Class - IX

Notes
Complete
Geography
Crafted with love #Together we can, we will
By Digraj Singh Rajput
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 Class 10th - Geography
India: Size and Location
Full Chapter Explanation
 Class 9th - Geography - India: Size and Location - Full Chapter Explanation

India: Location

India

● India is a vast country.

● Lying entirely in the Northern Hemisphere.

● The main land extends between

■ Latitudes - 8o4’N and 37o6’N
■ Longitudes - 68o7’E and 97o25’E

● The Tropic of Cancer (23o30’N) divides the

country into almost two equal parts.
Class 9th - Geography - India: Size and Location - Full Chapter Explanation
 Class 9th - Geography - India: Size and Location - Full Chapter Explanation

India

● To the Southeast and Southwest of the

mainland, lie the Andaman Nicobar
Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands in
Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea
respectively.
● The Southernmost point of the Indian
Union - Indira Point got submerged under
the sea water in 2004 during the Tsunami.
 Class 9th - Geography - India: Size and Location - Full Chapter Explanation

India: Size

● The land mass of India has an area of 3.28 million

square km.

● India’s total area accounts for about 2.4 per cent

of the total geographical area of the world.

● India is the seventh largest country of the world.

● India has a land boundary of about 15,200 km.

The total length of the coastline of the mainland
including Andaman and Nicobar and lakshadweep
is 7,516.6 km.
 Class 9th - Geography - India: Size and Location - Full Chapter Explanation

India, Geography and Location

● India is bounded by the young fold mountains in

the Northwest, North and Northeast.

● South of about 22o North latitude, it begins to

taper and extends towards the Indian Ocean,
dividing it into two seas, the Arabian Sea on the
West and the Bay of Bengal on its East.
 Class 9th - Geography - India: Size and Location - Full Chapter Explanation

India: Longitude and Latitude and their Significance

● The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the mainland is about 30 o.

● Despite this fact, the East - West extent appears to be smaller than the North - South extent.

Explain

Longitudinal Extent : Influences the sunrise and sunset from East to West.

Latitudinal Extent : Influence the duration of day and night, as one moves from South to North.
Class 9th - Geography - India: Size and Location - Full Chapter Explanation

Longitudinal extent

From Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh, there is a time lag of two hours.

Implications

Hence, time along the Standard Meridian of India (82o30’E)

passing through Mirzapur (in Uttar Pradesh) is taken as the
standard time for the whole country.
 Class 9th - Geography - India: Size and Location - Full Chapter Explanation

India and the World

● The Indian landmass has central location between the East and the West Asia.
● Southward extension of the Asian continent.

Strategic central location in India

● The trans Indian Ocean routes, which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the
countries of East Asia.
● The Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian ocean, thus helping India to establish close
contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the Western Coast and with Southeast and
East Asia from the Eastern Coast.
● No other country has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean as India has.

∴ It is India’s eminent position in the Indian Ocean, which

justify the naming of an Ocean after it.
 Class 9th - Geography - India: Size and Location - Full Chapter Explanation

India’s contact with the world

● India’s relationship with world through the land routes are much older
than her maritime contacts.

● The various passes across the mountains in the North have provided
passages to the ancient travellers, while the oceans restricted such
interaction for a long time.

● These routes have contributed in the exchange of ideas and commodities

since ancient times.

How?
 Class 9th - Geography - India: Size and Location - Full Chapter Explanation

The exchange of ideas and commodities through these routes

● The ideas of the Upanishads and the Ramayana, the stories of Panchatantra, the Indian
numerals and the decimal system thus could reach many parts of the world.
● The spices, muslin and other merchandise were taken from India to different countries.
● On the other hand, the influence of Greek sculpture and the architectural styles of dome
and minarets from West Aisa can be seen in different parts of our country.
 Class 9th - Geography - India: Size and Location - Full Chapter Explanation

Suez Canal

Since the opening of the Suez Canal in

1869, India’s distance rom Europe has
been reduced by 7,000 km.
 Class 9th - Geography - India: Size and Location - Full Chapter Explanation

India’s Neighbours

India and South Asia

● India occupies an important strategic position in

South Asia. India has 28 states and Eight union
Territories.

● India shares its land boundaries with Pakistan and

Afghanistan in the Northwest, China (Tibet), Nepal
and Bhutan in the North and Myanmar and
Bangladesh in the East.

● Our southern neighbours across the sea consist of

the two countries, namely Sri Lanka and Maldives.
 Class 9th - Geography - India: Size and Location - Full Chapter Explanation

● Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow

channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the
Gulf of Mannar, while maldives Islands are situated
to the South of the Lakshadweep Islands.

● India has had strong geographical and historical

links with her neighbours.
 Class 9th - Geography
Physical Features of India
Full Chapter Explanation
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Major Physiographic Divisions are :

● Major physiographic divisions

■ The Himalayan Mountain
■ The Northern Plains
■ The Peninsular Plateau
■ The Indian Desert
■ The Coastal Plains
■ The Islands
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

The Himalayan Mountains

Geologically young and structurally fold Mountains

● Located in the northern borders of India.

● Runs between Indus and Brahmaputra
● Himalayas represent the loftiest and one of the most
rugged mountain barrier of the world.
● Cover 2,400 km of distance with it width varies from
400 km in Kashmir to 150 km in Arunachal pradesh.
● Altitudinal variations are greater in the eastern half
than those in the western half.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

● The Himalayas consists of three parallel ranges.

In its longitudinal extent

➔ Himadri/Great or Inner Himalayas

➔ Himachal or lesser Himalaya/Middle

Himalayas

➔ Shiwaliks/outer Himalayas
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Himalayan Ranges: Himadri, Great or Inner Himalayas

Great or Inner Himalayas or Himadri

● Northernmost Range

● Most continuous range consisting of the

loftiest peaks. [6000 M average height]

● The folds of Great Himalayas are asymmetrical

in nature.

● Core is made up of granite and it is perennially

snowbound.

● Number of glaciers descend from this range.

 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

The Himadri Range consist all prominent Himalayan peaks.

 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Himalayan Ranges: Himachal or lesser Himalaya/Middle Himalayas

Himachal/Lesser Himalaya/Middle Himalayas

● Range lying to the south of the Himadri.

● Composed of highly compressed and altered rocks.
● Average altitude varies between 3,700 m and 4,500
m and the average width is of 50 km.
● Pir panjal range forms the longest and most
important range. Dhaula Dhar and Mahabharat are
other prominent ranges.
● Famous valley of Kashmir, the Kangra and Kullu
valley are found in this range.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Himalayan Ranges: Shiwaliks or outer Himalayas

Shiwaliks or outer Himalayas

● Outermost range of the Himalayas.

● These ranges are composed of unconsolidated Sediments
brought down by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges
located farther north.
● Average heights of this range varies from 900 to 1100
metres and they extend over a width of 10-50 km.
● Shiwalik consist of Duns

The longitudinal valley lying between lesser Himalaya and the

Shiwaliks.
E.g. Dehradun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun
● These valleys are covered with thick gravel and alluvium.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Himalayas: West to East

Besides the longitudinal divisions, Himalayas have been divided on the
basis of regions from West to East.

Demarcated by River Valley

● Himalayas between Indus and Sutlej rivers Punjab/Kashmir and Himachal Himalayas

● Himalayas between Satluj and Kali rivers Kumaon Himalayas

● Himalayas between Kali and Teesta rivers Nepal Himalayas

● Himalayas between Tista and Dihang rivers Assam Himalayas

Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Purvanchal Himalayas

● Another important part of Himalayas running in north-eastern part are known as Purvanchal
Himalayas or Eastern Himalayas.

