UNIT – I: Introduction to Digital

Electronics

1.Number System and Codes:

● Decimal, Binary, Hexadecimal, and Octal number

systems: Understanding the characteristics and
representations of different number systems used in digital
electronics. Learning how to convert numbers between these
systems.

● Base conversions: Converting numbers from one base to

another (e.g., binary to hexadecimal).

● Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal arithmetic: Performing

arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication) with
numbers in different number systems.

● Complements (1's and 2's): Understanding the concept of

complements and their applications in binary arithmetic,
including 1's complement and 2's complement
representations.

● Binary Codes: Exploring various binary codes used in digital

systems, such as Binary Coded Decimal (BCD), 84-2-1,
excess-3, and Gray codes. Understanding their properties,
advantages, and applications.

● BCD addition: Performing addition operations using Binary

Coded Decimal numbers.
 ● Error detecting/correcting code: Introducing error detection
and correction techniques using parity and Hamming codes.

2.Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra:

● Truth table and symbolic representation of logic gates:

Understanding the behavior and logic operations of basic logic
gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR).

● Representing logic gates using truth tables and logic symbols.

● Implementation using Universal gates: Exploring the

concept of universal gates (NAND, NOR) and their ability to
implement any other gate. Designing logic circuits using
universal gates.

● Basic postulates and fundamental theorems of Boolean

algebra: Studying the fundamental laws and theorems of
Boolean algebra, including commutative, associative,
distributive, identity, and complement laws. Applying these
laws to simplify Boolean expressions.

UNIT – II: Combinational Circuit

Design

1.Canonical and Standard forms:

● Standard representation of logic functions (SOP and

POS): Representing Boolean functions using Sum of Products
 (SOP) and Product of Sums (POS) forms. Understanding their
advantages and applications.

● Simplification of Boolean functions using Karnaugh Map

(K-map): Using Karnaugh maps to simplify Boolean
expressions and minimize logic circuits. Identifying prime
implicants and selecting optimal solutions.

● Simplification using Tabulation method: Simplifying

Boolean functions using truth tables and tabulation methods.
Applying the rules of Boolean algebra to minimize
expressions.

2.Binary Adder and Subtractor:

● Binary Adder: Designing and implementing binary adders,

including half adders and full adders. Understanding carry
propagation and ripple carry adders.

● Binary subtractor: Implementing binary subtractors using

binary adders and additional logic. Understanding the concept
of 2's complement subtraction.

● Parallel adder/subtractor: Constructing circuits for parallel

addition and subtraction of multiple binary numbers.

● BCD adder: Designing circuits for Binary Coded Decimal

(BCD) addition using BCD adders.

● Code converters: Implementing code converters to convert

data between different codes, such as BCD to 7-segment
display code conversion.
 3.Encoder, Decoder, Multiplexer, Demultiplexer:

● Encoder: Designing and implementing encoders to encode

multiple inputs into a coded output.

● Decoder: Designing and implementing decoders to decode a

coded input into multiple outputs.

● Multiplexer: Constructing multiplexers to select one of many

input signals and route it to a single output based on control
inputs.

● Demultiplexer: Building demultiplexers to distribute a single

input signal to multiple outputs based on control inputs.

● Implementing logic functions with Decoder and

multiplexer: Utilizing decoders and multiplexers to implement
complex logic functions and circuits efficiently.

UNIT – III: Sequential Circuits

1.Sequential logic design:

● Latches and Flip-flops: Understanding the operation and

characteristics of latches and flip-flops in sequential circuits.
Differentiating between S-R, D, J-K, master-slave, and T
flip-flops.

● Characteristic equation of Flip-flops: Analyzing the

characteristic equations of various flip-flops and their impact
on the state transition.
● Clocked and edge-triggered Flip-flops: Differentiating
between clocked and edge-triggered flip-flops. Understanding
their behavior and synchronization requirements.

● Conversion between flip-flops: Converting between different

types of flip-flops using logic gates and additional circuitry.

