7

Chapter 7
Transformations

Objectives
 To introduce a notation for considering transformations of the plane, including
translations, reflections in an axis and dilations from an axis.
 To use matrices to define transformations.
 To be able to use matrix equations in determining the image of a curve under a linear
transformation.

We have studied transformations in the earlier chapters of this book without any systematic
consideration of transformations of the points of the plane in general. In this chapter we offer
the opportunity to develop techniques for both applying and identifying transformations.
We state the following result as an example of the relationship between the transformation of
points and the graph-sketching techniques we have used earlier in this book. Similar results
hold for reflections in an axis and dilations from an axis.
For the graph of y = f (x), the following two processes yield the same result:
 Applying the translation (x, y) → (x + h, y + k) to the graph of y = f (x).
 Replacing x with x − h and y with y − k in the equation to obtain y − k = f (x − h) and
graphing the result.
Sections 7E and 7F give a very brief introduction to matrices and their arithmetic. A more
comprehensive treatment is available in the Interactive Textbook. Sections 7G and 7H discuss
the application of matrices to describing these simple transformations.
It is possible to complete the rest of this book without reference to the first four sections of
this chapter, but we note that many students may find this a helpful tool in their work with
transformations.

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 268 Chapter 7: Transformations

7A Translations of functions∗
The Cartesian plane is represented by the set R2 of all ordered pairs of real numbers.
That is, R2 = { (x, y) : x, y ∈ R }. The transformations considered in this book associate
each ordered pair of R2 with a unique ordered pair. We can refer to them as examples of
transformations of the plane.
For example, the translation 3 units in the positive direction of the x-axis (to the right)
associates with each ordered pair (x, y) a new ordered pair (x + 3, y). This translation is a
transformation of the plane. Each point in the plane is mapped to a unique second point.
Furthermore, every point in the plane is an image of another point under this translation.

 Notation
The translation 3 units to the right can be written
(x, y) → (x + 3, y). This reads as ‘(x, y) maps (–2, 4)
to (x + 3, y)’. (1, 4)

For example, (−1, −2) → (−1 + 3, −2). (3, 2) (6, 2)

In applying this translation, it is useful to think of
every point (x, y) in the plane as being mapped to a
(–1, –2)
new point (x , y ). This point (x, y) is the only point (2, –2)
which maps to (x , y ). The following can be written
for this translation:
x = x + 3 and y = y
(0, 8)

As another example, consider the translation 2 units (5, 6)

in the positive direction of the x-axis (to the right) and (–2, 4)
4 units in the positive direction of the y-axis (up). This
can be described by the rule (x, y) → (x + 2, y + 4). (3, 2)
(1, 2)
For example, (3, 2) → (3 + 2, 2 + 4).
The following can be written for this translation:
x = x + 2 and y = y + 4 (–1, –2)

A translation of h units in the positive direction of the x-axis and k units in the positive
direction of the y-axis is described by the rule
(x, y) → (x + h, y + k)
or x = x + h and y = y + k
where h and k are positive numbers.

∗ The first four sections could be omitted but they form a sound foundation for further study.

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 7A Translations of functions 269

A translation of h units in the negative direction of the x-axis and k units in the negative
direction of the y-axis is described by the rule
(x, y) → (x − h, y − k)
or x = x − h and y = y − k
where h and k are positive numbers.

Notes:
 Under a translation, if (a , b ) = (c , d ), then (a, b) = (c, d).
 For a particular translation (x, y) → (x + h, y + k), for each point (a, b) ∈ R2 there is a
point (p, q) such that (p, q) → (a, b). (It is clear that (a − h, b − k) → (a, b) under this
translation.)

 Applying translations to sketch graphs

We look at a particular example. y

Translate the set of points defined by the function

{ (x, y) : y = x2 }
by the translation defined by the rule
(x, y) → (x + 2, y + 4) (1, 5) (2, 4) (3, 5)
x = x + 2 and y = y + 4
For each point (x, y) there is a unique point (x , y )
and vice versa. (−1, 1) (1, 1)
x
(0, 0)
We have x = x − 2 and y = y − 4.

This means the points on the curve with equation y = x2 are mapped to the curve with
equation y − 4 = (x − 2)2 .
Hence { (x, y) : y = x2 } maps to { (x , y ) : y − 4 = (x − 2)2 }.

For the graph of y = f (x), the following two processes yield the same result:
 Applying the translation (x, y) → (x + h, y + k) to the graph of y = f (x).
 Replacing x with x − h and y with y − k in the equation to obtain y − k = f (x − h) and
graphing the result.

Proof A point (a, b) is on the graph of y = f (x)

⇔ f (a) = b
⇔ f (a + h − h) = b
⇔ f (a + h − h) = b + k − k
⇔ (a + h, b + k) is a point on the graph of y − k = f (x − h)
Note: The double arrows indicate that the steps are reversible.

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 270 Chapter 7: Transformations

Example 1
1
Find the equation for the image of the curve with equation y = f (x), where f (x) = ,
x
under a translation 3 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 2 units in the negative
direction of the y-axis.

Solution Explanation
Let (x , y ) be the image of the point (x, y), The rule is (x, y) → (x + 3, y − 2).
where (x, y) is a point on the graph of y = f (x).
Then x = x + 3 and y = y − 2.
Hence x = x − 3 and y = y + 2.
The graph of y = f (x) is mapped to the graph of Substitute x = x − 3 and
y + 2 = f (x − 3) y = y + 2 into y = f (x).
1
i.e. y = is mapped to
x
1
y + 2 = 
x −3

Recognising that a transformation has been applied makes it easy to sketch many graphs.
For example, in order to sketch the graph of
1
y=
x−2
1 1
note that it is of the form y = f (x − 2) where f (x) = . That is, the graph of y = is
x x
translated 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis.
Examples of two other functions to which this translation is applied are:
f (x) = x2 f (x − 2) = (x − 2)2
√ √
f (x) = x f (x − 2) = x − 2

Section summary
For the graph of y = f (x), the following two processes yield the same result:
 Applying the translation (x, y) → (x + h, y + k) to the graph of y = f (x).
 Replacing x with x − h and y with y − k in the equation to obtain y − k = f (x − h) and
graphing the result.

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 7A 7A Translations of functions 271

Exercise 7A

1 Find the image of the point (−3, 4) after a mapping of a translation:

a of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the negative direction
of the y-axis
b of 2 units in the negative direction of the x-axis and 4 units in the positive direction
of the y-axis
c of 3 units in the negative direction of the x-axis and 2 units in the negative direction
of the y-axis
d defined by the rule (x, y) → (x − 4, y + 5)
e defined by the rule (x, y) → (x − 2, y − 1).

