CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL
TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

TECHNICAL DRAWING
COURSE CODE: TD12

YEAR I- SEMESTER 2

THEORY/PRACTICAL
WEEK 1 DRAWING EQUIPMENT
1.1 Equipment

1.2 Types of Lines

1.3 Application of Types

WEEK 2 DRAWING SCALES AND LETTING METHOD

2.1 Drawing Scales

2.2 Lettering Methods

WEEK 3 PROJECTION
5.1 Orthographic Projection

5.2 Multi views Projection

5.3 Differences Between First and Third Angle Projection

WEEK 4 ISOMETRIC AND OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS

6.1 Isometric Projections
6.2 Oblique Pictorial Projections

WEEK 5 DIMENSIONS FOR TECHNICAL DRAWING

8.1 Types of Dimensioning Techniques
8.2 Chain Dimensioning
8.3 Dimensioning Small Features
8.4 Dimensioning Circles
8.5 Dimensioning Radius
8.6 Simplified Dimensioning by Co-Ordinates
8.7 Arrangement of Dimensions
WEEK 1: DRAWING EQUIPMENT

Introduction
Technical drawing is concerned mainly with using lines, circles, arcs etc., to illustrate
general configuration of an object. It is a language of communication between architects
and Engineers, usually to convey information about the object. However, it is very
important that the drawing produced to be accurate and clear.

The ability to read and understand drawings is a skill that is very crucial for technical
education students; this text aims at helping students to gain this skill in a simple and
realistic way, and gradually progress through drawing and interpreting different level of
engineering drawings.

1.1 Equipment
Some basic equipment is necessary in order to learn drawing effectively, here are the main
ones.

o T-square:
A T-square is a technical drawing instrument primarily used for drawing horizontal lines on
a drafting table, it is also used to guide the triangle that is used to draw vertical lines. The
name “T-square” comes from the general shape of the
instrument where the horizontal member of the T
(blade) slides on the side of the drafting table. Figure (1.
1)

(Fig.1.1)

o Set- square:
A set square or triangle is a tool used to draw straight
vertical lines at a particular planar angle to a baseline.
The most common form of Set Square is a triangular
piece of transparent plastic with the centre removed.
The outer edges are typically beveled. These set
squares come in two forms, both right triangles: one
with 90-45-45 degree angles, and the other with
90-60-30 degree angles. Figure (1.2)

(Fig.1.2)
 o Compass:
Compasses are usually made of metal, and consist of two parts connected by a hinge which
can be adjusted. Typically one part has a spike at its end, and
the other part a pencil. Circles can be made by pressing one
leg of the compasses into the paper with the spike, putting the
pencil on the paper, and moving the pencil around while
keeping the hinge on the same angle. The radius of the circle
can be adjusted by changing the angle of the hinge. Figure (1.
3)

(Fig.1.3)

o Drawing table:
It is a multi-angle desk which can be used in different angle
according to the user requisite. The size suites most paper
sizes, and are used for making and modifying drawings on
paper with ink or pencil. Different drawing instruments
such as set of squares, protractor, etc. are used on it to draw
parallel, perpendicular or oblique lines. Figure (1. 4)

(Fig.1.4)

o Irregular Curves (French curves):

French curves are used to draw oblique curves other
than circles or circular arc, they are irregular set of
templates. Many different forms and sizes of curve are
available. Figure (1. 5)

(Fig.1. 5)
 (Fig. 1.6)

o Protractor:
The Protractor is a circular or semi-circular tool for measuring angles. The units of
measurement used are degrees. Some protractors are simple half-discs. More advanced
protractors usually have one or two swinging arms, which can be used to help measuring
angles. Figure (1. 6)

o Drawing Pencil:
This is a hand-held instrument containing an interior
strip of solid material that produces marks used to
write and draw, usually on paper. The marking
material is most commonly graphite, typically
contained inside a wooden sheath. Mechanical pencils
are nowadays more commonly used, especially
0.5mm thick Figure (1. 7)

