CC-112L

Programming Fundamentals

Laboratory 04

Modular Program Development – I

Version: 1.0.0

Release Date: 08-08-2022

Department of Information Technology

University of the Punjab
Lahore, Pakistan
CC-112L Programming Fundamentals SPRING 2022

Contents:
∙ Learning Objectives
 ∙ Required Resources
∙ General Instructions
∙ Background and Overview
o break Statement
o continue Statement
o Logical Operators
o Assignment Operators
o Functions in C
o Microsoft ® Visual Studio
∙ Activities
o Pre-Lab Activity
▪ break Statement
▪ continue Statement
▪ Task 01: Even Numbers
o In-Lab Activity
▪ Logical Operators in C
▪ Assignment Operators
▪ if Statement
▪ Functions in C
– Defining a function
– Function Declaration/Prototype
– Calling a Function
▪ Math Library Functions
▪ Task 01: Find Second Largest Number ▪
Task 02: Square Asterisks
▪ Task 03: Fill in the blank area with code ▪
Task 04: Dry Run Program
▪ Task 05: Find and Resolve Errors
o Post-Lab Activity
▪ Task 01: Reverse Digits
▪ Task 02: Fill in the blank area with code ∙
Submissions
∙ Evaluations Metric
∙ References and Additional Material
∙ Lab Time and Activity Simulation Log

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Learning Objectives:
∙ Using break Statement
∙ Using continue Statement
∙ Using Logical Operators
∙ Using Assignment Operators
∙ Functions in C
∙ Using Math Library Functions
∙ Defining a Function in C
∙ Function Prototypes in C
Resources Required:
∙ Desktop Computer or Laptop
∙ Microsoft ® Visual Studio 2022

General Instructions:
∙ In this Lab, you are NOT allowed to discuss your solution with your colleagues, even not
allowed to ask how is s/he doing, this may result in negative marking. You can ONLY
discuss with your Teaching Assistants (TAs) or Lab Instructor.
∙ Your TAs will be available in the Lab for your help. Alternatively, you can send your queries
via email to one of the followings.
Course Instructors:

Teacher Prof. Dr. Syed Waqar ul [email protected]

Qounain

Teacher Assistants Usman Ali [email protected]

Saad Rahman [email protected]

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Background and Overview:

break Statement: break Statement terminates the loop execution. When it is encountered in a loop,
the loop immediately terminates. It is also used to terminate a switch case statement.

continue Statement: The continue Statement works like the break Statement but instead of
terminating the loop it only skips one iteration of a loop e.g., it forces the next iteration by skipping
any code in between.

Logical Operators: Operators which are used to perform logical operations of given expressions or
variables.
Assignment Operators: Assignment Operators are used to assign a value to a variable. The left-side
operand of the assignment operator is a variable and right-side operand of the assignment operator is
a value. The value on the right side must be of the same data-type of the variable on the left side.

Function in C: A named block of code which performs a specific task. Every C program has at least
one function of main(). You can pass data (parameters) to a function. A function is useful in reusing
a code, which means to write a code once and use it multiple times.

Microsoft ® Visual Studio: It is an integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It is

used to develop computer programs, as well as websites, web apps, web services and mobile apps.

Microsoft ® Visual Studio supports 36 different programming languages and allows the code editor
and debugger to support nearly any programming language, provided a language-specific service
exists. Built-in languages include C, C++, C++/CLI, Visual Basic, .NET, C#, F#, JavaScript,
TypeScript, XML, XSLT, HTML, and CSS. Support for other languages such as Python, Ruby,
Node.js, and M among others is available via plug-ins. Java (and J#) were supported in the past.

© https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio

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Activities:
Pre-Lab Activities:
break Statement:
The break statement terminates a loop at a certain point. Its execution is explained by the following
code.
 Fig. 01 (break
Statement)

If we ignore the break Statement in the above code then it displays number from 1 to 10 on
the console. The execution with the break statement is as follows:

∙ Loop executes each iteration and check if variable “i” is equal to value “6” ∙
Then the program displays the value of “i” on Console
∙ On sixth iteration, when the if condition becomes true, the program moves to the line 7 ∙ As the
break statement on line 8 is executed the program terminates the loop and shifts to the line 12
Following is the output of the above program

Fig. 02 (break
Statement)

continue Statement:

The continue statementskips one iteration of a loop at a certain point. Its execution is explained
by the following code.