Example 1 2 In each of the following, find the rule for the image of the graph of y = f (x) under the
given translation:
1
a f (x) = under a translation 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 1 unit
x
in the negative direction of the y-axis
1
b f (x) = 2 under a translation 4 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and
x
3 units in the positive direction of the y-axis
c f (x) = x2 under a translation 2 units in the negative direction of the x-axis and
3 units in the negative direction of the y-axis
d f (x) = x3 under a translation 4 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 2 units
in the negative direction of the y-axis
√
e f (x) = x under a translation 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 1 unit
in the negative direction of the y-axis.
1
3 For y = f (x) = , sketch the graph of each of the following, labelling asymptotes and
x
axis intercepts:
a y = f (x − 1) b y = f (x) + 1 c y = f (x + 3)
d y = f (x) − 3 e y = f (x + 1) f y = f (x) − 1

4 For y = f (x) = x2 , sketch the graph of each of the following, labelling axis intercepts:
a y = f (x − 1) b y = f (x) + 1 c y = f (x + 3)
d y = f (x) − 3 e y = f (x + 1) f y = f (x) − 1

5 For y = f (x) = x2 , sketch the graph of each of the following, labelling axis intercepts:
a y = f (x − 1) + 2 b y = f (x − 3) + 1 c y = f (x + 3) − 5
d y = f (x + 1) − 3 e y + 2 = f (x + 1) f y = f (x − 5) − 1

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 272 Chapter 7: Transformations

7B Dilations and reflections

The same techniques can be applied to dilations from an axis and reflections.

 Dilation from the x-axis

A dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis can be defined by the y
rule (x, y) → (x, 2y).
y = 2√x
Hence the point with coordinates (1, 1) → (1, 2).
√ (1, 2)
Consider the curve with equation y = x and the dilation y = √x
of factor 2 from the x-axis.
 Let (x , y ) be the image of the point with coordinates (1, 1)
x
(x, y) on the curve. 0
y
 Hence x = x and y = 2y, and thus x = x and y = .
2
√
 Substituting for x and y, we see that the curve with equation y = x maps to the curve
y √ √
with equation = x , i.e. the curve with equation y = 2 x.
2

For b a positive constant, a dilation of factor b from the x-axis is described by the rule
(x, y) → (x, by)
or x = x and y = by
For the graph of y = f (x), the following two processes yield the same result:
 Applying the dilation from the x-axis (x, y) → (x, by) to the graph of y = f (x).
y
 Replacing y with in the equation to obtain y = b f (x) and graphing the result.
b

 Dilation from the y-axis

A dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis can be defined by the rule (x, y) → (2x, y). Hence the
point with coordinates (1, 1) → (2, 1).
√
Again, consider the curve with equation y = x. y
 Let (x , y ) be the image of the point with coordinates
(x, y) on the curve. y = √x
  x
 Hence x = 2x and y = y, and thus x = and y = y .
√ 2
 The curve withequation y = x maps to the curve with (1, 1) y=
x
x (2, 1) 2
equation y = . x
2 0

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 7B Dilations and reflections 273

For a a positive constant, a dilation of factor a from the y-axis is described by the rule
(x, y) → (ax, y)
or x = ax and y = y
For the graph of y = f (x), the following two processes yield the same result:
 Applying the dilation from the y-axis (x, y) → (ax, y) to the graph of y = f (x).
x  x
 Replacing x with in the equation to obtain y = f and graphing the result.
a a

 Reflection in the x-axis y

A reflection in the x-axis can be defined by the rule
(x, y) → (x, −y). Hence the point with coordinates
(1, 1) → (1, −1).
y = √x
 Let (x , y ) be the image of the point (x, y).
 Hence x = x and y = −y, which gives (1, 1)
 
x = x and y = −y . x
√ 0
 The curve with equation y = x maps to the (1, –1)
√
curve with equation −y = x , i.e. the curve
√ y = – √x
with equation y = − x.

A reflection in the x-axis is described by the rule

(x, y) → (x, −y)
or x = x and y = −y
For the graph of y = f (x), the following two processes yield the same result:
 Applying the reflection in the x-axis (x, y) → (x, −y) to the graph of y = f (x).
 Replacing y with −y in the equation to obtain y = − f (x) and graphing the result.

 Reflection in the y-axis

A reflection in the y-axis can be defined by the rule (x, y) → (−x, y). Hence the point with
coordinates (1, 1) → (−1, 1).
 Let (x , y ) be the image of the y
point (x, y).
 Hence x = −x and y = y, which
gives x = −x and y = y . y = √–x y = √x
√
 The curve with equation y = x (–1, 1)
maps to the curve with equation
√ (1, 1)
y = −x , i.e. the curve with x
√ 0
equation y = −x.

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 274 Chapter 7: Transformations

A reflection in the y-axis is described by the rule

(x, y) → (−x, y)
or x = −x and y = y
For the graph of y = f (x), the following two processes yield the same result:
 Applying the reflection in the y-axis (x, y) → (−x, y) to the graph of y = f (x).
 Replacing x with −x in the equation to obtain y = f (−x) and graphing the result.

Example 2
1
Determine the rule of the image when the graph of y = is dilated by a factor of 4:
x2
a from the y-axis b from the x-axis.

Solution
a (x, y) → (4x, y) y
Let (x , y ) be the coordinates of the image of (x, y),
so x = 4x, y = y.
x
Rearranging gives x = , y = y .
4
1 1
Therefore y = 2 becomes y =   2 . (4, 1)
x x
4
16 (1, 1)
The rule of the transformed function is y = 2 . x
x 0

b (x, y) → (x, 4y) y

 
Let (x , y ) be the coordinates of the image of (x, y), (1, 4)
so x = x, y = 4y.
y
Rearranging gives x = x , y = .
4
1 y 1
Therefore y = 2 becomes =  2 .
x 4 (x ) (1, 1)
4 x
The rule of the transformed function is y = 2 . 0
x

 Applying dilations and reflections to sketch graphs

  x
x √
In order to sketch the graph of y = , note that it is of the form y = f where f (x) = x.
√ 2 2
This is the graph of y = x dilated by factor 2 from the y-axis.
Examples of other functions under this dilation are:
 x   x 2 x 2
f (x) = x2 f = =
2 2 4
1  x  1 2
f (x) = f = x =
x 2 2 x

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 7B 7B Dilations and reflections 275

It should be noted that each of these functions formed by a dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis
can also be formed by a dilation from the x-axis. This result is not true in general, as will be
seen when new functions are introduced in Chapters 13 and 14.

x 1 √ 1 √
 For the graph of y = , we can write y = √ x = √ f (x), where f (x) = x. That is, it
2 2 2
is formed by a dilation of factor √12 from the x-axis.
x2
 For the graph of y = , we can write y = 14 x2 = 14 f (x), where f (x) = x2 . That is, it is
4
formed by a dilation of factor 14 from the x-axis.
2 1
 For the graph of y = , we can write y = 2 f (x), where f (x) = . That is, it is formed by a
x x
dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis.

Section summary
For the graph of y = f (x), we have the following four pairs of equivalent processes:
1  Applying the dilation from the x-axis (x, y) → (x, by) to the graph of y = f (x).
y
 Replacing y with in the equation to obtain y = b f (x) and graphing the result.
b
2  Applying the dilation from the y-axis (x, y) → (ax, y) to the graph of y = f (x).
x  x
 Replacing x with in the equation to obtain y = f and graphing the result.
a a
3  Applying the reflection in the x-axis (x, y) → (x, −y) to the graph of y = f (x).
 Replacing y with −y in the equation to obtain y = − f (x) and graphing the result.

4  Applying the reflection in the y-axis (x, y) → (−x, y) to the graph of y = f (x).
 Replacing x with −x in the equation to obtain y = f (−x) and graphing the result.

Exercise 7B

1 Find the image of the point (−2, −3) after:

a a reflection in the x-axis b a reflection in the y-axis
c a dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis d a dilation of factor 4 from the y-axis.

