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3-1 Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces-Condition For Equilibrium

1. A free-body diagram shows all external forces acting on a body and is used to analyze static force equilibrium problems. It isolates the body of interest from its surroundings. 2. Key steps to constructing a free-body diagram include showing all weights, forces, and their directions using clearly labeled arrows. Internal forces within an object can also be analyzed. 3. Examples demonstrate constructing free-body diagrams for stacked packages, blocks supported by cables, and pulleys, to determine unknown contact and tension forces. Cutting flexible members like cables reveals the constant internal tension.

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141 views

3-1 Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces-Condition For Equilibrium

1. A free-body diagram shows all external forces acting on a body and is used to analyze static force equilibrium problems. It isolates the body of interest from its surroundings. 2. Key steps to constructing a free-body diagram include showing all weights, forces, and their directions using clearly labeled arrows. Internal forces within an object can also be analyzed. 3. Examples demonstrate constructing free-body diagrams for stacked packages, blocks supported by cables, and pulleys, to determine unknown contact and tension forces. Cutting flexible members like cables reveals the constant internal tension.

Uploaded by

wajju007
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ETG Statics – Fall 2022

Module 3.1

Equilibrium of Concurrent
Forces in a Plane:

CONDITIONS FOR
EQUILIBRIUM
Dr. Mohamed Khalafalla Ahmed
2
CONDITIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM

• When the resultant of a force system acting on a body is zero, the body is in
equilibrium.
–The body will either remain at rest, if originally at rest, or in motion if
originally in motion.

• We are concerned here with the equilibrium of bodies at rest.


–Methods for finding the resultant of concurrent force systems can be used to
solve problems involving concurrent force systems that act on bodies at
rest.
ACTION AND REACTION

• In separating a body from its surroundings we make use of the principle


of Newton’s third law.
–Which states that action equals reaction.
–If a body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts a force on body A equal in
magnitude
–Opposite in direction, with the same line of action.

• Newton’s third law cannot be mathematically


proven, it agrees with intuition.
–Deduction from the third law agrees with
experiment.
ACTION AND REACTION
Consider a block attached to a cable that is supported
by the ceiling.

• Force F1 represents the force exerted on the cable by the


block.

• Reaction F2 is equal & opposite, representing the forces


exerted on the block by the cable.

• Force F3 represents the force exerted on the ceiling by


the cable.

• Reaction F4 is equal and opposite, and represents force


exerted on the cable by the ceiling.
ACTION AND REACTION

Forces acting on the cable and on the block are shown.

Forces F1 and F4 do not constitute an action–


reaction pair because they act on the same body—
the cable.
The same is true for forces F2 and W that act on the
block.
Both cable and block are in equilibrium with
F4 = F1 and F2 = W , thus F3 = W

The cable can be thought of as transmitting the weight


of the block from the block to the ceiling.
SPACE DIAGRAM, FREE-BODY DIAGRAM

• A sketch called a space diagram may be used to describe the physical


problem to be solved

• Statics involves the forces or interactions of bodies on each other.


–The bodies must be separated from each other so that unknown
forces may be determined.
–A free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the body is then
drawn.
CONSTRUCTION OF A FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
• A free body will be isolated, and all forces acting on the body will be shown.
–Among the forces to be shown will be the weight.

• The weight of the body acts through a point called the center of gravity of the
body.
–Directed from the center of gravity downward toward the center of the earth.

• For a uniform body, the center of gravity is at the geometric center of the body.
–For nonuniform bodies, the center of gravity’s location is usually designated
as “c.g.,” or by the symbol:

• Clear & accurate free-body diagrams are very important to the analysis of
problems in static force equilibrium.
• The purpose is to isolate all important mathematical data from the pictorial
descriptions of these problems
CONSTRUCTION OF A FREE-BODY
DIAGRAM

•In the end, your diagrams should include:


–Any given angles and dimensions.
–All forces, including weights, whose magnitudes and directions
are specified or implied.
–Any unknown angles and forces—labeled, with directions of
forces indicated by arrowheads.
• If unsure of the direction in which a force acts, assume one.
Example 3.1
Three packages, A, B, and C, are stacked (at rest) on a table, as shown in Fig. 3.2. If the
package weights are 15, 40, and 65 lb, respectively, what contact force do you think exists
between packages A and B? Packages B and C? Package C and the table? Draw a free-body
diagram of each package and show algebraically what the actual value is for each contact
force
Example 3.2
The 12.5-kN block is supported by cables as shown in Fig. 3.4(a). Draw the free-body
diagrams of the block and point B.

Consider the block as a free body (b). The force T of the cable acts upward along the cable, away from the body,
and the 12.5-kN weight of the body acts downward toward the center of the earth. The two forces act along the
same straight line. They form a collinear force system. Because the block is at rest, the forces are in equilibrium,
and the resultant is equal to zero. Therefore, T-W=0 or T=W=12.5 kN.

• The vertical cable can be thought of as transmitting the weight of the block from the block to point B.
• A cable can support a tensile force; therefore, in the free body of point B (c), each cable is in tension and acts
away from point B.

12
Example 3.3
The 2.55-kg block in Fig. (a) is supported by a cable that passes over a frictionless pulley.
Draw the free-body diagram for the pulley.
W = mg = 2.55(9.81) = 25.0 N

Tension in vertical cable = Weight of the block.

Tension in the cable is T= 25N

We now draw a free-body diagram of the frictionless pulley (b). The tensile forces in the cable on
each side of the frictionless pulley are the same. This can be proved by the methods of Chapter 5.
Thus, the tensile force on the left and right of the pulley is equal to 25 N. Both tensile forces are
directed away from the pulley, and their lines of action intersect at point A. For equilibrium, the
reactive force R of the axle at B on the pulley must also act through point A. Ropes, strings, and
cords are analyzed in the same way as the cable in a free-body diagram.

13
Example 3.4
The links AB and BC support a rope that is attached to the 5-kip load, as shown in Fig. 3.6(a).
Draw a Freebody diagram of point B.

14
Example 3.5
Consider a 100-lb block that is supported by a cord and smooth plane, as shown in Fig. 3.7(a).
Draw the free-body diagram of the block.

15
CONSTRUCTION OF A FREE-BODY
DIAGRAM
• Free-body diagrams can also be used to find the internal forces carried by
an object.
–Consider the rigid weightless link AB in equilibrium:

Applied as shown, the two equal-but-opposite


forces, F, tend to crush this link, a condition
known as compression.
CONSTRUCTION OF A FREE-BODY
DIAGRAM
• An imaginary cut through the link at any cross section along its length causes
the internal forces exerted by each piece of the link on the other to appear as
an equal-but-opposite pair - Fi

For equilibrium of both pieces, these forces must


be in the directions shown, and Fi must equal F.
AB carries constant load F everywhere along
its length and is in compression at all points.
CONSTRUCTION OF A FREE-BODY
DIAGRAM

• Flexible members such as cables, ropes, cords, & strings can support forces
that tend to stretch the member, creating a condition known as tension.

Cutting the member at any


point reveals the constant
internal tensile forces, Fi
CONSTRUCTION OF A FREE-BODY
DIAGRAM
• The use of free-body diagrams can help us analyze the forces at any point in
a system.

Weight W is suspended by a cable


supported on a frictionless pulley.
CONSTRUCTION OF A FREE-BODY
DIAGRAM

Knowing that internal forces in the cable are


constant, T, the member can be cut
at points such as A, B, and C to begin
construction of multiple free-body
diagrams to aid in our analysis.

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