(Fig.1. 7)

o Eraser:
Erasers are article of stationery that are used for
removing pencil writings. Erasers have made of
rubbery material, and they are often white. Typical
erasers are made of rubber, but more expensive or
specialized erasers can also contain vinyl, plastic, or
gum-like materials. Figure (1. 8)

(Fig.1. 8)
1.2 Types of Lines:

Usually lines created are all of the same thickness and type, but lines on an engineering
drawing signify more than just the geometry of the object, and it is important that
appropriate line type is used in the right place, because each gives different meaning.

o Line Thickness

For most engineering drawings two thicknesses of lines are mainly required, a thick and thin
one. The general recommendations are that thick lines to be twice as thick as the thin lines.

A thick line is used for visible leader edges and outline

A thin line is used for hatching, lines, short centre lines,

dimensions and projections.

o Line Styles

Line styles are used to clarify important features on drawings, some examples are as shown
below. Figure (1. 9)

(Fig.1. 9) – Line styles and types

Line styles are used to graphically represent physical objects, and each has its own
meaning, these include the following:

 Visible lines - are continuous lines used to draw edges directly visible
from a particular angle.
 Hidden lines- are short-dashed lines that may be used to represent edges that are
not directly visible.
 1.3 Application of Types of Lines

(Fig.1.10)

Thick long chain line with arrow heads for sectioning

Ruled line with zig-zags to show continuity

Thin short dashes to indicate hidden details

Thick continuous line for outline of an object

(Fig. 1.11)
WEEK 2: DRAWING SCALES AND LETTERING METHODS
2.1 Drawing Scales

Generally, it is easier to produce and understand a drawing if it represents the true size of
the object drawn. This is of course not always possible due to the size of the object to be
drawn, that is why it is often necessary to draw enlargements of very small objects and
reduce the drawing of very large ones, this is called “SCALE”.

However, it is important when enlarging or reducing a drawing that all parts of the object
are enlarged or reduced in the same ratio, so that the general configuration of the object is
saved. Thus, scales are multiplying or dividing of dimensions of the object.

The scale is the ratio between the size represented on the drawing and the true size of the
object.

Scale= Dimension to carry on the drawing ÷ True Dimension of the object.

Examples:

1. Dimension carried on the drawing =

4mm. True dimension= 40mm
Scale = 4 ÷ 40 = 1:10

2. Calculating drawing dimension of a line having a true dimension of 543 mm to a

scale of 1/10.

 If a true dimension of 10mm is represented as 1mm, a true dimension

of 543mm is represented as X
 Then 10 mm------------- 1 mm
543 mm---------------- X mm
 We have 1/10= x ÷ 543 or X= 54.3mm.

Therefore, a true dimension of 543mm is represented to a scale of 1/10 by a length

of 54.3mm.
 (Fig.2. 1) An example of scaling a drawing

2.2 Lettering Methods

Lettering is more as freehand drawing and rather of being writing. Therefore, the six fundamental strokes
and their direction for freehand drawing are basic procedures for lettering.

There are a number of necessary steps in learning lettering, and they include the following:

 Knowledge of proposition and form of letters and the orders of the stroke.
 Knowledge of the composition the spacing of letters and words.
 Persistent practices.
Capital letters are preferred to lower case letters since they are easier to read on reduced
size drawing prints although lower case letters are used where they form of a symbol or an
abbreviation.
Attention is drawn the standard to the letters and characters. Table (2.1) below give the
recommendation for minimum size on particular drawing sheets:

Table (2.1) Recommendations for minimum size of lettering on drawing sheets

Application Drawing Sheets Size Minimum character height

Drawing numbers, etc. A0, A1, A2 and A3 5 mm

A4 3 mm
Dimension and notes A0 3.5 mm
A1, A2, A3 and A4 2.5 mm

The spaces between lines of lettering should be consistent and preferably not less than half
of the character height.