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 Fig. 03 (continue
Statement)

If we ignore the continue statement in the above code then it displays number from 1 to 10 on
the console. The execution with the break Statement is as follows:

∙ Loop executes each iteration and check if variable “i” is equal to value “6” ∙
Then the program displays the value of “i” on Console
∙ On sixth iteration, when the if condition becomes true, the program moves to the line 7 ∙ As the
continue statement on line 8 is executed the program skips an iteration and shifts to the line 4
i.e., “6” is not displayed on the Console
Following is the output of the above program

Fig. 04 (continue
Statement)

Task 01: Even Numbers [Estimated 20 minutes / 20 marks]

Create a C program which:

∙ Iterates a loop from 0 to 100

∙ Displays Even Numbers between 0 to 50 using break statement
∙ Skips the second and third iteration using continue statement
The output should be as follows:

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 Fig. 05 (Pre-Lab
Task)

∙ Submit “.c” file named your “Roll No” on Google Classroom

In-Lab Activities:
Logical Operators in C:
Operation Logical Operator Description

AND && It returns true when both conditions are true. (x > 1 && y >
1)

OR || It returns true when at-least one condition is true. (x > 1 || y >

1)

NOT ! It reveres the state of the operand. e.g., if (y > 1) is true,

then it returns false

Following is an example of Logical Operators

Fig. 06 (Logical
Operators)
∙ On line 7, the program checks if both conditions are true. As b is not equal to zero, the program
shifts to line 10
∙ On line 10, the program checks if any condition is true. As a is greater than b i.e., a condition
becomes true. The program will display “Only one condition is true”

Fig. 07 (Logical
Operators)
Now, we add a “NOT(!)” operator with second condition.
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Fig. 08 (Logical
Operators)

Now on line 7 the program checks if both conditions are true. As b is not equal to zero, second
condition is false but the “!” operator makes it true. So, the program will display “Both conditions
are true”

Fig. 09 (Logical
Operators)
Assignment Operators:

Assignment Operators assign value to a variable of same type. Assume int a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4,

e = 5.
Assignment Expression Explanation Assigned value
Operator

+= a += 5 a=a+5 Assigns 6 to a

-= b -= 1 b=b–1 Assigns 1 to b

*= c *= 3 c=c*3 Assigns 9 to c

/= d /= 2 d=d/2 Assigns 2 to d
 %= e %= 3 e=e%3 Assigns 2 to e

Functions in C:

The function in C language is a named group of statements that together perform a task. Every C
program has a function named main() and a programmer can define additional functions to reuse a
group of statements.

Defining a Function:
A function in C programming is generally defined as follows:
return-type function-name (parameter list)
{
body of function

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∙ Return type: A function may return a value. The return-type is the data type of the value which
the function returns. Some functions perform a specific task without returning a value. In that
case, the return-type is the keyword “void”
∙ Function Name: This is the actual name of the function. The function name and the parameter list
together constitute the “function signature”
∙ Parameters: A parameter is like a placeholder. When a function is called/invoked, you pass a
value to the parameter. This value is referred to as parameter or argument. The parameter list
refers to the type, order, and number of the parameters of a function. Parameters are not
compulsory, a function may contain no parameters
∙ Function Body: Function body contains the set of statements which defines what the function will
do
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Following is the source code for a function called “minimum”. The function takes two parameters
num1 and num2 and returns the minimum between the two.
 Fig. 10 (Function in
C)
Function Declaration/Prototype:
Function prototype is widely known as Function declaration. Function declaration tells the compiler
about the function name and how to call a function. The body of the function can be defined
separately. A function declaration has following parts:
return-type function-name (parameter list);
For the function above in Fig. 10, the function declaration is: int minimum(int num1, int num2);

Parameter names are not important in function declaration, only their type is required. So, the above
function declaration can be written as: int minimum(int, int);

Calling a Function:
While creating a C function, you give a definition of what the function has to do. To use a function,
you will have to call that function. When a program calls a function, program control is transferred
to the called function. A called function performs defined task, and when its return statement is
executed or when the function ends it returns program control back to the main program.

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 Fig. 11 (Function in
C)
The execution of above program is as follows:

∙ Execution starts from the main()

∙ At line 6 & 7, two integers are defined
∙ At line 8 an integer is declared
∙ At line 10, function is called and its value is assigned to an integer
∙ As the function is called program control shifts to line 14
∙ Specified task is performed from line 14 to 21
∙ After execution of line 21, program control shifts to line 11
∙ At line 11, message is displayed on the console

Fig. 12 (Function in
C)
Math Library Functions:
C’s math library functions allow you to perform common mathematical calculations. To use math
library function you have to include a header “math.h” as follows:

#include <math.h>
Function Description

sqrt (x) Square root of x

cbrt (x) Cube root of x

exp (x) Exponential function ex

log (x) Natural logarithm of x

 log10 (x) Logarithm of x (base 10)