Example 2 2 Write down the equation of the image obtained when the graph of each of the functions
below is transformed by:
i a dilation of factor 12 from the y-axis ii a dilation of factor 5 from the y-axis
iii a dilation of factor 23 from the x-axis iv a dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis
v a reflection in the x-axis vi a reflection in the y-axis.
1 1 √
a y = x2 b y= c y= d y= x
x2 x
3 Sketch the graph of each of the following:
√ 1 3 1 √ 3
a y=3 x b y=− c y= d y= e y= 3x f y=
x x 2x 2x
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 276 Chapter 7: Transformations

7C Combinations of transformations
In this section, we look at sequences of transformations. For example, first consider:
 a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis
 followed by a reflection in the x-axis.
The rule becomes
Skillsheet
(x, y) → (x, 2y) → (x, −2y)
First the dilation is applied and then the reflection. For example, (1, 1) → (1, 2) → (1, −2).
Another example is:
 a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis
 followed by a translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the
negative direction of the y-axis.
The rule becomes
(x, y) → (x, 2y) → (x + 2, 2y − 3)
First the dilation is applied and then the translation. For example, (1, 1) → (1, 2) → (3, −1).

Example 3
√
Find the equation of the image of y = x under:
a a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a reflection in the x-axis
b a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a translation of 2 units in the positive
direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the negative direction of the y-axis.

Solution
a From the discussion above, the rule is (x, y) → (x, 2y) → (x, −2y).
y
If (x, y) maps to (x , y ), then x = x and y = −2y. Thus x = x and y = .
−2
y  √ √
The image has equation = x and hence y = −2 x .
−2
b From the discussion above, the rule is (x, y) → (x, 2y) → (x + 2, 2y − 3).
y + 3
If (x, y) maps to (x , y ), then x = x + 2 and y = 2y − 3. Thus x = x − 2 and y = .
2
y + 3 √  √
The image has equation = x − 2 and hence y = 2 x − 2 − 3.
2

Using the TI-Nspire

Use menu > Actions > Define to define the
√
function f (x) = x. Complete as shown.

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 7C 7C Combinations of transformations 277

Using the Casio ClassPad

Use Interactive > Define to define the function
√
f (x) = x, and then complete as shown.
√
Note: The symbol is found in Math1 .

Section summary
A sequence of transformations can be applied, and the rule for transforming points of the
plane can be described. For example, the sequence
 a dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis
 followed by a translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 3 units in
the negative direction of the y-axis
 followed by a reflection in the x-axis
can be described by the rule (x, y) → (x, 3y) → (x + 2, 3y − 3) → (x + 2, 3 − 3y).
3 − y
Let x = x + 2 and y = 3 − 3y. Then x = x − 2 and y = .

3
3−y
The graph of y = f (x) maps to = f (x − 2). That is, the graph of y = f (x) maps to
3
the graph of y = 3 − 3 f (x − 2).

Exercise 7C
√
Example 3 1 Find the equation of the image of the graph y = x when each of the following
sequences of transformations have been applied:
a a translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis followed by a dilation of
factor 3 from the x-axis
b a translation of 3 units in the negative direction of the x-axis followed by a reflection
in the x-axis
c a reflection in the x-axis followed by a dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis
d a reflection in the x-axis followed by a dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis
e a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a translation of 2 units in the
positive direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the negative direction of the y-axis
f a dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis followed by a translation of 2 units in the
negative direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the negative direction of the y-axis.
1
2 Repeat Question 1 for y = .
x
1
3 Repeat Question 1 for y = x 3 .

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 278 Chapter 7: Transformations

7D Determining transformations
Skillsheet The method that has been used to find the effect of transformations can be reversed to
determine the sequence of transformations used to take a graph to its image.
√
For example, in order to find the sequence of transformations which maps y = x to
√
y = −2 x , work backwards through the steps in the solution of Example 3a:
√ y √
 y = x maps to = x .
−2
 y
 Hence x = x and y = , and therefore x = x and y = −2y.
−2
 The transformation is a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a reflection in the
x-axis.
This can also be done by inspection, of course, if you recognise the form of the image. For
the combinations of transformations in this course, it is often simpler to do this.

Example 4
a Find a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of y = x2 to the graph of
y = 2(x − 2)2 + 3.
√
b Find a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of y = x to the graph of
√
y = 5x − 2.

Solution
a By inspection
By inspection, it is a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a translation of
2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the positive direction of
the y-axis.
By the method
y = x2 maps to y = 2(x − 2)2 + 3. Rearranging this equation gives
y − 3
= (x − 2)2
2
y − 3
We choose to write y = and x = x − 2.
2
Solving for x and y gives
x = x + 2 and y = 2y + 3
The transformation is a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a translation
of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the positive direction of
the y-axis.
√ √
b We have y = 5x − 2 and y = x. We choose to write y = y and x = 5x − 2. Hence
x+2 x 2
x = = + and y = y
5 5 5
The transformation is a dilation of factor 15 from the y-axis followed by a translation of
2
5 units in the positive direction of the x-axis.

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 7D Determining transformations 279

Example 5
3
a Find a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of y = + 6 to the
1 (x − 1)2
graph of y = 2 .
x
b Find a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of y = (5x − 1)2 + 6 to the
graph of y = x2 .

Solution
y−6 1 1 y−6 1
a Write = and y =  2 . The points (x, y) satisfying = are
3 (x − 1) 2 (x ) 3 (x − 1)2
1
mapped to the points (x , y ) satisfying y =  2 .
(x )
Hence we choose to write
y−6
y = and x = x − 1
3
One transformation is a translation of 6 units in the negative direction of the y-axis and
1 unit in the negative direction of the x-axis followed by a dilation of factor 13 from
the x-axis.
b Write y − 6 = (5x − 1)2 and y = (x )2 . The points (x, y) satisfying y − 6 = (5x − 1)2 are
mapped to the points (x , y ) satisfying y = (x )2 .
Hence we choose to write
y = y − 6 and x = 5x − 1
One transformation is a dilation of factor 5 from the y-axis followed by a translation
of 6 units in the negative direction of the y-axis and 1 unit in the negative direction of
the x-axis.

We note that the transformations we found are far from being the only possible answers. In
fact there are infinitely many choices.

Section summary
The notation developed in this chapter can be used to help find the transformation that
takes the graph of a function to its image.
For example, if the graph of y = f (x) is mapped to the graph of y = 2 f (x − 3), we can
see that the transformation
x = x + 3 and y = 2y
is a suitable choice. This is a translation of 3 units to the right followed by a dilation of
factor 2 from the x-axis.
There are infinitely many transformations that take the graph of y = f (x) to the graph of
y = 2 f (x − 3). The one we chose is conventional.

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 280 Chapter 7: Transformations

Exercise 7D

Example 4 1 For each of the following, find a sequence of transformations that takes:
a the graph of y = x2 to the graph of
i y = 2(x − 1)2 + 3 ii y = −(x + 1)2 + 2 iii y = (2x + 1)2 − 2
1
b the graph of y = to the graph of
x
2 1 1
i y= ii y = +2 iii y = −2
x+3 √ x + 3 x−3
c the graph of y = x to the graph of
√ √ √
i y= x+3+2 ii y = 2 3x iii y = − x + 2

5
Example 5 2 a Find a sequence of transformations that takes the graph of y = − 7 to the
1 (x − 3)2
graph of y = 2 .
x
b Find a sequence of transformations that takes the graph of y = (3x + 2)2 + 5 to the
graph of y = x2 .
c Find a sequence of transformations that takes the graph of y = −3(3x + 1)2 + 7 to the
graph of y = x2 .
√
d Find a sequence of transformations that takes the graph of y = 2 4 − x to the graph
√
of y = x.
√
e Find a sequence of transformations that takes the graph of y = 2 4 − x + 3 to the
√
graph of y = − x + 6.