There are two fundamental methods of writing the graphic languages freehand and with
instruments. The direction of pencil movements are shown in Figure. (2.2) and (2.3).
 Vertical Capital Letters &
Numerals

(Fig.2.2) Vertical Capital Letters and Numerals

(Fig.2.3) Vertical lower case letter

Quiz Sheet (1):

1 Reproduce Figure (2.4) to a scale of 1:5.

2 Redraw Figure (2.5) to a scale of 3:1.

Fig 2.4 Fig. 2.5

3 On a drawing sheet copy the following text in Figure (2.4) using the correct
lettering methods:
WEEK 3: PROJECTIONS

The technique of representing an object in a drawn form is referred to as projection.

Projection can be divided into pictorial (3- dimensional) projection and orthographic (2-
dimensional) projection. Pictorial projection is further divided into isometric, oblique and
perspective projections; while the orthographic projection is divided into 1 st angle and 3rd
angle projection as shown in Figure (5.1).

PROJECTIONS

Pictorial Projection Orthographic Projection (2 – Dimensional

(3 – Dimensional Projection) Projection)

Isometric angleOblique Perspective 1st -angle 3rd –

1-point 2-point 3 -point

Cabinet Cavalier

(Fig.5. 1)

5.1Orthographic projection is a means of representing a three-dimensional object

Figure (5.1) in two dimensions (2D). It uses multiple views of the object, from points of view rotated about the object'
The views are positioned relative to each other according to either of two schemes: first-
Angle or third-Angle projection. In each, the appearances of views may be thought of as
being projected onto planes that form a transparent "box" around the object. Figure (5.2)
demonstrate the views of an object using 1St. Angle and 3rd. Angle projections.

(Fig 5.2)

Illustrating the difference between 1st. and 3rd. Angles projection

Fig 5.3 Fig 5.4

5.2 Multi views projection:

Multi views projection is a mean of producing the true shape and dimension of all details of
three-dimensional object or two-dimensional plane surface such as tile drawing paper. For
this reason, this method of projection is universally used for the production of working
drawing, which is intended for manufacturing purposes.

(Fig.5. 5) Multi-views projection

In multi-views projection, the observer looks directly at each face of the object and draws
what can be seen directly (90 Degree rays). Concretively, other sides are also seen and
drawn in the same way Figure (5. 5).

Hence, there are two system of multi-views projection that is acceptable as British standard
(Fig. 6), these are known as:

o First Angle (1st Angle) or European projection.

o Third Angle (3rd Angle) or American projection.
5.3 The Differences Between 1st & 3rd Angle Projection

o First-angle projection

In first-angle projection, each view of the object is projected in the direction (sense) of
sight of the object, onto the interior walls of the box Figure (5.6).

(Fig. 5. 6)

A two-dimensional representation of the object is then created by "unfolding" the box, to

view all of the interior walls Figure (5.7)
 (Fig.5.7)

(Fig. 5.8)

o Third-angle projection

In third-angle projection, each view of the object is projected opposite to the direction
(sense) of sight, onto the (transparent) exterior walls of the box Figure (5. 9).

(Fig 5.9) (Fig 5.10)

A two-dimensional representation of the object is then created by unfolding the box, to
view all of the exterior walls Figure (5.10)

(Fig.5.11)

Before starting drawing the views of the component shown in Figure (5.12), it is necessary
to decide the best Angle to project on the component; good decision will make the reading
of the details of the views
much easier afterwards.

(Fig 5.12)
Also it is important to layout the drawing sheet so as to have a neat presentation at the end.

One of the common methods to layout the drawing sheet is shown through the following
step (Let us assume that three views are needed):

 Identify the size of the drawing sheet after minimizing 10mm from each side for
the frame (A-3 in this case= 400 X 277 after framing).

 Draw in free hand on a scrap paper the location of the three views, and determine the
area needed for each view (width and height) Figure (5.13).

(Fig.5.13)
Now, to determine the spacing between the views Figure (5.14), it is noticed that,

 Three equal spaces are horizontally situated.