➔ Beyond Dihang gorge, the Himalayas bend sharply

to the South and spread along the eastern
boundary of India.
➔ It is composed of strong and stones which are
sedimentary rocks.
➔ It is comprised of various hills such as Patkai hills,
the Naga hills, the Manipur hills and the Mizo hills.
➔ Dense forest, valleys and rivers are found in this
range.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

The Northern Plain

● Recall the story of Formation of northern plains.

Rivers played a Major Role in its formation.

The Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra along with

their tributaries are responsible for the formation of
Northern plain.

Deposition of alluvium in the foothills of Himalayas

brought by them.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

❖ Northern plain spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq. km

● 2400 km long and 240 km to 320 km broad.

● Northern plain is densely populated physiographic division.

● Fertile soil Agriculturally a

● Abundance of water productive part

❖ Various geographical features as Riverine islands,doabs and distributaries are found in

Northern plains.

Reason
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Riverine Islands

River Deposition Formation of land

between the river

Velocity of the river decreases

Formation of Riverine Island

❖ Majuli, in the Brahmaputra river, is the largest inhabited

riverine island in the world.

❖ Due to deposition of sediments in in lower course the river

split into numerous channels, leading to the formation of
Distributaries.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation
Doab

● Land between the two rivers is known as doab.

Doab is made up of two words ‘do’ meaning two

and ‘ab’ meaning water.

Ganga-Yamuna Doab
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Division of Northern Plains

❖ Northern plain is broadly divided into three sections.

Punjab Plains

● Western part of Northern plain.

● Formed by Indus and Its Tributaries.

Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi,

the Beas, and the Satluj.

● This section is dominated by doabs

● E.g. The word Punjab itself is made up of two words
Punj = Five & ab = Water
Land between the five rivers.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

The Ganga Plains

● Extends between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers.

● It spread over the state of Haryana, Delhi, U.P, Bihar,
partly in Jharkhand and West Bengal.

Brahmaputra plain

● East to the Ganga plains lies the Brahmaputra plain.

● Covers most of the Assam and states of Northeast.
● Drained by Brahmaputra river.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar and Khadar

❖ Apart from the division on the basis of area, Northern plains can also be divided
on the basis of diverse relief features.

Northern plain is divided into four regions on the basis of relief features.

Bhabar Terai Bhangar Khadar

 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation
Bhabar -
➢ Belt of about 8 to 16 km in width lying parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks.

➢ The Bhabar area is comprised of pebbles which are brought down by river.

➢ Streams disappears in the Bhabar belt.

Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

● South to the Bhabar belt lies, Terai Region

The wet, swampy and marshy region where the streams

and rivers re-emerge.

● This region is thickly forested and full of wildlife.

● Over the period of time forests have been cleared to
create agricultural land and to settle migrants from
Pakistan after partition.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Bhangar Khadar

➔ Older alluvium. ➔ New and young alluvium.

➔ It lies above the Floodplains of the river ➔ They are renewed almost every year.
and presents a terrace like feature. ➔ Very fertile.
➔ The soil in this region contains ➔ Ideal for agricultures, therefore
calcareous deposits. [Kankar] intensive agriculture is performed
➔ This is relatively less fertile. over Bhangar soil.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

The Peninsular Plateau

What is Peninsular? What is Plateau?

A landmass which is covered by water

A tableland like structure.
by three sides.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

● A Table land composed of the old crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks.

➔ Formed due to the breaking and drifting of the gondwana land.

➔ The Peninsular plateau is made up of black soil [volcanic origin]

➔ The plateau has broad and shallow valleys and rounded hills.

➔ Two broad divisions of Plateau: Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau.

 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

The Peninsular Plateau: Central Highland

● Part lying to the north of the Narmada river.

● Major part of themakes up the Malwa Plateau central highland.
● Covered by Vindhya at North, Satpura at South and Aravallis on the Northwest.
● Rivers such as the Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa and the Ken flow from it's southwest to
Noertheast. [Indicating the slope]
● The central Highland are wider in the West but narrower in the East known as Bundelkhand
and Baghelkhand.
● Chotanagpur plateau marks the further eastward extension.
Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Physical position of Malwa plateau Major rivers of Central and North India
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

The Peninsular Plateau: Deccan Plateau

● Triangular landmass lying South of the river Narmada.

● Borders -
■ Satpura = Northern borders
■ Mahadev , Kaimur hills and Maikal range = Eastern borders

● Tilted towards East.

■ The Deccan plateau is higher in the west and slopes gently eastwards.

● An extension of these plateau in also found North East.

■ Meghalaya plateau, [Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills], Karbi-Anglong plateau and North
Cachar hills.
● Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats and Marks the Western and Eastern edges respectively.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats

❖ Both Western ghats and Eastern ghats lies west

and east of the Deccan plateau respectively.

What is Ghat?
❖ Both the ghats have some distinctive
features and differentiating points. Let us
discuss them.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Western Ghats Eastern Ghats

● Continuous and can be crossed through ● Discontinuous. Irregular and dissected

passes only. by rivers.
● Higher than eastern ghats. Average ● Average elevation is 600 metres.
elevation is 900-1600 meter. ● The eastern ghats stretch from the
● They stretch from Tapi to the South of Mahanadi valley to the Nilgiri.
the Nilgiri hills. ● Highest peak of eastern ghats is
● Western ghats cause Orographic Rain.
Mahendragiri [1,501 M]
● Height progressively increase from
● Shevaroy Hills and Javadi Hills are
North to South.[Highest peak
located to the southeast of it.
Anamudi(2695 M)]
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

The Indian Desert

Thar Desert
● The Indian Desert lies towards the western margin of
the Aravali Hills.

➔ Undulating Sandy plains, covered with Sand dunes.

➔ This region receives low rainfall [Below 150 MM],
streams appear during the rainy Season and never
reach sea. Why?

Luni is the only large river in this region.

● It has arid climate with low vegetation cover.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

● Barchans Another important features of the Indian desert.

Crescent shaped dunes found in Thar desert.

Barchans Formation of Barchans

 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

The Coastal Plains

● Stretch of Narrow Coastal strips at the margins

of peninsular plateau.

● These strips run along the Arabian Sea on the

West and the Bay of Bengal on the East.

● Western Coastal Plains

● Eastern Coastal Plains
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Western Coast Eastern Coast

● It is narrow plain sandwiched ● The coastal area are wide and level along
between the Western Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.
Arabian sea.
● It consist of three section: ● It consist of two section:
a. Konkan [Mumbai-Goa] a. Northern Circar
b. Kannad Plain [karnataka] b. Coromandel Coast
c. Malabar Coast [Kerala]

● River on Western Coast forms ● Rivers such as the Mahanadi, the

Estuaries. Godavari, Krishna and the Kaveri forms
delta on Eastern Coast.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Do You Know?
● The Chilika Lake is the largest salt water lake in India. It lies in the state of Odisha, to the south
of the Mahanadi delta.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

The Islands

● Besides the vast mainland. The country has two groups of Islands.

Lakshadweep Islands Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Group lying close to the Malabar coast of kerala. Elongated chain of island in Bay of Bengal.

It is composed of small coral islands. Entire group is divided into two broad categories.
a. Andaman in the North
b. Nicobar in the South

Earlier they were known as Laccadive, Minicoy and It is believed that these islands are an elevated
Amindivi.[Renamed in 1973] portion of submarine mountains.

It covers small area of 32 sq km. Equatorial climate and thick forest care.