7E Matrices
This section and the next provide a brief introduction to matrices. Later in this chapter we
will see that the transformations we consider in this course can be determined through matrix
arithmetic. Additional information and exercises are available in the Interactive Textbook.

 Matrix notation
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. The numbers in the array are called the entries
of the matrix. The following are examples of matrices:
⎡√ ⎤
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎢⎢⎢ 2 π 3⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢⎢−3 4⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢6⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ 
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎢⎢√0 0 1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 5
5 6 7 ⎣ ⎦
2 0 π
Matrices vary in size. The size, or dimension, of the matrix is described by specifying the
number of rows (horizontal lines) and columns (vertical lines) that occur in the matrix.
The dimensions of the above matrices are, in order:
2 × 2, 2 × 1, 3 × 3, 1×1
The first number represents the number of rows, and the second the number of columns.

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 7E Matrices 281

In this book we are only interested in 2 × 2 matrices and 2 × 1 matrices.

If A is a matrix, then ai j will be used to denote the entry that occurs in row i and column j
of A. Thus a 2 × 2 matrix may be written as
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢a11 a12 ⎥⎥⎥
A = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
a21 a22
A general 2 × 1 matrix may be written as
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢b11 ⎥⎥
B = ⎢⎣⎢ ⎥⎦⎥
b21
A matrix is, then, a way of recording a set of numbers, arranged in a particular way. As in
Cartesian coordinates, the order of the numbers is significant. Although the matrices
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢1 2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢3 4⎥⎥⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ and ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
3 4 1 2
have the same numbers and the same number of entries, they are different matrices (just as
(2, 1) and (1, 2) are the coordinates of different points).
Two matrices A and B are equal, and we can write A = B, when:
 they have the same number of rows and the same number of columns, and
 they have the same number or entry at corresponding positions.

 Addition, subtraction and multiplication by a scalar

Addition is defined for two matrices only when they have the same number of rows and
the same number of columns. In this case the sum of the two matrices is found by adding
corresponding entries.
For example,
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢0 −3⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1 −3⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ + ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
0 2 4 1 4 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢a11 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢b11 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢a11 + b11 ⎥⎥⎥
and ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦+⎣ ⎦=⎣ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎦
a21 b21 a21 + b21
Subtraction is defined in a similar way. When two matrices have the same number of rows
and the same number of columns, their difference is found by subtracting corresponding
entries.

Example 6
Find:
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 2 −1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 2⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 2⎥⎥
a ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ + ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ b ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦ − ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦
2 0 −4 1 −1 −1

Solution
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢ 2 −1⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢ 3 −1⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 2⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 2⎥⎥ ⎢⎢0⎥⎥
a ⎣ ⎦+⎣ ⎦=⎣ ⎦ b ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦ − ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦ = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦
2 0 −4 1 −2 1 −1 −1 0

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 282 Chapter 7: Transformations

It is useful to define multiplication of a matrix by a real number. If A is an m × n matrix

and k is a real number (also called a scalar), then kA is an m × n matrix whose entries are
k times the corresponding entries of A. Thus
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢2 −2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢6 −6⎥⎥⎥
3 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
0 1 0 3
These definitions have the helpful consequence that, if a matrix is added to itself, the result
is twice the matrix, i.e. A + A = 2A. Similarly, the sum of n matrices each equal to A is nA
(where n is a natural number).
The m × n matrix with all entries equal to zero is called the zero matrix.

Example 7
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 3 2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 0 −4⎥⎥⎥
If A = ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ and B = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦, find the matrix X such that 2A + X = B.
−1 1 −2 8

Solution
If 2A + X = B, then X = B − 2A. Therefore
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 0 −4⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 3 2⎥⎥⎥
X = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ − 2 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
−2 8 −1 1
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 0 − 2 × 3 −4 − 2 × 2⎥⎥⎥
= ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
−2 − 2 × (−1) 8 − 2 × 1
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢−6 −8⎥⎥⎥
= ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
0 6

Using the TI-Nspire

The matrix template
 The simplest way to enter a 2 × 2 matrix is
using the 2 × 2 matrix template as shown.
(Access the templates using either t or
ctrl menu > Math Templates.)
 Notice that there is also a template for
entering m × n matrices.

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 7E Matrices 283
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢3 6⎥⎥⎥
 Define the matrix A = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ as shown.
6 7
The assignment symbol := is accessed using
ctrl t. Use the touchpad arrows to move
between the entries of the
⎡ matrix. ⎤
⎢⎢3 6 ⎥⎥⎥
 Define the matrix B = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ similarly.
5 6.5

Note: All variables will be changed to lower case.

Alternatively, you can store ( ctrl var ) the matrices if preferred.
Entering matrices directly
 To enter matrix A without using the
template, enter the matrix row by row as
[[3, 6][6, 7]].

Addition, subtraction and multiplication by a scalar

 Once A and B are defined as above, the
matrices A + B, A − B and kA can easily
be determined.

Using the Casio ClassPad

 Matrices are accessed through the Math2 keyboard.
 Select 8 and tap on each of the entry boxes to
enter the matrix values.
Notes:
 To expand the 2 × 2 matrix to a 3 × 3 matrix, tap on
the 8 button twice.
 To increase the number of rows, tap on the 7
button. To increase the number of columns, tap on
the 6 button.

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 284 Chapter 7: Transformations

 Matrices can be stored as a variable for later use in

operations by selecting the store button ⇒ located
in Math1 followed by the variable name (usually a
capital letter).
 Once A and B are defined as shown, the matrices
A + B, A − B and kA can be found.
(Use the Var keyboard to enter the variable names.)

 Multiplication of matrices
Multiplication of a matrix by a real number has been discussed in the previous subsection.
The definition for multiplication of matrices is less natural. The procedure for multiplying
two 2 × 2 matrices is shown first.
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢1 3⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢5 1⎥⎥⎥
Let A = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ and B = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦.
4 2 6 3
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢1 3⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢5 1⎥⎥⎥
Then AB = ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
4 2 6 3
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢1 × 5 + 3 × 6 1 × 1 + 3 × 3⎥⎥⎥
= ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
4×5+2×6 4×1+2×3
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢23 10⎥⎥⎥
= ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
32 10
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢5 1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1 3⎥⎥⎥
and BA = ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
6 3 4 2
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢5 × 1 + 1 × 4 5 × 3 + 1 × 2⎥⎥⎥
= ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
6×1+3×4 6×3+3×2
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 9 17⎥⎥⎥
= ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
18 24

Note that AB  BA.

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 7E Matrices 285

If A is an m × n matrix and B is an n × r matrix, then the product AB is the m × r matrix

whose entries are determined as follows:

To find the entry in row i and column j of AB, single out row i in matrix A and column j
in matrix B. Multiply the corresponding entries from the row and column and then add up
the resulting products.

Note: The product AB is defined only if the number of columns of A is the same as the
number of rows of B.