 Three equal spaces are vertically situated.
 (Fig 5.14)

Firstly, add the width of the front view to the width of the side view together. 100+60=
160mm

 Subtract 160mm from the net total width of the sheet (400mm) 400-160= 240mm.
 Divided the reaming spaces into three equal spaces 240÷3=
80mm (horizontal spaces).
 Secondly, add the height of the front view to the height of the top view
70+60= 130mm.
 Subtract 130mm from the net total height of the sheet (277mm). 277-130= 147mm.
 Divide the reaming spaces into three equal spaces 147÷3=
49mm (vertical spaces).
 Point the spaces by fine dotes on the A3 drawing sheet using T-square and the
triangle (90°). Draw fine lines (construction lines) vertically and horizontally from
marked dotes. This will result on drawing four areas, three of them to be used for
drawing the three views of the component, and the forth area for drawing 45° miter
line Figure (5.15).

(Fig 5.15)
 Start drawing the views related to each other within the areas determined
previously. Use fine line (construction lines)
 Check the final outlines of the three views, to make sure that they are complete
and correct. Erase un-necessary lines, then heaving in the lines Figure (5.15).

(Fig.5.16)
Quiz Sheet (2)

Fig.5. 17 and 18 show two (2) isometric pictorial drawing of components study the
drawings and by using scale 1:1 and third angle of projection draw the following:
- Front view- Side view - Top view

(Fig. 5.17) (Fig. 5.18)

(Fig.5.18)
 Fig.(5.19) and 20 show two (2) isometric pictorial drawing of components study the
drawings and by using scale 1:1 draw the following:

 Fig.(5.19) using 1st angle of projection draw,

1- Front view 2 -Side view 3- Top view

(Fig.5.19)

 Fig.5. 20 using 3rd angle of projection draw,

1- Front view 2-Side view 3 - Top view

(Fig.5.20)
WEEK (4) - ISOMETRIC AND OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS
6.1 Isometric Projection
Isometric projection is a pictorial projection which gives a 3-dimentional impression of a
drawn object in one view. Isometric projection has the advantage of communicating
information about an object easily than orthographic projection as such it is preferred by
laymen.
Figures (6.1) to (6.4) show four (4) isometric pictorial drawing of components, study the
awn drawings and by using proper drawing tools and scale 1:1 re-draw the isometric
pictorial drawings.
Note: All dimensions are in mm

(Fig 6.1) (Fig 6.2)

(Fig. (Fig.6.3)
6.3) (Fig 6.4)
6.2 Oblique Pictorial Projection

Oblique projection is another method of pictorial drawing. It is simpler than isometric but it
does not present so realistic a picture.

Figure ( 6.5) shows a shaped block drawn in oblique projection.

There are three drawings of the same block in fig6.6. They all show the front face of the
block drawn in the plane of the paper and the side and top faces receding at 30 o, 45o and 60o
on the three drawings. An oblique line is one which is neither vertical nor horizontal, and the
receding lines in oblique projection can be at any angle other than 0 o or 90o as long as they
remain parallel in any one drawing. In practice, it is usual to keep to the set square angles and
of the three to choose from, 45o is the most widely used.

If you check the measurement on the oblique drawings with those on the isometric sketch,
you will find that the measurements on the front and oblique faces are all true lengths. This
gives rise to a distorted effect. The drawings of the block in the oblique view appear to be
cut out of proportion, particularly when compared with the isometric view.

(Fig. 6.5)
 (Fig 6.6)

QUIZ SHEET (3)

Figures (6.7) to (6.10) shows four (4) isometric pictorial drawing of components, study
the drawings and by using proper drawing tools and scale 1:1 re-draw them in isometric
projection.
Note: All dimensions are in mm
 (Fig 6.7) (Fig. 6.8)

(Fig. 6.9) ( Fig. .10)

Figures (6.11) to (6.14) illustrate four (4) isometric pictorial drawing of components, study the
drawing and by using scale 1:1 re-draw them in oblique projection of 30 o,45o and 60o.

