PROCESS APPROACH IN TEACHING SCIENCE AND

HEALTH IN PULONG KUMANOY ELEMENTARY

SCHOOL: INPUT TO IMPROVISATION OF
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

2023
Volume: 7
Pages: 511-516
Document ID: 2023PEMJ571
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7725692
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-08-3
Psych Educ, 2023, 7: 511-516, Document ID:2023 PEMJ571, doi:10.5281/zenodo.7725692, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Process Approach in Teaching Science and Health in Pulong Kumanoy Elementary

School: Input to Improvisation of Instructional Materials
Kathrina E. Sto.domingo*
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the process approach in teaching Science and Health in Pulong
Kumanoy Elementary School. The researcher utilized forty-four (44) Grade VI pupils as respondents
of this study. An adopted questionnaire checklist served as the main research instrument to gather the
data needed. In addition, single-subject experimental design and descriptive survey research were
considered. The findings included that the respondents were first-born and whose parents were high
school graduates with an average monthly income of Php 10,000.00 and below. Likewise, there was a
significant difference level of performance of the respondents in Science and Health before and after
exposure to the process approach with respect to experimenting, observing, comparing, classifying,
and measuring. More so, as perceived by the respondents, there was no significant relationship
between the perception of the respondents and their performance with respect to observing, and
classifying, and their performance after exposure to the process approach. It was concluded that the
performance of the respondents after exposure to the process approach in terms of their profile does
not vary, they showed higher performance after being exposed to the process approach, and their
performance was not related to their perception with respect to experimenting, comparing, and
measuring. Moreover, their performance correlates with their perception with respect to observing
and classifying.

Keywords: science, health, level of performance, instructional materials, process approach

Introduction students have poor functional literacy in Math and

Science where they find it hard to apply the knowledge
and skills they have gained and are needed to solve
The primary goal of a quality education takes an problems thereby preparing them to face greater
individual and a national one which is vital to the challenges and complexities in their future life.
country’s development, an individual hope to advance
in life aided by the kind of education one has just In the National Tests administered for the school year
received as the progress of a nation lies upon the kind 2012-2013, Pulong Kumanoy Elementary School got
of education its citizenry collectively possesses. 38.66 for NAT Science for their mean percentage
score. The score is very low for the seventy-five (75%)
As stated in Article XIV Section 10 of the 1987 mastery level. The result can be equated with the
Philippine Constitution to wit: “Science and different factors such as the strategies being utilized
Technology are essential for the national development and the materials being used in teaching.
and progress. The state shall give priority to research
and development, invention and their utilization and Having observed and analyzed what are happening in
support Science and Technology Education, training, the classroom situation such as the resistance of
and services.” Science teachers to have and to use strategy
that will enhance the performance of the pupils, made
The Filipino students’ performance in Mathematics the researcher feel that effective strategy in Science
and Science appeared to be declining based on the and Health teaching should be carefully planned by the
three rounds of the Trends in Math and Science Study teachers to apply. Through this, the quality of learning
which is being administered particularly in the year that the teacher aims for will be achieved, i.e., teachers
2008. This sadly means that the students find it hard to can use method that is effective and appropriate for the
apply the knowledge and skills needed to solve learners. The researcher believes that teachers should
problems which can help them prepare to face the have and be able to utilize the strategy in teaching
challenges and complexities of future life. This poor Science and Health that will help pupils increase their
performance was partially explained by different mastery level.
factors such as: inadequate Science and Mathematics
Laboratories; poor trained Science and Mathematics With this reason, it is the right time that the researcher
teachers and lack of appropriate Science and conceived such study giving attention to the use of
Technology laboratories. It also shows that the process approach in teaching Science to improve the

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Psych Educ, 2023, 7: 511-516, Document ID:2023 PEMJ571, doi:10.5281/zenodo.7725692, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

pupil performance. information added momentum to this degeneration.