Example 8
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢2 4⎥⎥⎥ ⎢5⎥
For A = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ and B = ⎢⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎥⎦, find AB.
3 6 3

Solution
A is a 2 × 2 matrix and B is a 2 × 1 matrix. Therefore AB is defined and will be a 2 × 1
matrix.
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢2 4⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢5⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢2 × 5 + 4 × 3⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢22⎥⎥⎥⎥
AB = ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ = ⎣ ⎦=⎣ ⎦
3 6 3 3×5+6×3 33

Using the TI-Nspire

Multiplication of
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢3 6⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢3 6 ⎥⎥⎥
A = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ and B = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
6 7 5 6.5
The products AB and BA are shown.

Using the Casio ClassPad

Multiplication of
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢3 6⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢3 6 ⎥⎥⎥
A = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ and B = ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
6 7 5 6.5
The products AB and BA are shown.

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Section summary
 A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.
 Two matrices A and B are equal when:
• they have the same number of rows and the same number of columns, and
• they have the same number or entry at corresponding positions.
 The size or dimension of a matrix is described by specifying the number of rows (m)
and the number of columns (n). The dimension is written m × n.
 Addition is defined for two matrices only when they have the same dimension. The
sum is found by adding corresponding entries.
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢a b⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ e f ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢a + e b + f ⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ + ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
c d g h c+g d+h
Subtraction is defined in a similar way.
 If A is an m × n matrix and k is a real number, then kA is defined to be an m × n matrix
whose entries are k times the corresponding entries of A.
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢a b⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ka kb⎥⎥⎥
k ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
c d kc kd
 If A is an m × n matrix and B is an n × r matrix, then the product AB is the m × r matrix
whose entries are determined as follows:
To find the entry in row i and column j of AB, single out row i in matrix A and
column j in matrix B. Multiply the corresponding entries from the row and column
and then add up the resulting products.

Exercise 7E
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢3⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1 −1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 4 0⎥⎥⎥
Example 6, 7 1 Let X = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦, Y = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦, A = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ and B = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦.
−2 0 2 3 −1 2
Find X + Y, 2X, 4Y + X, X − Y, −3A and −3A + B.
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢1 −1⎥⎥⎥
2 Let A = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥. Find 2A, −3A and −6A.
0 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 3 2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢0 −3⎥⎥⎥
3 A = ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ and B = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
−2 −2 4 1
Calculate:
a 2A b 3B c 2A + 3B d 3B − 2A
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢−1 1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢0 4⎥⎥⎥
4 P=⎣ ⎢ ⎥
⎦, Q = ⎣ ⎢ ⎥
⎦, R = ⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦
0 3 2 0 1 1
Calculate:
a P+Q b P + 3Q c 2P − Q + R

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 7F Identities, inverses and determinants for 2 × 2 matrices 287
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 3 1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 0 −10⎥⎥⎥
5 If A = ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ and B = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦, find matrices X and Y such that 2A − 3X = B and
−1 4 −2 17
3A + 2Y = 2B.
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 1 −2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢3 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
Example 8 ⎢ ⎥
6 If X = ⎣ ⎦, A = ⎣ ⎢ ⎥
⎦, B = ⎣ ⎢ ⎥
⎦ and I = ⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦,
−1 −1 3 0 1 0 1
find the products AX, BX, IX, AI, IB, AB, BA, A2 and B2 .
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 2 −1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢−3 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 1 3⎥⎥⎥
7 If X = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦, A = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦, B = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ and C = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦,
−2 −1 4 0 2 −2 1
find the products AX, BX, CX, AC, CB, AB, BA, A2 and B2 .

7F Identities, inverses and determinants for 2 × 2 matrices

 Identities
A matrix with the same number of rows and columns is called a square matrix. For square
matrices of a given dimension (e.g. 2 × 2), a multiplicative identity I exists.
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
For 2 × 2 matrices, the identity matrix is I = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥.
0 1
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢2 3⎥⎥⎥
If A = ⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦, then AI = IA = A, and this result holds for any square matrix multiplied by
1 4
the appropriate multiplicative identity.

 Inverses
Given a 2 × 2 matrix A, is there a matrix B such that AB = BA = I?
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ x y⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢2 3⎥⎥⎥
Let B = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ and A = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦.
u v 1 4
Then AB = I implies
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢2 3⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ x y⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
1 4 u v 0 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢2x + 3u 2y + 3v⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
i.e. ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
x + 4u y + 4v 0 1
∴ 2x + 3u = 1 and 2y + 3v = 0
x + 4u = 0 y + 4v = 1
These simultaneous equations can be solved to find x, y, u, v and hence B.
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 0.8 −0.6⎥⎥⎥
B=⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦
−0.2 0.4
The matrix B is said to be the inverse of A, as AB = BA = I.

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 288 Chapter 7: Transformations
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢a b⎥⎥⎥
In general, for a 2 × 2 matrix A = ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦, the inverse of A is given by
c d
⎡ ⎤
−1 1 ⎢⎢⎢ d −b⎥⎥⎥
A = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
ad − bc −c a

provided ad − bc  0. The inverse of a 2 × 2 matrix A is denoted by A−1 . The inverse is

unique.

The determinant
The quantity ad − bc that appears in the formula for A−1 has a name: the determinant of A.
This is denoted det(A).
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢a b⎥⎥⎥
So for a 2 × 2 matrix A = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥, we have
c d

det(A) = ad − bc

A 2 × 2 matrix has an inverse only if det(A)  0.

A square matrix is said to be regular if its inverse exists. A square matrix which does not
have an inverse is called a singular matrix; for a singular matrix, det(A) = 0.

Using the TI-Nspire

 The inverse of a matrix is obtained by raising
the matrix to the power of −1.
 The determinant command ( menu > Matrix
and Vector > Determinant) is used as
shown.

⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢3 6⎥⎥⎥
(Here a is the matrix A = ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ defined on page 283.)
6 7

Using the Casio ClassPad

 The inverse of matrix A is obtained by entering
A∧ −1 in the entry line.
 The determinant is obtained by typing det(A).

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 7F Identities, inverses and determinants for 2 × 2 matrices 289

Example 9 ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢5 2⎥⎥⎥
For the matrix A = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦, find:
3 1
a det(A) b A−1

Solution
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 ⎢⎢⎢ 1 −2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢−1 2⎥⎥⎥
a det(A) = 5 × 1 − 2 × 3 = −1 b A −1
= ⎢
⎣ ⎥
⎦=⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦
−1 −3 5 3 −5

Example 10 ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢3 2⎥⎥⎥
For the matrix A = ⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦, find:
1 6
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢5⎥⎥
a det(A) b A −1
c X, if AX = ⎢⎣⎢ ⎥⎥⎦
7

Solution
⎡ ⎤
1 ⎢⎢⎢ 6 −2⎥⎥⎥
a det(A) = 3 × 6 − 2 = 16 b A −1
= ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
16 −1 3
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢5⎥⎥
c AX = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦
7
Multiply both sides (from the left) by A−1 .
⎡ ⎤
−1 ⎢
⎢5⎥⎥
A AX = A ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦
−1
7
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
1 ⎢⎢⎢ 6 −2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢5⎥⎥⎥
∴ IX = X = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
16 −1 3 7
⎡ ⎤
1 ⎢⎢⎢16⎥⎥⎥
= ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
16 16
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢1⎥⎥
= ⎢⎣⎢ ⎥⎦⎥
1

Section summary
 If A and B are 2 × 2 matrices with AB = BA = I, then A is said to be the inverse of B,
and B is said to be the inverse
⎡ ⎤ of A.
⎢⎢⎢a b⎥⎥⎥
 For a 2 × 2 matrix A = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦, the inverse of A is
c d
⎡ ⎤
1 ⎢⎢⎢ d −b⎥⎥⎥
A−1 = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
ad − bc −c a
and the determinant of A is det(A) = ad − bc.
 A square matrix is said to be regular if its inverse exists, and said to be singular if it
does not have an inverse.