Administrative headquarter of these islands is

kavaratti.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

● Pitti island, uninhabited island in Lakshadweep has a bird sanctuary.

● Corals -
➢ Short-lived microscopic organism, which live in colonies.
➢ They flourish in shallow, mud-free and warm waters.
➢ They secrete calcium carbonate. Their skeleton makes up the Reefs.
 Class 9th - Geography - Physical Features of India - Full Chapter Explanation

Importance of different Physical Features

● The different physiographic units highlights the unique features of each region.

Adds value to the natural resources of the country.

Coastal regions
Mountains Northern Plains Plateau
and Islands
Major sources of water Granaries of the Storehouse of Provides sites for fishing
and forest wealth. country Minerals and port activities.
 Class 9th - Geography

Drainage
Full Chapter Explanation
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Drainage River system of an area.

Drainage Basin

The area drained by a river along with its tributaries

and distributaries is known as Drainage Basin.

Water Divide : When any elevated area, such as a mountain or an The world largest drainage
basin is of Amazon river
upland separates two drainage basins it is known as Water Divide.
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

What we are going to study in this chapter?

❖ Drainage patterns
❖ Drainage systems in India
➢ The Himalayan Rivers
➢ The Peninsular Rivers
❖ The Himalayas Rivers: [The Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra]
❖ The Peninsular Rivers: [The Narmada, the Tapi, the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Krishna
and the Kaveri]
❖ Lakes
❖ Role of Rivers in the Economy
❖ River Pollution
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Drainage Patterns
What is Drainage Pattern?

● The pattern in which the river flows.

● Depending on the slope of land, underlying rock structure as well as the climate conditions.
There are four type of Drainage Patterns.

Dendritic Trellis Rectangular Radial

● River flows with the ● Hard and soft rock ● Develops on the ● Rivers flowing from
slope of terrain exist parallel to each strongly jointed rock a central peak to
● Resembles the other. terrain. different directions.
branches of tree. ● Tributaries are joined
at right angle.
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Drainage Systems in India

● Influenced by the Physical features of the subcontinent. Indian rivers are divided into two
major groups:

Himalayan Rivers Peninsular Rivers

Rivers originating from Himalayas Rivers originating from Peninsular plateau

● Apart from the originating point, Himalayan and Peninsular rivers also have various other
differences.
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Basic Himalayan Rivers Peninsular Rivers

Point of origin Himalayas and Glaciers Western Ghats and Central Highland

Nature Perennial Seasonal

Source of water Rainfall and Glaciers Rainfall

Long course, Performs erosional

Course activity and carry huge loads of silt Short and shallower courses
and sand
Most of the rivers flows towards east and
Most of the rivers flow towards east and
drains in Bay of Bengal. Narmada and Tapi
Drains in? drains in Bay of Bengal. Indus is an
are some major rivers which flows in west
exception.
and drains in Arabian Sea.
Forms flood plains, oxbow lakes,
Other features Forms estuaries unlike Himalayan rivers
meanders and delta

Example Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus, Yamuna etc Narmada, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri etc
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Features made by river A Gorge

Estuaries
Delta
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

The Indus River System

What is River System?

● The River along with its tributaries may be called a river system.
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

● Rises in Tibet. Near lake Mansarovar.

Enters India from Ladakh

It is joined by the tributaries such as the Zaskar,

the Nurba, the Shyok and the Hunza.

Further flowing from the Baltistan and Gilgit,

River Indus
Indus is joined by other tributaries such as the
Satluj, the Ravi, the Chenab and the Jhelum at ● Total length of 2900 km.
Mithankot in Pakistan. ● Title over a third of Indus basin is
located in India.
Flowing Southwards Indus finally drains into
Major part flows from Pakistan
Arabian Sea.
Do you know? = Indus water treaty [1960]
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

● Headwaters of Ganga is called

Bhagirathi Alaknanda

Devprayag (U.K)

At Haridwar, Ganga emerges from mountains to plains.

● Further coming on the plains River Ganga is joined by many tributaries from Himalayas.
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Left Bank tributaries of Ganga Right bank tributaries of Ganga

● The Ghaghara ● The Chambal

● The Gandak ● The Betwa
● Kosi ● The Son
[Rises from the glaciers in Himalayas] [Rises from Semi-arid part of Peninsular]

● These Rivers floods parts of the ● They have a shorter courses and do not
Northern plains every year. carry much water.

Causing damage to life and property

but at same time they enrich the soil
for agricultural use.

Do you know The Namami Gange Programme

 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Further carrying water from its left and right bank

tributaries. The Ganga flows towards East.

Northernmost point of Ganga delta.

Bhagirathi-Hooghly Padma

- A distributary of Ganga - Ganga entering into Bangladesh

- Flows into Bay of Bengal - Mainstream further flow South
and joins Brahmaputra

● The Mighty river with the water of Ganga + Brahmaputra = Meghna

 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

● These Rivers forms the Sundarban delta.

Derived its name from Sundari tree.

It is world’s largest and fastest growing delta.

Sunderban delta
River Ganga
● Length 2500 km
● Ambala water divide between Indus and Ganga
river system.
● Ambala to Sunderban = Fall in slope 300 meters

Meanders
Sundari tree
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

The Brahmaputra River System

Routes -
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Rises in Tibet; East of Mansarovar lake

[Mansarovar lake = Water divide]

Slightly longer than the Indus and most of its course lies
outside India.

From Namcha Barwa, it takes ‘U’ turn and enters into

India in Arunachal Pradesh.

Here, it is known as Dihang, joined by other tributaries

such as Dibang, the Lohit etc.

Volume of water in river varies in Tibet and India.

Why?
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

● Entering in India Brahmaputra carries a large amount of water.

Silt

Forms Riverine Island

➔ The river overflows its banks, causing widespread devastation Majuli island
due to floods in Assam and Bangladesh.

➔ The Brahmaputra is marked by huge deposits of silt on its bed

causing the riverbed to rise.
Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Rivers in Bangladesh

Ganga Brahmaputra

Bangladesh

Padma Jamuna

Meghna

Bay of Bengal
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

The Peninsular Rivers

● Most of the peninsular rivers originates from Western Ghat.

Western Ghats acts as a water divide in the Peninsular India.

● All the major river originating from Western

Ghats flows towards East.
● Forms delta.
● The Narmada and Tapi are only long rivers,
which flows West and make estuaries.

● Peninsular Rivers include: The Narmada, the Tapi, the Godavari, the Mahanadi,
the Krishna the Kaveri.
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

The Narmada Basin

Rises in the Amarkantak hills

● Flows west in Rift valley due to faulting

● River Narmada flows through deep gorge, forming

picturesque location. [The ‘Marble rocks’, near
Jabalpur, where the Narmada flows through a deep
gorge, and the ‘Dhuandhar falls]

● Most of the tributaries of Narmada are short and

joins at right angle.

● River flows in the parts of M.P and Gujarat.

Amarkantak point
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Tapi Basin

● Rises in Satpura range in Betul district of

Madhya Pradesh.

● It also flows in Rift valley parallel to Narmada

but shorter in length.

Are there only two west flowing rivers? ● Flows through three states [M.P, Gujarat and
Maharashtra]
No, there are west flowing coastal rivers but
their length is short. ● Drains in Arabian sea.

E.g. The Sabarmati, the Mahi, the

Bharathapuzha and the Periyar
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Map showing the river Mahi

Map showing the river Sabarmati

Map showing river Periyar

Map showing the river bharathapuzha
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

The Godavari Basin

● Largest Peninsular River.