Thus the true spirit of science which is built upon the
Research Questions real process of thinking and learning was lost sight of.
It is under these circumstances a rethought of the issue
The purpose of this study was to determine the was taken up by modern educationists and those
effectiveness of process approach to be employed in interested in augmenting the quality of science
teaching Science and Health in Pulong Kumanoy education.
Elementary School in the District of Morong.
Specifically, this research study sought to answer the In addition, Yager and Akçay (2010) indicated that
following questions: student use and understanding of science skills and
concepts in the inquiry sections increased significantly
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: more than they did for students enrolled in typical
1.1 gender; sections in terms of process skills, creativity skills,
1.2 sibling position; ability to apply science concepts, and the development
1.3 monthly family income; of more positive attitudes. Teachers should first follow
1.4 parent’s educational attainment; and a program that would make students acquire the
1.5 academic performance? science process skills. Then they should integrate that
2. What is the level of performance of the respondents program with the science curriculum since science
in Science and Health before and after exposure to process skills have a hierarchic structure. A student
process approach? who does not have the basic skills could not improve
3. Is there a significant difference on the level of the skills about performing experiments easily.
performance of the respondents in Science and Health Whereas, what we firstly do at schools is making
before and after exposure to process approach? students do experiments. For this reason, teaching
4. Is there a significant difference on the effects of science process skills should never be neglected giving
process approach in teaching Science and Health in such excuses as shortage of time and overloaded
terms of their profile? syllabuses.
5. What is the perception of the respondents on the
effectiveness of process approach with respect to: Likewise, teaching approaches include planning the
5.1 experimenting; curriculum per se, course, individual lesson, and
5.2 observing; improvement of instruction. It constitutes all the
5.3 comparing; teachers do in planning, implementing, and evaluating
5.4 classifying; and their kind of instructions. As Bilbao (2004) stated that
5.5 measuring? the Science curriculum has been recognized as an
6. Is there a significant relationship on the perceptions effective in bringing quality education in as much as
of the respondents and their performance in the post this field of learning has directly affected and
test after exposure to process approach? influenced all facets of man’s life. Certainly, almost all
things in the immediate environment are clear
Literature Review evidences of progress brought about by Science.
Moreover, it is an avenue where one can attain
functional literacy for it connotes the acquisition of
As Beehive (2011) cited that development of science knowledge, values and skills that would enable man to
has been the result of man's inquiry of puzzling natural adapt themselves more readily in this technology-
phenomena and situations with a view to satisfy his advanced society.
innate curiosity and to subdue the environment for
enhancing his physical comforts. For this purpose, he Relatively, in the study of Abubakar (2012) found out
built up a body of scientific knowledge by utilizing his that there is significant difference in the academic
intellect and applying his ability for engaging in achievement of pupils taught using science process
thinking and reasoning. This shows that even in approach and those taught using conventional teaching
ancient times science was really the product of a method in favor of the experimental group. The
precise method of thinking rather than mere experimental group also shows high mean scores than
acquisition of readymade facts. But when body of the control group. There is significant difference in the
scientific knowledge expanded, this spirit of inquiry performance of males in Achievement test between
gave way to mere information mongering in the hands experimental group treated with science process
of incompetent teachers. The unscientific system of teaching approach and control group treated with
examination calling for mere reproduction of this conventional teaching method in favor of the

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Psych Educ, 2023, 7: 511-516, Document ID:2023 PEMJ571, doi:10.5281/zenodo.7725692, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