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 290 Chapter 7: Transformations

Exercise 7F
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢2 1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢−2 −2⎥⎥⎥
Example 9 1 For the matrices A = ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ and B = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦, find:
3 2 3 2
a det(A) b A−1 c det(B) d B−1

2 Find the inverse of each of the following regular matrices:

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢3 −1⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 3 1⎥⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥⎦, where k is any non-zero real number
a ⎣ ⎦ b ⎣ ⎦ c ⎣
4 −1 −2 4 0 k
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢2 1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
3 Let A and B be the regular matrices A = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ and B = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥.
0 −1 3 1
−1 −1
a Find A and B .
b Find AB and hence find, if possible, (AB)−1 .
c From A−1 and B−1 , find the products A−1 B−1 and B−1 A−1 . What do you notice?
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢4 3⎥⎥⎥
Example 10 4 Let A = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦.
2 1 ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢3 4⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢3 4⎥⎥⎥
a Find A . −1
b If AX = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦, find X. c If YA = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦, find Y.
1 6 1 6
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢3 2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢4 −1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢3 4⎥⎥⎥
5 Let A = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ , B = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ and C = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥.
1 6 2 2 2 6
a Find X such that AX + B = C. b Find Y such that YA + B = C.

7G Using matrices with transformations

The following table gives a summary of some basic transformations of the plane.

Mapping Rule
x = x = x + 0y
Reflection in the x-axis 
y = −y = 0x + −y

x = −x = −x + 0y
Reflection in the y-axis 
y =y = 0x + y

x = kx = kx + 0y
Dilation of factor k from the y-axis
y = y = 0x + y

x =x = x + 0y
Dilation of factor k from the x-axis 
y = ky = 0x + ky

x =y = 0x + y
Reflection in the line y = x
y = x = x + 0y
⎡ ⎤ 
⎢⎢a⎥⎥ x = x+a
Translation defined by a column matrix ⎢⎣⎢ ⎥⎥⎦
b y = y + b

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 7G Using matrices with transformations 291

We have discussed most of the transformations from this table already in this chapter.
Reflection in the line y = x occurred in our consideration of inverse functions in Chapter 5.
The first five mappings given in the table are special cases of a general kind of mapping
defined by
x = ax + by
y = cx + dy
where a, b, c, d are real numbers.
This mapping can be defined equivalently using a matrix equation:
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ x ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢a b⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ x⎥⎥⎥
⎣⎢  ⎦⎥ = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
y c d y
A transformation of the form
(x, y) → (ax + by, cx + dy)
is called a linear transformation.
These first five mappings can each be defined by a 2 × 2 matrix. This is shown in the
following table.

Mapping Rule Matrix

 ⎡ ⎤
x = 1x + 0y ⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
Reflection in the x-axis ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
y = 0x − 1y 0 −1
⎡ ⎤
x = −1x + 0y ⎢⎢⎢−1 0⎥⎥⎥
Reflection in the y-axis ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
y = 0x + 1y 0 1
⎡ ⎤
x = kx + 0y ⎢⎢⎢ k 0⎥⎥⎥
Dilation of factor k from the y-axis ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
y = 0x + 1y 0 1
⎡ ⎤
x = 1x + 0y ⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
Dilation of factor k from the x-axis ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
y = 0x + ky 0 k
⎡ ⎤
x = 0x + 1y ⎢⎢⎢0 1⎥⎥⎥
Reflection in the line y = x ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
y = 1x + 0y 1 0

Example 11
Find the image of the point (2, 3) under:
a a reflection in the x-axis b a dilation of factor k from the y-axis.

Solution
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ k 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢2k⎥⎥⎥
a ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ b ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
0 −1 3 −3 0 1 3 3

Therefore (2, 3) → (2, −3). Therefore (2, 3) → (2k, 3).

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 292 Chapter 7: Transformations

Example 12
Consider a linear transformation such that (1, 0) → (3, −1) and (0, 1) → (−2, 4). Find the
image of (−3, 5).

Solution
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢a b⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 3⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢a b⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢−2⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥ = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ and ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
c d 0 −1 c d 1 4

∴ a = 3, c = −1 and b = −2, d = 4
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 3 −2⎥⎥⎥
The transformation can be defined by the 2 × 2 matrix ⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦.
−1 4
Let (−3, 5) → (x , y ).
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ x ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 3 −2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢−3⎥⎥⎥
Then ⎢⎣  ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
y −1 4 5
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢3 × (−3) + (−2) × 5⎥⎥⎥
= ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
(−1) × (−3) + 4 × 5
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢−19⎥⎥⎥
=⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦
23
The image of (−3, 5) is (−19, 23).

Note that a non-linear transformation cannot be represented by a matrix in the way indicated
above. For example, the translation
x = x + a
y = y + b
cannot be represented by a square matrix. However, we can write
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ x ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ x⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢a⎥⎥⎥
⎣⎢  ⎦⎥ = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ + ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
y y b
using matrix addition.

 Composition of mappings
Consider two linear transformations defined by matrices
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢a11 a12 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢b11 b12 ⎥⎥⎥
A = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ and B = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
a21 a22 b21 b22
We can compose the transformation of A with the transformation of B.
The composition consists of the transformation of A being applied first and then the
transformation of B. The matrix of the resulting composition is the product BA:
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢b11 a11 + b12 a21 b11 a12 + b12 a22 ⎥⎥⎥
BA = ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
b21 a11 + b22 a21 b21 a12 + b22 a22

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 7G Using matrices with transformations 293

Example 13
Find the image of the point (2, −3) under a reflection in the x-axis followed by a dilation of
factor k from the y-axis.

Solution
Matrix multiplication gives the matrix of the composition of the transformations.
Let A be the matrix for reflection in the x-axis, and let B be the matrix for dilation of
factor k from the y-axis.
The required transformation is defined by the product
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ k 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ k 0⎥⎥⎥
BA = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
0 1 0 −1 0 −1
Since
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ k 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢2k⎥⎥⎥
BA ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
−3 0 −1 −3 3
the image of (2, −3) is (2k, 3).

Example 14
Express the composition of the transformations dilation ⎡ ⎤ of factor k from the y-axis
⎢⎢a⎥⎥
followed by a translation defined by the matrix C = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦, mapping a point (x, y) to a point
b
(x , y ), as a matrix equation. Hence find x and y in terms of x and y respectively.