● Covers a large area along with its tributaries.

∴ Dakshin Ganga

● Rises from slope of the western ghats in the Nasik

district of Maharashtra.
● Length = 1500 km
● About 50% of drainage basin covers Maharashtra.
Also extends to M.P, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
● Tributaries such as the Purna, the Wardha, the
Pranhita, the Manjra, the Wainganga and Penganga.
● Drains into Bay to Bengal.
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

The Mahanadi Basin

● Rises in the Highlands of Chhattisgarh.

Total length of Mahanadi = 860 km

● It flows mainly in Odisha

● Joined by the tributaries such as Seonath, Jonk, Hasdo,
Mand, Lb etc.
● Its drainage basin is shared by Maharashtra,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha.

➔ Is the source water for peninsular river is only rainfall?

 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

The Krishna Basin

Rises from the springs near Mahabaleshwar, flows Eastwards.

■ Its drainage is shared by Maharashtra, Karnataka

and Andhra Pradesh.

■ The tributaries of river Krishna are the

Tungabhadra, the Konyana, the Ghatprabha, the
Musi and the Bhima etc.

■ It flows over the distance of 1400 km and drains

into Bay of Bengal.
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

The Kaveri Basin

❖ Rises in the Brahmagiri range of Western Ghats

[Karnataka]

Flows east and drains in Bay of Bengal in South

of Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu

● The total length of river is about 760 km.

● Its main tributaries are Amravati, Bhavani,
Hemavati and Kabini covering the parts of
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Lakes

● Lakes and We

Imagine a situation of various tourist places as Nainital

and Srinagar without lakes?

Lakes plays a very Important role in our life -

➔ Tourist centres and enhances natural beauty. Why do lakes of large extent are
➔ Habitat for aquatic life. called seas.
➔ Helps to regulate the flow of a river. E.g The Caspian sea, the Dead sea.
➔ Prevents flooding and supplies water during dry season.
➔ Used for developing hydel power.
➔ They moderate the climate of the surrounding.
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

● India has many lakes They differ from each other in variety of ways.

Some contain water only

Some are Permanent
during rainy season

Salt water Lakes Fresh water Laker

Depending on the formation lakes are:

Glacier Lakes Oxbow Lakes Lagoons Inland drainage Lakes

 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Glacier Lakes

● These lakes are formed due to the action of Glaciers and

ice sheets.

Freshwater lakes
● The basin is dug out by glaciers and the impoundment is
filled with snowmet.
● E.g The Dal lake, Bhimtal, Nainital, Loktak etc.
● Wular lake is the largest Freshwater lake in India is a
tectonic lake.
● Similarly there are Meteoroid lakes also.
● E.g Lonar Lake
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Due to turns and twists Erosion and deposition along the sides of the meander.

In due course of time the meander loop cuts off from the river.

Forms a cut-off lake

Oxbow Lakes
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Lagoons

● Another important type of lakes.

● Mostly lagoons are salt water lakes [connected with sea]
● Lagoons are a shallow body of water separated from a larger
Body of water by barrier islands or reefs.
● Example of lagoon lakes are Chilika lake, the Pulicat lake and
Kolleru lake.

Chilika Lake Kolleru Lake

 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Inland drainage Lakes

● They are formed due to the drainage of river water.

E.g. Sambhar lake.
➔ They are sometimes seasonal.
➔ Most of the time they are salt water lake.

● Apart from these natural lakes there are lake which Lakes formed due to Inland drainage
are constructed by humans known as Human made
or Artificial lakes.

Sambhar Lake
 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

Role of Rivers in the Economy

● Rivers have been of fundamental importance throughout the human history.

Sources of Natural Resource

∴ Humans have settled near river banks since ancient times.

Can you name

These settlements have now become big cities.
some cities?

Importance of River -
● Rivers are used for irrigation, navigation, hydro-power generation.

Irrigation from river Inland navigation Hydro-Power generation

 Class 9th - Geography - Drainage - Full Chapter Explanation

● We and our dependence on water.

Water is required for variety of need -

➔ Domestic
➔ Municipal
➔ Industrial
➔ Agricultural

● Due to all this rivers are being drained out.

● Polluted by the heavy load of untreated sewage and industrial effluents.
● This affects the quality of water as well as the self - cleansing capacity.

❖ Concern over rising pollution in our rivers led to the launching of various action
plans to clean the rivers. National River Conservation Plan (NRCP)
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Climate Climate V/S Weather Weather

Sum total of weather conditions and

State of the atmosphere over an area at
variations over a large area for a long
any point of time.
period of time.

Weather condition more Elements remains the same. Day to Day phenomenon.
than thirty years.
● Temperature
● Atmospheric pressure
● Wind
● Humidity
● Precipitation

On the basis of the generalised monthly atmospheric conditions, the year is divided into
seasons such as winter, summer or rainy seasons
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

India Monsoon type of climate.

Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal in the

wind direction during a year.

Explain
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Monsoon type of climate Found in South and Southeast Asia.

Despite an overall unity in the general pattern there are perceptible

regional variation in climatic conditions.

Rainfall Temperature
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Summers in Kashmir Summers in Rajasthan

 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Multiple examples

● Difference in the temperature level.

● There are variations in the form and type of precipitation.

Adds diversity
● Coastal and interior parts : Variations

● There is decrease in rainfall generally from east to west in

the Northern Plains.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Climate Controls

❖ There are six major controls of the climate of any place -

i. Latitude
ii. Altitude
iii. Pressure and Wind system
iv. Distance from the sea
v. Ocean currents
vi. Relief features
Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Climate Controls: Latitude

Due to the curvature of the earth, the amount of solar

energy received varies according to latitude.
Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Climate Controls: Altitude

Altitude is a distance measurement in vertical

or up direction.

The climate conditions at higher altitude

varies from that of lower altitude.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Climate Controls: Pressure and Wind System

● Pressure and wind system depend upon the latitude and altitude of the place.
● The low pressure and high pressure defines the direction of the wind.

Low High

Pressure and wind influences the temperature and rainfall pattern.

 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Climate Controls: Distance from the sea

➔ As the distance from the sea increases, its moderating influence decreases and the people
experience extreme weather conditions. (Continentality)
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Climate Controls: Relief

➔ What is Relief?

● Relief too plays a major role in determining the climate of a place.

Physical features controls the climate of an area.

Example -
● High Mountains act as barriers for cold or hot winds.
● Windward side cause precipitation.
● Leeward side of mountains remains relatively dry.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Factor affecting India’s climate: Latitude

● Latitude
● Altitude
● Pressure and Winds
➢ Pressure and surface winds
➢ Upper air circulation
➢ Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Factor affecting India’s climate: Latitude

● India’s climate depends on its latitudinal extent.

Tropic of cancer divides country into almost two halfs.

Part lying South of tropic Part lying South of tropic

of Cancer. of Cancer.

Tropical Climate Subtropical Climate

 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Factor affecting India’s climate: Altitude

● We know how the Altitude controls the climate of an area.

How does it affects the climate of India?

● Himalayas in the North, which have an average height of about 6,000 meters.

➢ Prevents the cold winds from Central Asia from entering the Subcontinent.
➢ Because of these mountains, the subcontinent experiences comparatively
milder winters compared to the central asia.

➔ In this way the Altitude of Himalayas affects climate of India.

 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Factor affecting India’s climate: Pressure and Surface Winds

➔ India’s climate and associated weather condition in India are

governed by the following atmospheric conditions:

i. Pressure and Surface winds

ii. Upper air conditions
iii. Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

❖ India lies in the region of North easterly winds.