experimental group, the experimental group also research design method of research was used in the
shows high mean scores than the control group. conduct of the study. Single-subject experimental
design or single-case research design is a research
Furthermore, Apolonio and Talisayon (2012) in their design most often used in applied fields of psychology,
study on teaching model optimization: effects on slow education, and human behavior in which the subject
learners’ comprehension and attitude in physics serves as his/her own control, rather than using another
revealed that the use of all the models is not the best individual/group. This design was deemed appropriate
design for optimum comprehension. The weakest for the study since the study used single group as
design for slow learners, that is, with the lowest subject of the study.
comprehension posttest mean scores, are the use of
simple analogy only or demonstration only. Slow The study also used descriptive survey research design
learners appear to be able to comprehend physics utilizing questionnaire checklist as the tool in
concepts even when the teacher uses more complex gathering the needed data. Zulueta (2010) emphasized
models like another and extended analogy, and group- that descriptive survey refers to the application of
type and design-type activity. The change in the scientific method or other form of disciplined inquiry
attitude of the respondents was consistent with the to the process of making decisions about the quality of
improvement in terms of comprehension. Group 4 that educational processes, products, or outcomes. This
was taught with the reinforced-type multiple models design was appropriate to the present study because
optimization registered the optimum comprehension the concern of the researcher was to determine the
indicative of its highest mean in all the comprehension perceptions of the pupils on the effectiveness of the
tests. This group also obtained the highest mean in the process approach in teaching Science and Health.
attitude scale in Physics. Group 2, taught with the one-
model type, activity only, had the lowest mean score in Ethical Considerations
the comprehension test and attitude scale.
It was imperative that ethical issues should be
Lastly, In the study of Lopez (2007) on Science addressed and considered within the course of the
literacy revealed that students had an average learning research process. This research would adhere to the
along curiosity, open mindedness, careful judgment ethical principles set by the school. The researcher
and objectivity. Home factors such as father’s herself informed the parents of the pupil-respondents
education and occupation were significantly associated about the conduct of the study. She also exclaimed that
with Science Education literacy and the family income the data would be treated with utmost privacy and
and numbers of children within the family were confidentiality. Their consent was secured afterwards.
partially associated; however, mother’s education and
occupation were not significantly associated with
Results and Discussion
Science Education literacy. Teacher factors such as
educational attainment, teaching experiences in
teaching Science and Technology 1 and in service Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Gender,
trainings or seminars attended were not significantly Sibling Position, Monthly Family Income, Parent’s
associated with the Science Education literacy and Educational Attainment, and Academic
there were significant differences among level of
Performance
literacy among parameters and among schools.
The monthly family income of the pupils shows that
Methodology 70.5% (31) are earning 10,000 pesos and below,
22.7% (10) are earning 10,001-15,000 pesos and 6.8%
(3) are earning 15,001-20,000 pesos. Likewise, the
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the educational attainment of the respondents’ fathers is
process approach to be employed in teaching Science reflected in the same table. 31.8% (14) are high school
and Health. Forty-four (44) Grade Six pupils in graduate, 22.7% (10) are college graduate, 15.9% (7)
Pulong Kumanoy Elementary School in the District of are elementary undergraduate, 13.6% (6) are
Morong served as the respondents of the study. They elementary graduate, 11.4% (5) are college
were described in terms of gender, monthly family undergraduate and 4.5% (2) are high school
income, sibling position parents’ educational undergraduate. Whilst the mother’s educational
attainment, and academic performance. attainment shows that 29.5% (13) are high school
graduate, 20.5% (9) are college graduate, 18.2% (8)
The Single-subject experimental design or single-case are high school undergraduate, another 18.2% (8) are

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Psych Educ, 2023, 7: 511-516, Document ID:2023 PEMJ571, doi:10.5281/zenodo.7725692, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

college undergraduate, 9.1% (4) are elementary

graduate and 4.5% (2) are elementary undergraduate.
Shown also is the academic performance of the
respondents. It is indicated that majority of the
respondents (56.8%) obtained grades from 80 to 84, To compare the means of the pretest and posttest to the
40.9% obtained grades from 75 to 79 and 2.3% mastery level of the respondents, before exposure to
obtained grades from 85 to 89. the process approach then mean for all the aspects are
lower than the mastery level. After exposure to the
Table 1. Profile of the Respondents process approach, there is a definite appreciation in the
skills of the pupils in knowledge, comprehension,
application, analysis, synthesis, and the overall result.
Moreover, it can be gleaned that the mean for the
overall performance of 39.3 is higher than the mastery
level of 37.5. Furthermore, taking the aspects one by
one, it is only the comprehension that is lower than the
mastery level.

Significant Difference in the Level of Performance

of the Respondents in Science and Health Before
and After Exposure to Process Approach

Table 3. Result of the Test on the Significant

Difference in the Level of Performance of the
Respondents Before and After Exposure to the Process
Approach

The computed p-value for knowledge, comprehension,

application analysis, synthesis, and overall is 0.00,
which is found to be significant at a 0.05 level of
Level of Performance of the Respondents in Science significance. Hence the null hypothesis is rejected.
and Health Before and After Exposure to the
Significant Difference in the Performance of Pupils
Process Approach
After Exposure to Process Approach in Teaching
Table 2. Level of Performance of the Respondents Science and Health in Terms of their Profile
Before and After Exposure to the Process Approach

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Psych Educ, 2023, 7: 511-516, Document ID:2023 PEMJ571, doi:10.5281/zenodo.7725692, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Table 4. Result of the Test on the Significant Discussion

Difference in the Performance of the Respondents
After Exposure to Process Approach in Terms of their
Based on the data, there is an equal distribution of
Profile
respondents by sex. Several of them are first born in
the family. The reported parents’ educational
attainment is mostly high school graduate. Almost
three quarters of the respondents have monthly family
income of 10,000 pesos and below. Majority of the
respondents obtained grades of 80-84.