Solution
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ x⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ x ⎥⎥
Let A be the matrix of the dilation transformation, let X = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ and let X = ⎢⎢⎣  ⎥⎥⎦.

y y
The equation is AX + C = X .
Thus AX = X − C and hence X = A−1 (X − C).
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ k 0⎥⎥⎥ 1 ⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 1k 0⎥⎥⎥
Now A = ⎣ ⎢ ⎥ −1
⎦, giving det(A) = k and A = ⎣ ⎢ ⎥
⎦=⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦.
0 1 k 0 k 0 1
Therefore
⎡1 ⎤ ⎛⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎞
⎢⎢⎢ k 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎜⎜⎜⎢⎢⎢ x ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢a⎥⎥⎥⎟⎟⎟
X = ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎜⎝⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ − ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦⎟⎠
0 1 y b
⎡1 ⎤⎡  ⎤
⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ x − a⎥⎥⎥
= ⎢⎣⎢ k ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
0 1 y − b
⎡1  ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ k (x − a)⎥⎥⎥
= ⎢⎣  ⎥⎦
y −b
1 
Hence x = (x − a) and y = y − b.
k

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 294 Chapter 7: Transformations 7G

Section summary
Transformation matrices

Mapping Rule Matrix

 ⎡ ⎤
x =x ⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
Reflection in the x-axis ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
y = −y 0 −1
⎡ ⎤
x = −x ⎢⎢⎢−1 0⎥⎥⎥
Reflection in the y-axis ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
y = y 0 1
⎡ ⎤
x = kx ⎢⎢⎢ k 0⎥⎥⎥
Dilation of factor k from the y-axis ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
y = y 0 1
⎡ ⎤
x = x ⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
Dilation of factor k from the x-axis ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
y = ky 0 k
⎡ ⎤
x = y ⎢⎢⎢0 1⎥⎥⎥
Reflection in the line y = x ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
y = x 1 0

Composition of transformations We can consider the composition of two linear

transformations defined by matrices
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢a11 a12 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢b b ⎥
A = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ and B = ⎢⎢⎢⎣ 11 12 ⎥⎥⎥⎦
a21 a22 b21 b22
The composition consists of the transformation of A being applied first and then the
transformation of B. The matrix of the resulting composition is the product BA:
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢b11 a11 + b12 a21 b11 a12 + b12 a22 ⎥⎥⎥
BA = ⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦
b21 a11 + b22 a21 b21 a12 + b22 a22

Exercise 7G

1 Find:
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢2 −3⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢−1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢−3 −1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢a⎥⎥⎥
a ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ b ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
5 4 2 −1 3 b
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 2 −1⎥⎥⎥
2 If a linear transformation is defined by the matrix A = ⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦, find the image of
−4 3
(1, 0), (0, 1) and (3, 2) under this transformation.

3 Find the images of (1, 0) and (−1, 2) under the linear transformation whose matrix is:
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢2 −1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢−2 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢2 3⎥⎥⎥
a ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ b ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ c ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
1 1 0 1 3 −1

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 7G 7G Using matrices with transformations 295

Example 11 4 Using matrix methods, find the image of the point (6, 7) under each of the following
transformations:
a dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis b dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis
c reflection in the x-axis d reflection in the y-axis
e reflection in the line y = x

Example 12 5 a Find the matrix of the linear transformation that maps (1, −2) → (−4, 5) and
(3, 4) → (18, 5).
b The images of two points are given for a linear transformation. Investigate whether
this is sufficient information to determine the matrix of the transformation.
c Find the matrix of the linear transformation such that (1, 0) → (1, 1) and
(0, 1) → (2, 2).

Example 13 6 Find the matrix that determines the composition of the transformations (in the given
order):
 reflection in the x-axis
 dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis.

7 Write down the matrix of each of the following transformations:

a reflection in the line x = 0 b reflection in the line y = x
c reflection in the line y = −x d dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis
e dilation of factor 12 from the x-axis f dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis

8 A transformation T is equivalent to a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a

reflection in the line y = −x.
a What matrix defines T ?
b Find T (3, 2).
c If T (a, b) = (6, 2), find the values of a and b.

Example 14 9 Express as a matrix equation the composition of the transformations⎡dilation ⎤ of factor 2

⎢⎢⎢3⎥⎥⎥
from the y-axis followed by a translation defined by the matrix C = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦, mapping a
4
point (x, y) to a point (x , y ). Hence find x and y in terms of x and y respectively.

10 A linear transformation T maps the point (1, 3) to the point (−2, −3) to the point (2, 4)
to the point (−3, −11). Find the matrix of the transformation.

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 296 Chapter 7: Transformations

7H Transformations of graphs of functions with matrices

Skillsheet Matrix notation for transformations was introduced in Section 7G. In this section the notation
is applied to transforming graphs.

Example 15 ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
A transformation is defined by the matrix ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦. Find the equation of the image of the
0 2
graph of the quadratic equation y = x2 + 2x + 3 under this transformation.

Solution
As before, the transformation maps (x, y) → (x , y ).
Using matrix notation,
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ x⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ x ⎥⎥⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ = ⎣⎢  ⎦⎥
0 2 y y
This can be written as the matrix equation TX = X . We now solve this equation for X.
Multiply both sides of the equation (from the left) by T−1 .
Then T−1 TX = T−1 X and so X = T−1 X .
Therefore
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ x⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ x ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ x ⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
1 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ = ⎣ 1 ⎦
y 0 2 y 2y
y
So x = x and y = .
2
The curve with equation y = x2 + 2x + 3 is mapped to the curve with equation
y
= (x )2 + 2x + 3.
2

This makes quite hard work of an easy problem, but it demonstrates a procedure that can be
used for any transformation defined by a 2 × 2 non-singular matrix.

Example 16
A transformation is described by the equation
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢0 −3⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢1⎥⎥
T(X + B) = X , where T = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ and B = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦
2 0 2
Find the image of the straight line with equation y = 2x + 5 under this transformation.

Solution
First solve the matrix equation for X:
T−1 T(X + B) = T−1 X
X + B = T−1 X
X = T−1 X − B

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 7H 7H Transformations of graphs of functions with matrices 297

Therefore
⎡ y ⎤
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎢⎢⎢ − ⎥⎥⎥
1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢ x⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥ ⎢ x ⎥ ⎢
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 2 1 ⎥⎥⎥
2⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎢⎣  ⎥⎥⎦ − ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦ = ⎢⎢⎢⎢  ⎥⎥⎥
y −3
0 y 2 ⎢⎢⎣ x ⎥⎥⎥
− − 2⎦
3
y x
So x = − 1 and y = − − 2.
2 3
The straight line with equation y = 2x + 5 is transformed to the straight line with equation
x  y 
− −2=2 −1 +5
3 2
x
Rearranging gives y = − − 5.
3

Exercise 7H
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢3 0⎥⎥⎥
Example 15 1 A transformation is defined by the matrix ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦. Find the equation of the image of
0 −2
the graph of the quadratic equation y = x2 + x + 2 under this transformation.
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢4 0⎥⎥⎥
2 A transformation is defined by the matrix ⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦. Find the equation of the image of
0 −2
the graph of the cubic equation y = x3 + 2x under this transformation.
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢ 0 2⎥⎥⎥
3 A transformation is defined by the matrix ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦. Find the equation of the image of
−3 0
the straight line with equation y = 2x + 3 under this transformation.
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 0 4⎥⎥⎥
4 A transformation is defined by the matrix ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥. Find the equation of the image of
−2 0
the straight line with equation y = −2x + 4 under this transformation.
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢0 −2⎥⎥⎥
Example 16 5 A transformation
⎡ ⎤ is described by the equation T(X + B) = X , where T = ⎢⎣
 ⎥⎦
⎢⎢⎢−1⎥⎥⎥ 1 0
and B = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦. Find the image of the straight line with equation y = −2x + 6 under the
2
transformation.
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢0 −2⎥⎥⎥
6 A transformation
⎡ ⎤ is described by the equation TX + B = X , where T = ⎢⎣
 ⎥⎦
⎢⎢⎢−1⎥⎥⎥ 1 0
and B = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦. Find the image of the straight line with equation y = −2x + 6 under the
2
transformation.
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢2 0⎥⎥⎥
7 A transformation
⎡ ⎤ is described by the equation TX + B = X , where T = ⎢⎣
 ⎥⎦
⎢⎢⎢−2⎥⎥⎥ 0 3
and B = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦. Find the image of the curve with equation y = −2x3 + 6x under the
2
transformation.