They blow South, get deflected the right due to the coriolis
force and move on towards the equatorial low-pressure area.

Carries very little moisture.

According to this, India should be an arid land and low rainfall

should be there.

But it is not so? Why?

 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Coriolis Force

It is a force responsible for deflection of winds towards

the right in the Northern hemisphere and towards and
towards the left in the Southern hemisphere due to the
difference in the linear velocity of earth’s rotation and its
atmosphere.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

● The climatic conditions over India is unique.

Difference during winters and summer.

➔ Low pressure area over the interior of the Asia.

➔ High pressure on Southern Indian Ocean

∴ South West winds start moving towards the Indian mainland [H.P to L.P].

Moving over the oceans, these winds carry and causing rainfall.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Upper Air Circulation

Jet Stream

These are a narrow belt of high altitude (above 12,000 m)

westerly winds in the troposphere. Their speed varies
from about 110 km/h in summer to about 184 km/h in
winter. A number of separate jet streams have been
identified. The most constant are the mid-latitude and the
subtropical jet stream.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

● Why subtropical jet streams?

Located approximately over 270 - 300

● Position of the jet stream in Summer and Winter.

North to the Himalayas South to the Himalayas

This influence the climate of India.

Western Cyclonic Disturbances

 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Western Cyclonic Disturbances and Tropical Cyclones

❖ What is Western Cyclonic Disturbances? ● How it is affecting India’s climate?

➔ The weather phenomena of the winter

Due to Western Cyclonic Disturbances.
months occur due to winds [jet streams]
brought in due to the westerly flow from
the mediterranean region. The weather of the North and North -
Western part of the country is influenced.

Rain showers are brought in the part

of the country.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

❖ Tropical Cyclones Explain

How does they affects the climate of India?

Occur during the monsoon as well as in October-November.

These affects the coastal regions of the country.

[Rainfall, destruction, floods etc]
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

The Indian Monsoon

Monsoon Seasonal reversal in the wind direction during a year.

Sailors first noticed this phenomenon and were benefited from this.

Explain
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

The Monsoon are experienced in the tropical area roughly between 20O N and 20O S. The
Mechanism of Monsoons depends on the following factors.

a. The differential heating and cooling of land and water.

b. The shift of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
c. The presence of the high-pressure area, east of Madagascar.
d. The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated.
e. The movement of the westerly jet stream to the north of the
Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over
the Indian peninsula during summer.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

a. The differential heating and cooling of land and water.

b. The shift of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).

Inter Tropical Convergence Zone

● The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone [ITCZ] is a broad trough of low pressure.

This through [Belt] is formed due to convergence of Northeast and Southeast trade winds.

The ITCZ belt’s normal position is a equatorial latitude but it moves North or South with
the apparent movement of the sun.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

c. The presence of the high-pressure area, east of Madagascar.

d. The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated.

e. The movement of the westerly jet stream to the north of the Himalayas and the
presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsula during summer.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation)

What is El Nino? What is Southern Oscillation?

Both the phenomenon are interrelated and affect the Monsoon.

Is the periodic development of a warm ocean current along the

● El Nino
coast of Peru. The El Nino replaces the cold Peruvian Current.

Due to El Nino the sea surface temperature increases and the trade
winds in this region becomes weak.
Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

➔ Story of Southern Oscillation

Normal Situation -
● High pressure at Tropical Eastern South Pacific.

Tropical Eastern Indian ocean/Tropical Pacific ocean experiences low pressure.

Strong Easterlies flows and the ocean current is governed by them, further phenomenon
are followed by this in a cyclic manner.

But when this Pressures conditions got reversed, this is known as Southern oscillation.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

❖ Reversal of Pressure conditions in Pacific ocean.

➔ Weak high pressure [low pressure] in South Eastern

Pacific ocean.

High pressure at the western pacific ocean.

Change in the direction of the surface wind, climate

and precipitation also changes.

❖ Connection with El Nino

 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

The Onset of the Monsoon and Withdrawal

● Monsoon winds are pulsating in nature.

Spread over 100 - 120 days [June to Mid-September]

● ‘Burst’ of the Monsoon Normal rainfall increases suddenly and continuous

constantly for several days.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

❖ Let us see how the Monsoon arrives in India?

By the first week of June, the monsoon arrives at the Southern tip of the Indian Peninsular.

Divides itself into two Branches -

1. The Arabian sea Branch

2. The Bay of Bengal Branch
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

The Arabian sea Branch The Bay of Bengal Branch

Reaches mumbai by 10th June. Arrives in Assam by first week of June.

Moves to Saurashtra-kachchh and Due to himalayas, deflect west on Ganga

central part. plains.

Merges over Northwestern part, by first week of July, Western U.P., Punjab,
Haryana and experiences monsoon in Eastern Rajasthan.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

● On the other hand, the withdrawal of monsoon is a more gradual process.

➔ Begins from the Northwestern states of India by early September.

➔ By Mid-October it withdraws completely from the Northern half of the peninsular

➔ By December, the monsoon withdraws from the whole country.

● Withdrawal of monsoon over islands.

 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

The Seasons

● The Monsoon type of Climate Is characterised by a distinct seasonal Pattern.

[Weather Phenomenon]
● The Weather condition greatly change from one season to the other.

Mostly observed in the Interior part, the coastal areas do not

experience much variations.

i. The Cold weather season [Winter]

● On the basis of this, four main ii. The Hot weather season [Summer]
seasons can be identified in India. iii. The Advancing monsoon season [Rainy]
iv. The Retreating monsoon season [Transition]
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

The Cold Weather Season (Winter)

● Begins from Mid-November, stays till February. [December-January are the coldest]
● Temperature decreases from South to the North.
● Northeast winds prevail over the country.

Dry season
[Some amount of Rainfall Occurs on the Tamil Nadu Coast]

● Due to low pressure, winds blows from the surface [Interior land] Normally clear sky, low
temperature and low humidity and feeble variable winds are the characteristic of this weather.

● Impact of Western Cyclonic disturbances? Winter Rainfall [Mahawat], useful for Rabi crop.

● Impact on Peninsular Region?

 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

The Hot Weather Season [Summer]

● It begins from March to May. Why?

Due to the Northward movement of the Sun.

Northward shift of Pressure belt

Characteristic of the Hot weather Season -

➔ Increase in the temperature over the time. [exception Peninsular region]
➔ Formation of low pressure over the Indian land mass. [Mainly Ganga plain]
➔ Loo
■ These are strong, gusty, hot, dry winds blowing during the
day over the North and North Western India.
■ Direct exposure to these winds may even prove to be fatal.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

● Dust storms are very common in northern India during this time.

At times, these storms bring temporary relief. Why?

Lower the temperature and brings light Rain and cool breeze.

● During the end to this season, thunderstorms, violent winds, torrential downpours, often
accompanied by hail are observed.

Known as Kalbaisakhi in West Bengal.

● Pre Monsoon showers known as ‘Mango shower’.

 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Advancing Monsoon [The Rainy Season]

● It begins by early June Bringing rainfall for the whole country.

Characteristics of Advancing Monsoon -

➔ Southwest winds, flowing with an average velocity of 30 km per hour.

➔ Brings a total change in the weather

Rainfall

● Amount of Rainfall received may - Monsoon have a ‘break’ in rainfall.

vary from region to region. - Impact of the uncertainties of the monsoon.
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Retreating/Post Monsoons [The Transition Season]

● Beings October-November with the apparent movement of the sun towards the south.

