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Biology (Excretion Nephron)

- The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters waste from the blood to form urine. - Each nephron begins with Bowman's capsule and leads to a convoluted tubule that makes a U-turn to form the loop of Henle before connecting to a collecting tubule. - Blood enters the nephron through the renal artery and glomerulus in Bowman's capsule where an ultrafiltration process filters small molecules into the tubule. As the filtrate passes through the tubule, a selective reabsorption process recovers useful materials like water, salts, and nutrients back into the bloodstream. Waste products like urea remain in the filtrate to be

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111 views12 pages

Biology (Excretion Nephron)

- The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters waste from the blood to form urine. - Each nephron begins with Bowman's capsule and leads to a convoluted tubule that makes a U-turn to form the loop of Henle before connecting to a collecting tubule. - Blood enters the nephron through the renal artery and glomerulus in Bowman's capsule where an ultrafiltration process filters small molecules into the tubule. As the filtrate passes through the tubule, a selective reabsorption process recovers useful materials like water, salts, and nutrients back into the bloodstream. Waste products like urea remain in the filtrate to be

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Subject- Biology

Excretion. (Nephron)
Nephron
Nephron
A nephron with its blood supply
The structure of a nephron
• Each nephron begins as a cup like structure called
Bowman’s capsule.
• The capsule leads into a short, convoluted tubule.
• The tubule makes a U-turn and passes back where it
becomes convoluted again.
• It then opens into a collecting tubule
• The U- shaped portion of the tubule is known as the
loop of Henle.
• The blood enters the kidney by the renal artery which
gives off numerous branches of blood capillaries in the
Bowman’s capsule called glomerulus.
The formation of urine:
Two main processes are involved in the formation of
urine within a nephron:
1. A simple mechanical process of ultrafiltration.
2. The selective reabsorption of useful materials

The blood that enters the kidneys contains more oxygen


and less carbondioxide. It usually has a larger
concentration of water, mineral salts and nitrogenous
waste products than the blood that leaves the kidneys.
Excess mineral salts and nitrogenous waste (urea,
creatinine, uric acid) are of no value to the body, so they
are removed.
How the nephron works?
Ultrafiltration
• Blood travels from renal artery, to
capillaries, and then to the
glomerulus for filtration.
• The filter is very fine and only
small molecules are filtered off
from the blood.
• The blood pressure forces plasma
and small particles out of the
blood.
• Blood cells, platelets and large
molecules such as proteins and
fats are not filtered off.
• The filtrate flowing in to the
tubule contains water, mineral
salts, glucose, amino acids and
nitrogenous waste products.
2. Selective reabsorption
• As the filtrate passes through the
tubule, a selective reabsorption of
useful materials occurs that means
useful materials are taken back in
to the blood stream.
• Blood vessels are in close contact
with the tubules allowing for
recovery of valuable water
(osmosis) and mineral salts,
glucose, amino acids (active
transport).
• Active transport pulls creatinine
and other large waste molecule
out of the blood and drains it into
the collecting duct. The filtrate
now called urine is sent to the
ureter.
Class work-2
1. Fill in the blanks:
a) Each nephron begins as a cup like structure
called ____________________.
b) The U- shaped portion of the tubule is known as
____________________.
c) Numerous branches of blood capillaries in the
Bowman’s capsule called _______________.
d) The two main processes are involved in the
formation of urine within a nephron
are_______________ and _________________.
2. Write the correct answer.
a) Where does the ultrafiltration occur in a nephron?
i) Tubule
ii) Glomerulus.
iii) Loop of Henle.
iv) None of these
b) Where does the selective reabsorption occur in a
nephron?
i) Tubule
ii) Glomerulus.
iii) Loop of Henle.
iv) None of these
3. Answer the following questions.
a) Which molecules are not filtered off from the
glomerulus?(At least 2)
Ans:
b) Which molecules are filtered off from the
glomerulus?(At least 3)
Ans:
c) Which molecules are reabsorbed in the blood
vessels from the tubule?(At least 3)
Ans:
THANK YOU

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