● Shift Registers: Exploring shift registers for serial data

storage and shifting operations. Understanding
serial-in/serial-out (SISO), serial-in/parallel-out (SIPO),
parallel-in/serial-out (PISO), and parallel-in/parallel-out (PIPO)
configurations.

● Universal Shift register: Designing a universal shift register

capable of both serial-in/serial-out and parallel-in/parallel-out
operations.

● Bidirectional Shift Register: Constructing a bidirectional shift

register capable of shifting data in both left and right
directions.

● Ring counter and Johnson counter: Designing and

implementing ring counters and Johnson counters using
flip-flops. Understanding their applications in timing and
control circuits.

● Counters: Exploring synchronous counters, asynchronous

counters, and modulo-N counters. Analyzing their timing
sequences, ripple carry effects, and applications.

2.Synchronous Sequential circuit synthesis:

 ● State Tables and State Transition Diagrams: Representing
sequential circuits using state tables and state transition
diagrams. Identifying the states, inputs, outputs, and state
transitions.

● Minimization: Minimizing the number of states and transitions

in sequential circuits using methods such as state reduction
and state merging.

● State assignments: Assigning binary codes to states in

sequential circuits for efficient encoding and decoding.

● Realization with T, D, and JK flip-flops: Implementing

sequential circuits using T, D, and JK flip-flops. Understanding
the characteristic equations and truth tables of flip-flops in
sequential circuits.

● Finite state machine: Introducing Mealy and Moore models

of finite state machines. Analyzing their behavior, outputs, and
applications in designing control systems and digital systems.

UNIT – IV: Signal Conversion,

Memories, and Logic Families

1.A-D and D-A Conversion:

● 4-bit binary weighted resistor type D-A conversion:

Understanding the working principle of 4-bit digital-to-analog
converters using binary weighted resistors. Analyzing the
circuit configuration and operation.
● Circuit of R-2R ladder: Exploring the R-2R ladder circuit
configuration for digital-to-analog conversion. Understanding
its advantages and limitations.

● A-D conversion characteristics: Studying the characteristics

and working principles of analog-to-digital converters (ADC).
Introducing successive approximation ADC and its operation.

● Relevant ICs for signal conversion: Mentioning commonly

used integrated circuits (ICs) for signal conversion, such as
ADCs and DACs, along with their specifications and
applications.

2.Memories:

● ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM: Understanding different

types of memories used in digital systems, including
Read-Only Memory (ROM), Programmable Read-Only
Memory (PROM), Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory (EPROM), and Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory (EEPROM). Analyzing their structures,
working principles, and applications.

● Bipolar RAM, static and dynamic RAM: Exploring random

access memory (RAM) types, including Bipolar RAM, Static
RAM (SRAM), and Dynamic RAM (DRAM). Comparing their
characteristics, access times, storage capacity, and
applications.

● Memory Expansion: Understanding the concept of memory

expansion in digital systems. Exploring word size, word
capacity, and addressing techniques for memory expansion.
3.Programmable Logic Devices:

● Combinational circuit Implementation using PROM, PLA,

and PAL: Utilizing Programmable Logic Arrays (PLA),
Programmable Array Logic (PAL), and Programmable
Read-Only Memory (PROM) to implement combinational logic
circuits. Understanding their programmable nature and
applications in digital design.

4.Digital Logic families:

● Fan-in, Fan-out: Analyzing the fan-in and fan-out

characteristics of digital logic gates. Understanding their
limitations and impact on circuit design.

● Noise Margin: Exploring the concept of noise margin in digital

circuits. Understanding its significance in ensuring proper
signal integrity and noise immunity.

● Power Dissipation: Comparing the power dissipation

characteristics of different digital logic families. Understanding
the trade-offs between power consumption and performance.

● Figure of merit, Speed power product: Evaluating the

performance of digital logic families based on figures of merit
and speed power products. Comparing the performance of
TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) and CMOS (Complementary
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) families.

● TTL and CMOS families and their comparison: Studying

the characteristics, voltage levels, noise immunity, power
consumption, and applications of TTL and CMOS logic
families. Comparing their strengths and weaknesses in
different scenarios.