Gradually replacement of low pressure with high pressure and the monsoon winds also
withdraws from the country.

● Period of transition [Hot Rainy Season to Dry Winter Conditions]

● Phenomenon of October heat.

Due to the condition of High temperature and humidity the oppressive weather is felt
during october.

● This shift in the pressure condition is associated with the occurrence of Cyclones.

Along with them comes the destruction. How?

 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Distribution of Rainfall

● The Rainfall over India is unevenly distributed.

➢ Western coast and Northeastern parts receive over about 400 cm rainfall.
➢ Where as the parts of Western Rajasthan and adjoining areas receives less
than 60 cm of rainfall.
➢ The rainfall is equally low in the interior part of the Deccan plateau.
➢ Similarly, the part of Ladakh also receives less rainfall.
➢ Rest part of the country receives moderate rainfall, snowfall is restricted to
the Himalayan region.

● Along with the uneven distribution, the annual rainfall is also highly variable. How?
 Class 9th - Geography - Climate - One Shot Revision

Monsoon as a Unifying Bond

● Understand the heading

Leads to Rhythmic
● Physical features Helps in the Monsoonal type of climate
cycle of seasons.

Monsoon -
➔ Entire phenomenon such as landscapes, animal and plant life revolves around
the monsoon.
➔ Whole agriculture calendar depends on monsoon.
➔ The life of the people including their festival revolves around the monsoon.
➔ Whole country eagerly await for the arrival of the monsoon.
➔ It provides water to river and ponds which unites the whole nation.
Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

What is Natural Vegetation? What is Wildlife?

Imagine the variety of natural vegetation and wildlife throughout the country.

This huge diversity of Natural vegetation and wildlife make them a matter of study.
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Natural Vegetation/ Virgin vegetation / Endemic / Exotic

● What is Vegetation?

Plant Community

But not all plant community can be said Virgin Vegetation.

The vegetation which grows naturally without human aid and

has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time, also
known as Natural Vegetation.

∴ We can say that cultivated crops and fruits, orchards are

the part of vegetation but not natural vegetation.
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

❖ Endemic or Indigenous species

The virgin vegetation which are purely Indian.

❖ Exotic species

The species which have come from outside India are termed a exoctic plants.

❖ Flora and Fauna The diversity in flora and fauna is

due to the following factor.

Plant of the The species of ● Relief

particular region. animals. ● Climate
Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Endemic plant-Alpine flower Exotic plant - Siroi Lily

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

What is relief?

Land Soil

● Mountains Varies according to

● Plateau different areas.
● Plain area
Vegetations and wildlife
The nature of land depends on that.
influences the type of
vegetation.

These two components of the Relief plays a major role in influencing Flora and Fauna of an area.
Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Vegetation in central part of India Vegetation in Himalayas

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Climate

➔ Climate influences the Natural vegetation and Wildlife.

● Temperature
Elements of the climate -
● Photoperiod [sunlight]
● Precipitation

Temperature Photoperiod [Sunlight] Precipitation

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

● Temperature along with humidity in the air, precipitation and soil influences the
vegetation of an area.

Atacama desert Amazon forest

Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Temperature Characteristics of the Vegetation Zones

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

➔ Photoperiod [Sunlight]

The variation in the amount of sunlight at different places depends on -

● Latitude
● Altitude Explain
● Season
● Duration of Day

∴ The parts receiving longer duration of sunlight have dense vegetation.

Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Sun and Earth in reference of solar insulation

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Precipitation Rainfall

Areas of heavy Rainfall have more dense vegetation.

Importance of forest

● Modify local climate

● Control soil erosion
● Regulate stream flow
● Support a variety of industries
● Provide livelihood
● Panoramic or scenic view for recreation
● Provide humus to the soil and shelter to wildlife
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

❖ Forest plays a very important role, but India’s natural vegetation has undergone many
changes due to several factors, such as -

➢ The growing demand for cultivated land.

➢ Development of Industries and Mining.
➢ Urbanisation and overgrazing of pastures.

❖ Changes in the vegetation

The vegetation cover of India in large parts is no more natural in real sense. It has been
notified, replaced or degraded.

Except some inaccessible region like the Himalayas, hilly regions of Central India and the
Marusthali.
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Plant Climatic conditions Animal

Ecosystem

∴ The system created when all the plants and animals living in a area interact together with their
surrounding is known as Ecosystem.

All plants and animals in an area are independent and interrelated in their physical environment.
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Human beings are an integral part

of the Ecosystem.

Issues Related to it

● Needs Biome
● Impact Large Ecosystem on land having distinct
types of vegetation and animal life is
called a Biome.
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Types of Vegetation

Vegetation Plant life

● It depends on many factor.

● According to these factors the vegetation also varies all over country.

The major types of vegetation identified in our country are -

I. Tropical Evergreen Forests

II. Tropical Deciduous Forests
III. Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs
IV. Montane Forests
V. Mangrove Forests
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Tropical Evergreen forests

Understand the heading

● Forest area lying in the Tropical region.

● Are evergreen.
Tropical region of world

Rainfall

Tropical evergreen forest

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Characteristics Tropical evergreen forest

Rainfall Found in areas with heavy rainfall. Areas having more than 200 cm of
rainfall.
Heights of tree Trees reach great heights upto 60 metres or even above and densely
vegetated. [trees, shrubs and creepers gave a multilayered structure]
Leave shedding time period No definite time for trees to shed their leaves.

Trees Ebony, Mahogany, Rosewood, Rubber and Cinchona.

Animals Elephant, monkey, lemur and deer, one-horned rhinoceroses, plenty of

birds, bats, sloth, scorpions and snails are found here.
Areas in India Western ghats, Eastern coastal area and North Eastern states.
Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Sloth Ebony tree

Mahogany tree Rosewood tree

Tropical Evergreen Forest
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Tropical Deciduous Forests

❖ Most widespread forest of India, also known

as Monsoon forest.

On the basis of the availability of water these

forests can be divided into two -

● Moist deciduous
● Dry deciduous
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Characteristics Tropical Deciduous forests

Rainfall Between 200 cm and 70 cm
● Moist Deciduous - 100 cm-200 cm
● Dry Deciduous - 70 cm- 100 cm
Moist Deciduous forests Exist in the Northeastern states, on the foothills of Himalayas
area Jharkhand, West Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Eastern slopes of
Western Ghats
Dry Deciduous forests area Exist in the Rainer parts of Peninsular plateau and plains of Bihar and
Uttar Pradesh.
Trees Moist Deciduous: Teak, Bamboos, Sal, Shisham, Sandalwood, Khair,
Kusum, Arjun and Mulberry.
Dry Deciduous: Teak, Sal, Peepal and Neem used for agriculture also.
Leaves shedding time period During Summer.

Animals Lion, tiger, pig, deer and elephant, variety of irds, lizards,snake, etc are
found here.
Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Sandalwood tree Mulberry tree

Teak tree Sal tree

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

The Thorn Forests and Scrubs

❖ Low vegetation

Thorny trees and bushes.

❖ Vegetation is very much adaptive to the area -

➔ Trees are scattered and have long roots.

➔ The stems are succulent to conserve water.
➔ Leaves are mostly thick and small.
Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Characteristics The Thorn forests and Scrubs

Rainfall Less than 70 cm.
Area The vegetation is found in North-Western part of country including
semi arid areas of Gujrat, Rajasthan, M.P., Chattisgarh, Uttar
Pradesh and Haryana.

Trees Acacias, palms, euphorbias and cacti are found here.

Animals Animals such as Rats, mice, rabbits, fox, wolf, tiger, lion, wild ass,
horse and camels.
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Montane Forests

● Vegetation found in the Mountains areas.