Note: All dimensions are in mm

 (Fig.6. 11) (Fig .6.12)

(Fig.6.14)
(Fig.6.13)
WEEK (5): DIMENSIONS FOR TECHNICAL DRAWING

An engineering drawing must be properly dimensioned in order to convey the designer’s

intent to the end user. Dimensions provide the information needed to specify the size and
location of every feature on the object.

A properly dimensioned drawing ensures that the part produced in the manufacturing phase
matches the part asked for by designer. There are a few simple guidelines to be followed
when dimensioning a drawing and these guidelines covers the majority of cases you will
encounter.

A number of terms are used for illustrating dimensioning on the drawing, these include the
following Fig. (8.1):

 Dimension line.
 Projection line.
 Dimension.
 Leader line.
 Dimensional notes.
 Auxiliary dimension.

(Fig.8.1)

The basic rules of dimensioning are:

 Distribute dimensions between the views.

  Keep the dimension line about 10mm apart from the object.
 Do not repeat dimensioning same distance.
 If possible do not dimension hidden lines.
 Stagger dimensioning values.
 Create a logical arrangement of dimensions.

8.1 Types of Dimensioning techniques

 Parallel Dimensioning Parallel dimensioning consists of several dimensions

originating from one projection line.

(Fig.8.2)

8.2 Chain Dimensioning

Chains of dimension should only be used if the function of the object would not be affected
by the accumulation of the tolerances.
 (Fig. 8.3)

8.3 Dimensioning Small Features

When dimensioning small features, placing the dimension arrow between projection lines
may create a drawing which is difficult to read. In order to clarify dimensions on small
features any of the above methods can be used.

(Fig. 8.4)

8.4 Dimensioning circles

All dimensions of circles are preceded by the symbol- . There are several conventions
used for dimensioning circles:

(a) Shows two common methods of dimensioning a circle. One method dimensions the
circle between two lines projected from two diametrically opposite points. The second
method dimensions the circle internally.

(b) Is used when the circle is too small for the dimension to be easily read if it was placed
inside the circle. A leader line is used to display the dimension.

(c) The final method is to dimension the circle from outside the circle using an arrow which
points directly towards the centre of the circle.
 (Fig. 8.5)

8.5Dimensioning Radius
All radial dimensions are preceded by the capital “R” - Fig. (8.6). All dimension arrows
and lines should be drawn perpendicular to the radius so that the line passes through the
centre of the arc. All dimensions should only have one arrowhead which should point to
the line being dimensioned. There are two methods for dimensioning radii.

(Fig. 8.6)

(a) Shows a radius dimensioned with the centre of the radius located on the drawing.

(b) Shows how to dimension radii which do not need their centers locating.

8.6 Simplified dimensioning by co-ordinates

It is also possible to simplify Co-ordinate dimensions by using a table to identify features

and positions. Figure (8.7). this method of dimensioning is mainly used in drawing by
computers (CAD).
 (Fig. 8.7)

(Fig. 8.8)

THE DIMENSIONING DRAWING PRINCIPLE:

Layout of Dimensions
Dimension feature contours.

(Fig. 8.9)
 (Fig 8.10)

(Fig. 8.11)

(Fig. 8.12)
 (Fig. 8.13)

8.7 Arrangement of Dimensions

• Keep dimensions off the part to be dimensioned where possible.
• Arrange extension lines so the larger dimensions are outside of the smaller dimensions.
• Stagger the dimension value labels to ensure they are clearly defined.

(Fig. 8.14)
(Fig. 8.15)
QUIZ SHEET (4) -
Add dimensions correctly to drawings in Fig. (8.16) to (8.19).

(Fig.8.16) (Fig.8.17)

(Fig.8.18) ( Fig.8.19)
 INSTRUCTIONS!

Answer the fallowing Quizzes

QUIZ 1

QUIZ 2

QUIZ 3

QUIZ 4

Use a A4 DRAWING PAPER for the Plates.