=100.80 0C

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 CC 102 – QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY
College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education
Prepared by: DENNIS M. DIMARANAN
ERWIN R. ABRENCILLO, PhD
3. Depression in Freezing Point
The freezing point of a substance may be defined as the temperaturre at which the vapour pressure of the
substance in its liquid phase is equal to its vapour pressure in the soolid phase. According to Raoult’s law when
a non-volatile solid is added to the solvent its vapour pressure decreases and now it would become equal to
that of solid solvent at a lower temperature. The difference between the freezing point of the pure solvent and
its solution is called depression in freezing point.
If T0f is the freezing point of the pure solvent and Tf is the freezing point when non-volatile solute is dissolved in
it then depression in freezing point is given as

∆Tf =T0f -Tf

Just like elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point is also directly related to molality ‘m’.
∆Tf = 1000 x kf x m2 / M2 x m1
Where,
k f = molal depression constant
m2 = mass of solvent in g
M1 = mass of solvent in kg
M2 = molar mass of solute

Freezing Point Depression Constants

Compound Freezing Point (oC) kf (oC/m)

water 0 1.853
acetic acid 16.66 3.90
benzene 5.53 5.12
p-xylene 13.26 4.3
naphthalene 80.29 6.94
cyclohexane 6.54 20.0
carbon tetrachloride -22.95 29.8
camphor 178.75 37.7

4. Osmotic Pressure
When a semipermeable membrane is placed between a solution and solvent, it is observed
that solvent molecules enter the solution through the semipermeable membrane and the

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 CC 102 – QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY
College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education
Prepared by: DENNIS M. DIMARANAN
ERWIN R. ABRENCILLO, PhD
volume of the solution increases. The semi-permeable membrane allows only solvent
molecules to pass through it but prevents the passage of bigger molecules like solute. This
phenomenon of the spontaneous flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable
membrane from a pure solvent to a solution or from a dilute to a concentrated solution is
called osmosis.
The flow of solvent molecules through the semipermeable membrane can be stopped if some
extra pressure is applied from the solution side. This pressure that just stops the flow of
solvent is called osmotic pressure of the solution.

Osmotic pressure is a colligative property as it depends on the number of solute present and
not on the nature of the solute. Experimentally it was proved that osmotic pressure (⫪) is
directly proportional to molarity(C) and temperature(T).
Mathematically, ℼ = CRT where R is the gas constant.
⇒ ℼ = (n2/V) RT
Here, V is the volume of solution in litres and n2 is moles of solute
If m2 is the weight of solute and M2 molar mass of solute, then n2= m2/M2
ℼ = W2 RT / M2V
Thus by knowing the values of ℼ,w2, T and V we can calculate the molar mass of the solute.

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 CC 102 – QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY
College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education
Prepared by: DENNIS M. DIMARANAN
ERWIN R. ABRENCILLO, PhD
SAMPLE PROBLEM
300 cm3 of an aqueous solution contains 1.56g of a polymer. The osmotic pressure of such solution at 270oC
is found to be 2.57 ✕ 10-3 bar. Calculate the molar mass of the polymer
Solution:
Weight of polymer( W2) = 1.56g
Osmotic pressure (⫪) = 2.57 ✕ 10-3 bar
volume (V) = 300 cm3 = 0.3L
M2 = W2 RT / ℼ V
= 1.56 x 0.083 x 300 / 0.3 x 2.57 x 10-3
= 50381 g mol–

Different Solutions

• Isotonic solution: Two solutions having the same osmotic pressure at a given
temperature are known as an isotonic solution. When such solutions are separated by a
semi-permeable membrane than there is no osmosis.
• Hypotonic solution: A hypotonic solution has a lower osmotic pressure than that of the
surrounding i.e, the concentration of solute particles is less than that of the surrounding.
If the hypotonic solution is separated by semipermeable membrane then water moves
out of the hypotonic solution.
• Hypertonic solution: A hypertonic solution has a higher osmotic pressure than that of the
surrounding i.e, the concentration of solute particles is more than that of the surrounding.
If the hypertonic solution is separated by semipermeable membrane then water moves
inside the hypertonic solution.

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 CC 102 – QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY
College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education
Prepared by: DENNIS M. DIMARANAN
ERWIN R. ABRENCILLO, PhD

For determining the molar mass, Osmotic pressure method has the advantage over other
methods as pressure measurement is around room temperature. It is particularly useful for
determination of the molar mass of biomolecules as they are unstable at higher temperatures.

LEARNING TASKS
Solve the following problems

1. What is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent if the vapor pressure of a solution of 10 g
of sucrose (C6H12O6) in 100 g of ethanol (C2H6O) is 55 mmHg?
2. A solution is made by mixing 12.0 g of C10H8 in 45.0 g of C6H6. If the vapour pressure
of pure C6H6 is 95.3 torr, what is the vapour pressure of the solution?
3. What is the boiling point of a 2.50 m solution of C6H4Cl2 in CCl4? Assume that C6H4Cl2 is not
volatile.
4. What is the freezing point of a 1.77 m solution of CBr4 in C6H6?

Liquid Freezing Point (°C) Kf (°C/m)

HC2H3O2 16.60 3.90

C6H6 5.51 4.90

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 CC 102 – QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY
College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education
Prepared by: DENNIS M. DIMARANAN
ERWIN R. ABRENCILLO, PhD

Liquid Freezing Point (°C) Kf (°C/m)

C6H12 6.4 20.2

C10H8 80.2 6.8

H2O 0.00 1.86

5. solution is made by mixing 12.0 g of C10H8 in 45.0 g of C6H6. If the vapour pressure of
pure C6H6 is 76.5 torr at a particular temperature, what is the vapour pressure of the
solution at the same temperature?
6. A solution is made by mixing 43.9 g of C6H12C6 in 100.0 g of H2O. If the vapour pressure
of pure water is 26.5 torr at a particular temperature, what is the vapour pressure of the
solution at the same temperature?
7. At 300°C, the vapour pressure of Hg is 32.97 torr. If 0.775 g of Au were dissolved into
3.77 g of Hg, what would be the vapour pressure of the solution?
8. At 300°C, the vapour pressure of Hg is 32.97 torr. What mass of Au would have to be
dissolved in 5.00 g of Hg to lower its vapour pressure to 25.00 torr?
9. If 25.0 g of C6H12O6 are dissolved in 100.0 g of H2O, what is the boiling point of this
solution?

References:

Harvey, D V. (2010). Modern analytical chemistry. De Pauw University

West, D.M. (2015) Fundamentals of analytical chemistry 9th Edition

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