Decrease in the Temperature Leads to the corresponding

change in natural vegetation.
Increase in the Altitude

The change is same as in the succession of natural

vegetation from tropical to the tundra region.

On the basis of Height ,Vegetation can be divided into these groups -

● The wet temperate forests. [1000-2000 metres]
● The temperate forests. [1500-3000 metres]
● Alpine vegetation. [Above 3,600 metres]
Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Vegetation zone of world

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Wet temperate forests

● Found between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres.

● Evergreen broadleaf trees like oaks and chestnuts are found.
● Found on low hill [Shiwaliks].

Temperate forests
Oak tree

● Found between a height of 1500 and 3000 metres.

● Trees such as pine, deodar, Silver fir, Spruce and Cedar, which
are coniferous are found here.
● Southern slopes of Himalayas, high altitude of South India and
North Eastern part have this type of vegetation.
Silver fir
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Alpine vegetation
● Found 3,600 metres above the sea level.

Both temperate vegetation and grassland makes up the Alpine vegetation.

● Silver fir, Junipers, pines and birches are common trees.

● They get progressively stunted near snow-line.

Through shrubs and scrubs, they merge into the Alpine grassland.

These grasslands are used by Gujjars and Bakarwals for grazing.

● At Higher Altitudes, Mosses and lichens forms part of tundra vegetation.

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Mosses and lichens at higher Shaggy horned wild Tibetan antelope

Altitude ibex

Animals found in Montane forests -

● The common animals found in these forests are Kashmir stag, spotted deer, wild sheep,
jack rabbit, Tibetan antelope, yak, snow leopard, squirrels, Shaggy horned wild ibex, bear
and rare red panda, sheep and goats with thick hair.
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Mangrove Forests

● The tidal forests found in the areas of coast

influenced by tides.

Type of vegetation found in the area with mud and

silt, roots of mangroves tree are submerged under
water.

Found on the deltas of rivers.

E.g. - The Ganga, the Mahanadi, the Krishna, the
Godavari and the Kaveri.
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Sundarban delta

● Delta formed on the mouth of Ganga-Brahmaputra [Meghna]

● Sundari trees are found here. [Durable hard timber]
● Tree such as palm, coconut, keora, agar also grows in some part of delta.
● Animals such as Royal Bengal Tiger, turtles, crocodiles, gharials and snakes
are found in these area.

Keora tree Agar tee Royal Bengal Tiger

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Medicinal Plants

Some of the medicinal Plants are:

❏ Sarpagandha - Used to treat blood pressure

❏ Jamun - Used for controlling diabetes.
❏ Arjun - Used to regulate blood pressure.
❏ Babool - Used as a cure for eye sores. Its gum is used as a tonic.
❏ Neem - Has high antibiotic and antibacterial properties.
❏ Tulsi Plant - Used to cure cough and cold.
❏ Kachnar - Used to cure asthma and ulcers.
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Wildlife

● Like its flora, India is also rich in its Fauna.

➔ 90,000 animal species.

Constitute 13% of the world’s total.
➔ 2,000 species of birds.

➔ 2,546 species of fish [Nearly 12% of the world’s stock].

➔ 5-8 percent of world’s amphibians, reptiles and mammals.

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

● Wild Ass and Camels are found in Thar Desert.

● Indian Bison, Nilgai [Blue bull], Chousingha [four-horned antelope],Gazel and different
species on deer and monkey are found in India.

Wild Ass Chousingha Gazel

Monkey Nilgai[Blue Bull] Indian Bison

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

❖ Both Tigers and Lions are found in India.

Royal Bengal Tigers Asiatic lion of Gir National park

❖ Leopards are also found in India.
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Fauna in Himalayas -
● Yak, shaggy horned wild ox, the tibetan antelope, the bharal [blue sheep] and the kiang
[the tibetan wild ass] along with the ibex, bear, snow-leopard and rare red panda are found
in certain pockets.

Yak Shaggy Horned Wild Ox The Tibetan Antelope The Bharal

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Fauna in rivers, lakes and coastal area -

Turtles, crocodiles and gharials are found in India.

Turtle Crocodile Gharials

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Birds life found in India -

● Peacocks, pheasants, ducks, parakeets, cranes and pigeon are some birds found in India.

Pheasants Parakeets Crane

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Importance of Vegetation and Wildlife

Flora and Fauna helps us in many way -

● We get our crops from bio-diverse environment.

● Many medicinal plants are obtained from flora.
● Milching animals provide us milk.
● Animals provide us Drought Power, transportation, meat
and egg. Milching animals
● Fish provide nutritious food.
● Insects help in pollination of crops and fruit trees.

❖ Despite having such a great significance, flora and fauna

are continuously under the threat.
Reasons
Fruit tree
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Threats to Flora and Fauna

❖ Every species is important in an Ecosystem.

∴ Conservation is essential.

But due to excessive exploitation of Plant and animals by human beings, they are
continuously under the threat.

Examples
 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Some of the causes for threat are -

● Hunting by greedy hunters commercial purpose.

● Pollution due to chemical and industrial waste,Acid deposits.
● Introduction of alien species.
● Reckless cutting of the forests for cultivation and habitation.

Industrial waste Hunters Acid deposits Deforestation

 Class 9th - Geography - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife - One Shot Revision

Steps taken to Protect the Flora and Fauna

❖ Government has take many steps to protect the flora and fauna.

I. Eighteen Biosphere reserves have been set up in the country to protect flora and fauna.
II. Financial and technical assistance is provided to many botanical gardens by government
since 1992.
III. Project Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and many other
eco-developmental projects have been introduced.

IV. 103 National Park, 535 Wildlife Sanctuaries and Zoological gardens are set up to take care of
Natural heritage.
V. Initiatives should also be taken on the part of citizens.
 Class 9th - Geography

Population
Full Chapter Explanation
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

Introduction

❖ Geography Population Relation

● People interact with resources and create social and

cultural environment.
● People themselves are resources with varying
quality.

❖ Population is the pivotal element in Social Studies.

 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

‘Resources’, ‘Calamities’ and ‘Disasters’ are all meaningful only in relation to human beings.

❖ Production and consumption of earth’s resources depends on human beings.

∴ Understanding population is important. Census

A census is an official enumeration of population done periodically. It is

Census
a comprehensive source of demographic, social and economic data.
● First census was held in 1872.
● First complete census was taken in the year 1881.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

❖ Major questions about population are:

Census
Population size & Population growth and processes Characteristics or qualities
distribution of population change of the population

● By Numbers ● What is population growth? ● Age composition

● By Density ● Processes of population ● Sex ratio
change/growth. ● Literacy rates
● Occupational structure
● Health

❖ National population policy 2000 and its relation with Adolescent population.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

India’s Population Size and Distribution by Numbers

India’s
Population
As on March 2011 = 1,210.6 Million [Accounts for 17.5 per cent of the world’s population]
❖ 1.21 billion people are unevenly distributed over our country’s vast area of 3.28
million square km [2.4 percent of the world’s area]
❖
 According to 2011 census data

● Uttar [199 Million population size] = ● Most populous state of India

Pradesh ● Accounts for about 16 percent of
the country’s population.
● Sikkim [0.6 Million population size] = The Least populous state of India.
● Lakshadweep has only 64,429 people.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

❖ Almost half of India’s population lives in just five

states.

● Uttar Pradesh
● Maharashtra
● Bihar
● West Bengal
● Andhra Pradesh

❖ Rajasthan, the biggest state in terms of area, has only 5.5

per cent of the country’s population.