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fabs (x) Absolute value of x

ceil (x) Rounds x to smallest integer not less than x

floor (x) Rounds x to largest integer not greater than x

pow (x, y) x raised to the power y (xy)

fmod (x, y) Remainder of x/y

sin (x) Sine of x

cos (x) Cosine of x

tan (x) Tangent of x

Use of power function is shown below:

Fig. 13 (Math Library Function)

5
The power function returns the result of 2 .

Fig. 14 (Math Library Function)

Task 01: Find Second Largest Number [30 minutes / 20 marks] Write a C program which:

∙ Reads three numbers as an input from user

∙ Find the second largest number using “Logical Operators”
∙ Displays “Second Largest Number” on the Console
Input Output

234 Second Largest number is 3

89 33 56 Second Largest number is

56

10 33 33 Second Largest number is

10
Task 02: Square Asterisks [30 minutes / 30 marks] Write a C program which:

∙ Reads a number as an input from user

∙ Pass that number to a function
∙ Write a function logic to create square asterisks pattern
∙ Display Asterisks on the Console [Hint: Use void as function return-type]

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Input Output

2 **
**

4 ****
****
****
****

5 *****
*****
*****
*****
*****

Task 03: Fill the blank area [20 minutes / 20 marks] The following program:

∙ Take integer as an input from the user

∙ Call a function in main()
∙ Display square of the integer in the function using Math Library Function

Fig. 15 (In-Lab Task)

Input Output

2 Square is: 4

6 Square is: 36

Task 04: Dry Run Programs. [40 minutes / 30 marks] (a) Dry Run the following programs
and fill up the trace table:
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Fig. 16 (In-Lab
Task)
23

72

0
(b)
99
Input

Fig. 17 (In-Lab
Task)
Value of I (Iteration No) num at end of the iteration

7
 9

13

17

Task 05: Find and resolve the errors. [30 minutes / 20 marks] (a):

Fig. 18 (In-Lab
Task)

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(b):

Fig. 19 (In-Lab
Task)
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Post-Lab Activities:
Task 01: Reverse Digits [Estimated 30 minutes / 30 marks]
Write a function that takes an integer value and returns the number with its digits reversed. For
example, given the number 1234, the function should return 4321.
Input Output

23 Reverse Digits: 32

65732 Reverse Digits:

23756
Task 02: Fill in the blank area [Estimated 30 minutes / 20 marks] Complete the following code
in which:

∙ Function finds all the prime numbers between a given interval

∙ Displays the prime numbers on the Console

Fig. 20 (Post-Lab Task)

Input Output

2 13 Prime Numbers: 3, 5, 7, 11

3 18 Prime Numbers: 5, 7, 11, 13,

17

35 No Prime Number

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Submissions:
∙ For Pre-Lab Activity:
▪ Submit the .c file on Google Classroom and name it with your roll no.
∙ For In-Lab Activity:
▪ Save the files on your PC.
▪ TA’s will evaluate the tasks offline.
∙ For Post-Lab Activity:
▪ Submit the .c file on Google Classroom and name it with your roll no.

Evaluations Metric:

∙ All the lab tasks will be evaluated offline by TA’s

∙ Division of Pre-Lab marks: [20 marks] ▪ Even Numbers [20 marks] ∙ Division of
In-Lab marks: [120 marks] ▪ Task 01: Find Second Largest Number [20 marks] ▪ Task
02: Square Asterisks [30 marks] ▪ Task 02: Fill in the blank area [20 marks] ▪ Task 03:
Dry Run Program [30 marks] ▪ Task 04: Find and Resolve Errors [20 marks] ∙ Division
of Post-Lab marks: [50 marks] ▪ Task 01: Reverse Digits [30 marks] ▪ Task 02: Fill in
 the blank area [20 marks]

References and Additional Material:

∙ Function in C
https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/c-functions

∙ C break and continue statements

https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/c-break-continue-statement

∙ C Programming Operators
https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/c-operators

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Lab Time Activity Simulation Log:

∙ Slot – 01 – 00:00 – 00:15: Class Settlement ∙ Slot
– 02 – 00:15 – 00:30: In-Lab Task
∙ Slot – 03 – 00:30 – 00:45: In-Lab Task
∙ Slot – 04 – 00:45 – 01:00: In-Lab Task
∙ Slot – 05 – 01:00 – 01:15: In-Lab Task
∙ Slot – 06 – 01:15 – 01:30: In-Lab Task
∙ Slot – 07 – 01:30 – 01:45: In-Lab Task
∙ Slot – 08 – 01:45 – 02:00: In-Lab Task
∙ Slot – 09 – 02:00 – 02:15: In-Lab Task
∙ Slot – 10 – 02:15 – 02:30: In-Lab Task
∙ Slot – 11 – 02:30 – 02:45: In-Lab Task
∙ Slot – 12 – 02:45 – 03:00: Discussion on Post-Lab Task
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