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 298 Chapter 7: Transformations
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Chapter summary
 Transformations of the graphs of functions In the following table, the rule for each
AS
transformation is given and the rule for the image of the graph of y = f (x).
Nrich

The graph of
Mapping Rule
y = f (x) maps to

Reflection in the x-axis x = x, y = −y y = − f (x)

 
Reflection in the y-axis x = −x, y = y y = f (−x)
 x
Dilation of factor a from the y-axis x = ax, y = y y= f
a
Dilation of factor b from the x-axis x = x, y = by y = b f (x)
Reflection in the line y = x x = y, y = x x = f (y)
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢h⎥⎥ x = x + h
Translation defined by ⎢⎣⎢ ⎥⎦⎥ y − k = f (x − h)
k y = y + k

 Matrices See sections on matrices for summaries.

Technology-free questions
1 Using matrix methods, find the image of the point (−1, 3) under each of the following
transformations and give the corresponding transformation matrix:
a dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis
b dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis
c reflection in the x-axis
d reflection in the y-axis
e reflection in the line y = x

2 Sketch the graph of each of the following, labelling asymptotes and axis intercepts:
1 1 1
a y= +3 b y= 2 −3 c y=
x x (x + 2)2
√ 1 1
d y= x−2 e y= f y= −4
x−1 x
1 1 1
g y= h y= i f (x) =
x+2 x−3 (x − 3)2
1 1 1
j f (x) = k f (x) = +1 l f (x) = +2
(x + 4) 2 x−1 x−2
3 Sketch the graph of each of the following, stating the equations of asymptotes, the axis
intercepts and the range of each function:
1 3 1 1
a y= 2 +1 b y= 2 c y= d y= 2 −4
x x (x − 1) 2 x

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4 Express as a matrix equation the composition of the transformations⎡dilation ⎤ of factor 2
⎢⎢⎢2⎥⎥⎥
from the x-axis followed by a translation defined by the matrix C = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦, mapping a
3
   
point (x, y) to a point (x , y ). Hence find x and y in terms of x and y respectively.

5 For each of the following, find a sequence of transformations that takes:

a the graph of y = x2 to the graph of
i y = 3(x + 1)2 + 2 ii y = −2(x + 2)2 + 3 iii y = (3x + 1)2 − 1
1
b the graph of y = to the graph of
x
4 1 4
i y= ii y = − 12 iii y = −5
x+2 √ x + 6 x−3
c the graph of y = x to the graph of
√ √ √
i y= x−4+2 ii y = 2 2x iii y = −2 x + 3

6 Express as a matrix equation the composition of the transformations reflection in

the x-axis followed by a dilation
⎡ ⎤ of factor 3 from the y-axis and then by a translation
⎢⎢−2⎥⎥
defined by the matrix C = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦, mapping a point (x, y) to a point (x , y ). Hence find x
3
and y in terms of x and y respectively.

Multiple-choice questions
1 The point P(1, 7) is translated 3 units in the positive direction of the y-axis and then
reflected in the x-axis. The coordinates of the final image of P are
A (−1, 7) B (−1, −7) C (1, −10) D (0, 7) E (1, 0)

2 The point P(4, −3) lies on the graph of a function f . The graph of f is translated 4 units
in the positive direction of the y-axis and then reflected in the y-axis. The coordinates of
the final image of P are
A (4, 3) B (−4, −1) C (−4, −7) D (−4, 1) E (4, −7)

3 A transformation of the plane is defined by (x, y) → (3x − 1, y + 2). If (a, b) → (8, 8),
then
A a = 3, b = 6 B a = −3, b = −6 C a = 7, b = 6
D a = 6, b = 3 E a = 23, b = 10

4 A transformation of the plane is defined by (x, y) → (3x − 1, 2y + 2). If (a, b) → (a, b),
then
A a = 12 , b = −2 B a = 32 , b = −6 C a = −1, b = 2
D a = 5, b = −2 E a = − 12 , b = 2

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 300 Chapter 7: Transformations
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5 The square shown is subject to successive transformations. y
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢−1 0⎥⎥⎥
The first transformation has matrix ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ and the
0 1 1 (1, 1)
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢ 0 −1⎥⎥⎥⎥
second transformation has matrix ⎣ ⎦.
−2 1

x
1 0
Which one of the following graphs shows the image of the square after these two
transformations?
A y B y C y
1 2 3
x 3 3
0
2 2
−1
1 1
x x
−1 0 1 2 −1 0 1 2

D y E y

1 3
x 2
−1 0 1
−1 1

−2 x
−1 0 1

6 The matrix which determines the transformation dilation from the x-axis of factor 2
followed by a dilation from the y-axis of factor 3 is
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢2 3⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢2 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢0 3⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢3 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢2 0⎥⎥⎥
A ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ B ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ C ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ D ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ E ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
1 1 0 3 2 0 0 2 3 0

7 The matrix which determines the transformation dilation from the x-axis of factor 2
followed by reflection in the line y = x is
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢2 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢0 2⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢2 1⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
A ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ B ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ C ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ D ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ E ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
0 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 2 0

8 The matrix which determines the transformation dilation from the x-axis of factor 2
followed by reflection in the x-axis is
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢2 0⎥⎥⎥
⎥⎦
⎢⎢0 −2⎥⎥⎥
⎢ ⎢⎢1
⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢−2 1⎥⎥⎥
⎢ ⎢⎢⎢−1 0⎥⎥⎥
A ⎣ B ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ C ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ D ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ E ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
0 −1 1 0 0 −2 0 1 2 0

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Extended-response questions
1 Let f (x) = x2 .
a Find the value of k such that the line y = x is tangent to the graph of y = f (x) + k.
b Find the value of h such that the line y = x is tangent to the graph of y = f (x − h).

2 a The graph of f (x) = x2 is translated to the graph of y = f (x + h). Find the possible
values of h if f (1 + h) = 8.
b The graph of f (x) = x2 is transformed to the graph of y = f (ax). Find the possible
values of a if the graph of y = f (ax) passes through the point with coordinates (1, 8).
c The quadratic with equation y = ax2 + bx has vertex with coordinates (1, 8). Find the
values of a and b.

3 A quadratic function g has rule g(x) = x2 + 4x − 6.

a Find the value of k for which the equation g(x) + k = 0 has one solution.
b Find the values of h for which the equation g(x − h) = 0 has:
i two positive solutions
ii two negative solutions
iii one positive and one negative solution.

4 A cubic function f has rule f (x) = (x − 3)(x + 4)(x − 5).

a Solve the equation f (x − 2) = 0.
b Solve the equation f (x + 2) = 0.
c It is known that the equation f (x) + k = 0 has a solution x = 0. Find the value of k
and solve the equation f (x) + k = 0.
d The equation f (x − h) = 0 has a solution x = 0. Find the possible values of h.
e Find the values of h such that f (x − h) = 0 has only one positive solution.

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.