Why
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

Fig 6.1 : India’s Share of World’s

Area and Population
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

India’s Population Distribution by Density

Density Provides a better picture for uneven distribution of population.

❖ The population density of India in the year 2011 was 382 per
Population density is person per sq km.
the number of person Varies from area to area
per unit area.
❖ 1,102 person per sq km in Bihar.
Only Bangladesh and ❖ 17 person per sq km in Arunachal Pradesh.
Japan have higher ❖ State below the population density below 250 person per square km
average population have rugged terrain and unfavorable climatic conditions.
❖ Identify the state with different population density on map.
densities than India.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

Population Growth and Processes of Population change

❖ Population Growth is a dynamic phenomenon

Influenced by the interaction of the processes.

● Births
● Deaths
● Migrations

❖
 Population = Change in the number of inhabitants of a country/territory during

Growth a period of time.

Expressed in two ways:

● Absolute numbers
● Percentage
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

Population Growth
❖
 The Rate or the pace of population
growth
It studies the percent of population increase per annum.

Annual Growth Rate

❖ The Annual growth may decline but the absolute numbers would always increase.
E.g. Since 1981, growth rate declined but the absolute number increased.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

Processes of Population changes/Growth

❖ Three main processes of change of population : Birth rate, death rate and migration.
❖ The natural increase of population is the difference between birth rates and death
rates.
Birth Rate Death Rate Migration

● It is the number of live ● It is the number of ● It is the movement of

births per thousand deaths per thousand people across regions
person in a year. persons in a year. and territories.
● Migration can be:

● Birth rates have always
been higher than death ➔ Internal (within the country)
rates. ➔ International (between the
➔
 countries)
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

Impact of Migration of the population

❖


Internal Migration does not changes the size of the

population

But influence the composition and distribution of population.

❖ Migration is mostly rural to urban areas because of the Push and Pull factors.

● Poverty ● Employment
● Unemployment ● Better living conditions
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

Migration

Impact on population size as well as on the population

composition in urban and rural population.

Example : The urban population has increased from

17.29 per cent of the total population in 1951 to 31.80
per cent in 2011.
There has been a significant increase in the number of
‘million plus cities’ from 35 to 53 in just one decade,
❖

i.e., 2001 to 2011.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

Age Composition

❖ The number of people in different age groups in a country.

Importance

● A person’s age influences what he/she needs, buys, does and

his/her capacity to perform.
● Determinants of the population’s social and economic structure.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

❖ The population of a nation is generally grouped into three broad categories.

Children Working age Aged

● Generally below 15 years. ● 15-59 years. ● Above 59 years.

● Economically unproductive ● Economically productive and ● Exceptionally economically

biologically reproductive. productive.
and dependent group.
● Makes up the working population. ● Not available for employment
through recruitment.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

❖ The percentage of children and

the aged affect the dependency
ratio because these groups are
not producers.

India: Age composition

 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

Sex Ratio
❖ Number of Females per 1000 males in the
population.

Important social indicator.

● Equality between male and female.

● Sex ratio has always remained
unfavourable to females. •Kerala has a sex ratio of 1084 females per
1000 males, Puducherry has 1038 females for
every 1000 males, while Delhi has only 866
What could be the reasons for such variations? females per 1000 males and Haryana has just
877.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

Literacy Rates
❖
 Who is Literate?

➔ A person aged 7 years and above, who can read and write with understanding in
any language, is treated a literate.
❖ An informed and educated citizen can make intelligent choices and undertake research and
development projects.
❖ Low level of literacy is a serious obstacle for economic improvement.
❖
 Literacy Rate of the country.

As per the census of 2011, 73 percent is the literacy rate.

● 80.9 percent for males

● 64.6 percent for females
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

Occupational Structure
The distribution of population according to different type of
Meaning occupation is referred to as occupational structure. It explains
where and how much population of the country is engaged in
which occupation.

❖ Occupations are generally classified:

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Includes agriculture Includes manufacturing Includes transport,

animal husbandry, industries, building and communication, commerce,
forestry, fishing, mining construction work. administration and other
and quarrying etc. services.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

❖ Proportion of people working in different activities varies in developed and

developing countries.

Developed Countries Developed Countries

● High proportion of people are ● Higher proportion of
working in secondary and workforce is engaged in
tertiary Why Primary activities. Why
❖
 activities.
Situation in India
➢ Primary sector = 64 percent of population is engaged in this sector.
➢ Secondary sector = 13 percent of population is engaged in this sector.
➢ Tertiary sector = 20 percent of population is engaged in this sector.
➔ Over the period of time, a shift in favour of Secondary and Tertiary sector is
observed.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

Health

❖ Health Affects the process of development. How?

How
Healthy population will contribute more in the
❖ development
Government programmes have registered significant improvements in the health
Conditions of the Indian population.
➔ Decline in the death rate [25 per 1000 in 1951 to 7.2 per 1000 in 2011]
➔ Life expectancy at birth has increased from 36.7 years in 1951 to 67.9 years in 2012.
❖ Improvement in public health, prevention of infectious diseases and application of
modern medicine practices in diagnosis and treatment of ailments is reason for all this
betterment in health conditions.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

❖
 Despite considerable achievements, there are some challenges in securing better health
conditions such as:
● Per capita caloric consumption is much below the recommended levels.
● Large population is suffering from malnutrition.
● Safe drinking water and basic sanitation amenities are available to
only one-third of the rural population.

∴ An appropriate population policy is the need of hour to tackle these problems.

Is there any such policy?

 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

Adolescent Population

Who are Adolescent?

Proportion of the population,

grouped in the age group of 10 to 19
years.
❖ Adolescent population constitutes one-fifth of the total population of India.
Most important resource for the future How?
❖ Nutritional requirement of adolescents is higher than of a normal child or adult. Why?

Poor nutrition can lead to deficiency and stunted growth

Inadequate nutrients in Indian Diet.

 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

❖
 Due to the insufficient and improper

diet.
A large number of girls suffer from anaemia.

❖ The Adolescent girls have to be sensitised to the problems they कै से

confront.
Awareness among them can be improved through the
spread of literacy and education.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

National Population Policy

National Population Policy Need?

Planning of families would improve individual health and welfare

∴ Government of India initiated a Family Planning Programme [1952]

comprehensive

Family Welfare Programme

Sought to promote responsible and planned

parenthood on a voluntary basis.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

❖
 National Population Policy 2000

● Provides a policy framework for imparting free and compulsory

school education upto 14 years of age.
● Reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births.
● Achieving universal immunisation of children against all vaccine
preventable diseases.
● Promoting delayed marriage for girls.
● Making family welfare a people-centred programme.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

NPP 2000 and Adolescents

National Population Policy Adolescents

Relation

❖ National Population Policy identified Adolescents as one of the major section. Why?
why?

Adolescent Population is future of

country
A healthy, educated and skilled Adolescents means a healthy, educated and
skilled population. In future they will work for the development of country.
 Class 9th - Geography - Population - Full Chapter Explanation

❖
 Taking Adolescents into consideration, NPP 2000 focuses on the

following:
● Protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
diseases [STDs].
● Encouraging delayed marriages strengthening legal measures to prevent
child marriage and childbearing.
● Educating adolescents about the risks of unprotected sex, making
contraceptive services accessible and affordable.
● Providing food supplements, nutritional services.

People are the nation’s most valuable resources. A well-educated, healthy

population provides potential power.
CLASS 9th - GEOGRAPHY - CHAPTER - POPULATION
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