Introduction to
Green Chemistry
Second edition
Albert S. Matlack
TECHNISCHE
INFORMATIONSBIBLIOTHEK
UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK
HANNOVER
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor k Francis Group, an Informa business
Contents
Preface to Second Edition vii
Preface to First Edition ix
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 General Background I
1.2 Toxicity of Chemicals in the Environment 2
1.3 Accidents with Chemicals 7
1.4 Waste and Its Minimization 13
1.5 Conclusions 17
1.6 Summary of Some Important Points 18
References 19
Recommended Reading 24
Exercises 25
Chapter 2. Doing without Phosgene, Hydrogen Cyanide, and Formaldehyde 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Preparation of Isocyanates 28
2.3 Polycarbonates 39
2.4 Summary and Conclusions for Phosgene 41
2.5 Replacements for HCN 43
2.6 Eliminating Formaldehyde 45
References 45
Recommended Reading 48
Exercises 48
Chapter 3. The Chlorine Controversy 51
3.1 The Problem 51
3.2 Toxicity of Chlorine Compounds 54
3.3 Estrogen Mimics 56
3.4 Bleaching Paper 58
3.5 Disinfecting Water 59
3.6 Chloroliuorocarbons and Ozone Depletion 60
3.7 Chlorinated Solvents 63
3.8 Syntheses Where Chlorine Is Not in the Final Product 64
3.9 Summary and Conclusions 66
References 67
Recommended Reading 74
Exercises 74
Chapter 4. Toxic Heavy-Metal Ions 75
4.1 The Problem 75
4.2 End-of-the-Pipe Treatments 78
4.3 Biocides 80
4.4 Catalysts for Reactions Other Than Oxidation 82
4.5 Dyes and Pigments 83
4.6 Electrical Uses 84
4.7 Leather 85
4.8 Metal Finishing 85
4.9 Oxidation 86
4.10 Miscellaneous: Asbestos as a Toxic Material 100
iv CONTENTS
References 100
Recommended Reading 108
Exercises 108
Chapter 5. Solid Catalysts and Reagents for Ease of Workup 109
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 The Use of Inorganic Supports 110
5.3 Ion-Exchange Resins 119
5.4 Combinatorial Chemistry 124
5.5 Other Uses of Supported Reagents 127
5.6 Cyclodextrins 133
References 135
Recommended Reading 143
Exercises 143
Chapter 6. Solid Acids and Bases 145
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 Polymeric Sulfonic Acids 147
6.3 Polymer-Supported Lewis Acids 148
6.4 Sulfated Zirconia 149
6.5 Supported Metal Oxides 149
6.6 Rare Earth Trifiates 150
6.7 Solid Bases 151
6.8 Zeolites and Related Materials 154
6.9 Metal Organic Frameworks 164
6.10 Clays 166
6.11 Heteropolyacids 170
References 175
Recommended Reading 185
Exercises 185
Chapter 7. Chemical Separations 187
7.1 The General Picture 187
7.2 Inclusion Compounds 191
7.3 Separation of Ions 194
7.4 Membrane Separations 197
References 205
Recommended Reading 213
Exercises 213
Chapter 8. Working without Organic Solvents 215
8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solvents 215
8.2 Working without Solvent 217
8.3 Process Intensification 221
8.4 Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent 226
8.5 Water as a Reaction Medium 230
8.6 Ionic Liquids 236
8.7 Surfactants and Cleaning 238
8.8 Coatings 241
References 246
Recommended Reading 258
Exercises 259
Chapter 9. Biocatalysis and Biodiversity 261
9.1 Biocatalysis 261
CONTENTS
9.2 Biodiversity
References
Recommended Reading
Exercises
Chapter 10. Stereochemistry
10.1 Importance of Optical Isomers
10.2 ChiralPool
10.3 Resolution of Raccmic Mixtures
10.4 Asymmetrical Synthesis
References
Recommended Reading
Exercises
Chapter 11. Agrochemicals
11.1 The Nature and Use of Agrochemicals
11.2 Problems with Agrochemicals
11.3 Alternative Agriculture
11.4 Lawns
11.5 Genetic Engineering
11.6 Integrated Pest Management
References
Recommended Reading
Exercises
Chapter 12. Materials for a Sustainable Economy
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Commodity Chemicals from Renewable Raw Materials
12.3 Use of Natural Polymers
12.4 Polymers from Renewable Raw Materials
12.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Recommended Reading
Exercises
Chapter 13. Chemistry of Long Wear
13.1 Why Things Wear Out
13.2 Stabilizers for Polymers
13.3 Lubrication, Wear, and Related Subjects
13.4 Inhibition of Corrosion
13.5 Mending
13.6 Miscellaneous
13.7 The Future
References
Recommended Reading
Exercises
Chapter 14. Chemistry of Recycling
14.1 Waste
14.2 Recycling
14.3 Methods and Incentives for Source Reduction
14.4 Overall Picture
References
Recommended Reading
Exercises
vi CONTENTS
477
Chapter 15. Energy and the Environment
477
15.1 Energy-Related Problems
485
15.2 Healing, Cooling, and Lighting Buildings
15.3 Renewable Energy for Electricity and Transport 490
15.4 Use of Less Common Forms of Energy for Chemical Reactions 498
References 502
Recommended 515
Reading
Exercises 516
16. and the Environment 517
Chapter Population
16.1 The Problems 517
16.2 of Human 519
Chemistry Reproduction
16.3 The Chemistry of Family Planning 521
16.4 Sumiliary of the Problem 527
References 528
Recommended Reading 531
Exercises 532
17. Environmental Economics 533
Chapter
17.1 Introduction 533
17.2 Nature's Services 533
17.3 Environmental Accounting 535
17.4 538
Corporations
17.5 Environmental Economics of Individuals 541
Environmental Economics 542
17.6 Government Actions Affecting
References 546
Recommended 552
Reading
Exercises 552
18. 553
Chapter Greening
18.1 Introduction 553
18.2 Individuals 553
18.3 Nongovernmental Organizations 555
18.4 Government 557
18.5 Corporations 558
References 567
Recommended Reading 573
Exercises 573
Index 575