In terms of the level of performance of the

respondents, the result shows that the mean of the
posttest is considerably higher than the mean of the
pretest. As well, the mean of the posttest is noticeably
The computed p-values for sex, monthly family closer to the overall mastery level.
income, sibling position, father’s educational
attainment and mother’s educational attainment are Considering the before and after exposure to process
0.464, 0.149, 0.377, 0.907 and 0.210, which are found approach, there is a significant influence in the
to be not significant at 0.05 level of significance. performance of the respondents. The result implies that
Hence the null hypothesis is accepted. However, the the performance of the pupils improved after exposure
computed p-value of 0.032 for the academic to process approach.
performance is found to be significant at 0.05 level of
It can be decided that the influence in the performance
significance. As a result, the null hypothesis is of the respondents when grouped by sex, monthly
rejected. family income, sibling position, father’s educational
attainment and mother’s educational attainment are the
Significant Relationship on the Perceptions of the same. On the other hand, it can be considered that the
Respondents and their Performance after Exposure process approach has different influence on the
to Process Approach performance of the respondents with different level of
academic performance.
Table 5. Result of the Test on the Perception of the
The result implies that the perceived effectiveness of
Respondents and Their Performance After Exposure to
process approach with respect to experimenting is
the Process Approach highly recommended to develop higher inferential and
critical thinking of students. Meanwhile, the perceived
effectiveness of process approach with respect to
observing is very functional and effectual. On the
other hand, the perceived effectiveness of process
approach with respect to comparing heightened the
sense of scrutiny and examination by the pupils.
Furthermore, the perceived effectiveness of process
The computed p-values for the significant relationship approach with respect to classifying has helped
between the perception of the respondents with respect improved the pupils’ wisdom to systematize and
to experimenting, comparing and measuring and their organize. Lastly, the perceived effectiveness of process
performance after exposure to the process approach approach with respect to measuring has helped
are 0.630, 0.736, and 0.097, which are found to be not improved the understanding of the pupils in evaluation
significant at 0.05 level of significance. Hence the null and calculation.
hypothesis is accepted. However, the computed p-
values of 0.041 and 0.006 for the significant It can be reflected that there is no correlation between
relationship between the perception of the respondents the perception of the respondents with respect to
experiment, comparing and measuring and their
with respect to observing and classifying, and their
performance after exposure to process approach.
performance after exposure to the process approach is Whereas, it can be suggested that there is a correlation
found to be significant at 0.05 level of significance. between the perception of the respondents with respect to
As a result, the null hypothesis is rejected. observing and classifying, and their performance
after exposure to process approach.

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Research Article

References
Conclusion
Abubakar, R. B. (2012). Vision 20:2020 and Gender equality:
Appraising academic performance of Integrated Science students.
3rd Annual conference Journal of School of Business and
Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the
Management Technology 1(2), 58-63
performance of the pupils after exposure to process
approach is significantly higher before exposure to the Bilbao, Melchor N. “Teaching Methods”. Manila. Lorimar
process approach. In addition, the performance of the Publishing House, Inc. 2004
pupils after exposure to process approach in teaching Lopez, Maricel DT. (2011). Effectiveness of Process Approach on
Science and Health in terms of their sex, monthly the Pupils’ Performance in Science and Health. A Thesis Submitted
family income, sibling position, father’s educational to Tomas Claudio Memorial Collage.
attainment and mother’s educational attainment do not Yager, R. E. & Akçay, H. (2010). The advantages of an inquiry
vary. Also, the pupil with higher academic approach for science instruction in middle grades. School Science &
performance also has higher performance after Mathematics, 110, 5-12.
exposure to process approach in teaching Science and
Health. Lastly, the performance of the pupils is not Affiliations and Corresponding Information
related to their perception of the process approach with
respect to experimenting, comparing and measuring
Kathrina E. Sto.Domingo
and their performance after exposure to process
Pulong Kumanoy Elementary School
approach. On the other hand, their performance
Department of Education - Philippines
correlates with their perception with respect to
observing and classifying.

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