Module 3 Flight Instrument
Module 3 Flight Instrument
CONTENTS:
TIME
TITLE PAGES
ALLOCATION
1.Flight Instrument 4 5 mins.
1.1. Altimeter 5 5 mins.
1.2. Airspeed Indicator 6-7 5 mins.
1.3. Vertical Speed Indicator 8 5 mins.
1.4 Attitude Indicator 9 5 mins.
1.5 Heading Indicator 10 5 mins.
1.6 Turn Indicator 11-12 5 mins.
2. Pitot Static System… 13 5 mins.
3. Location of Pitot and Static Port 14 5 mins.
4. Primary Flight Display 15 5 mins.
4.1 Location of PFD 16 5 mins
ACTIVITY NO.3… 17 30 mins.
REFERENCCES 18
LEARNING MATERIALS
To help you successfully completed on a productive fashion on this course, we have
included the following Learning Materials.
MODULES
This module includes a sequence of discussions; workshop activity at the end of the
topics; separate online assignments and quizzes through Google Classroom (TBA),
covering the key points of its topic and the separate Laboratory Exercises Module. The
key assignment questions and quizzes are put to assess your understanding of the
concepts discussed. Following confirmation of the activities carried out, the answers for
your clarification are provided. Other course requirement for your interpretations and
discussion will be present on the first day of classes.
ASSESMENT CRITERIA:
Created a Rubrics through Google Classroom that shall serve as a basis for evaluation
of the Assignment and Quizzes given.
SUMMARY
Each topic ends with summary drawing together the main point of the content of the
topic
Flight Instruments
Flight instruments are the instruments in
the cockpit of an aircraft that provide the
pilot with data about the flight situation of
that aircraft, such as altitude, airspeed,
vertical speed, heading and attitude.
They improve safety by allowing the pilot
to fly the aircraft in level flight, and make
turns, without a reference outside the
aircraft such as the horizon
Figure 1 The basic T arrangement for flight instruments
Altimeter
Altimeter
Indicated Airspeed (IAS). The Airspeed Indicator reading without any consideration for
atmospheric conditions or potential installation and instrument errors. The Indicated
Airspeed is used to give the manufacturers recommendations for aircraft performance
indications relating to take off, landing, and stall speeds.
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS). The Indicated Airspeed corrected for installation error and
instrument error. Under certain operating conditions installation and instrument errors may
total several knots.
True Airspeed (TAS). The Calibrated Airspeed corrected for altitude related atmospheric
conditions such as temperature variations and air density. The True Airspeed is used for
flight planning calculations.
Groundspeed (GS). The aircraft’s actual speed over the ground, or the True Airspeed
adjusted for wind resistance factors (headwind, tailwind etc.).
This system of color-coded markings enables a pilot to determine at a glance certain airspeed limitations
that are important to the safe operation of the aircraft.
• White arc—commonly referred to as the flap operating range since its lower limit represents the full flap
stall speed and its upper limit provides the maximum flap speed. Approaches and landings are usually
flown at speeds within the white arc.
• Lower limit of white arc (VS0)—the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing
configuration. In small aircraft, this is the power-off stall speed at the maximum landing weight in the
landing configuration (gear and flaps down).
• Upper limit of the white arc (VFE)—the maximum speed with the flaps extended.
• Green arc—the normal operating range of the aircraft. Most flying occurs within this range.
• Lower limit of green arc (VS1)—the stalling speedor the minimum steady flight speed obtained in a
specified configuration. For most aircraft, this is the power-off stall speed at the maximum takeoff weight
in the clean configuration (gear up, if retractable, and flaps up).
• Upper limit of green arc (VN0)—the maximum structural cruising speed. Do not exceed this speed
except in smooth air.
• Yellow arc—caution range. Fly within this range only in smooth air and then only with caution.
• Red line (VNE)—never exceed speed. Operating above this speed is prohibited since it may result in
damage or structural failure.
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Aircraft use two types of turn indicators: turn-and-slip indicators and turn
coordinators. Because of the way the gyro is mounted, the turn-and-slip indicator
shows only the rate of turn in degrees per second. The turn coordinator is
mounted at an angle, or canted, so it can initially show roll rate. When the roll
stabilizes, it indicates rate of turn. Both instruments indicate turn direction and
quality (coordination), and also serve as a backup source of bank information in
the event an attitude indicator fails. Coordination is achieved by referring to the
inclinometer, which consists of a liquid-filled curved tube with a ball inside.
The gyro in the turn-and-slip indicator rotates in the vertical plane corresponding to
the aircraft’s longitudinal axis. A single gimbal limits the planes in which the gyro can
tilt, and a spring works to maintain a center position. Because of precession, a
yawing force causes the gyro to tilt left or right, as viewed from the pilot seat.
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The turn-and-slip indicator uses a pointer, called the turn needle, to show the
direction and rate of turn.
Turn Coordinators
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A320 Aircraft
• 3 Pitot Probes (Capt, FO, Standby)
• 6 Static Ports (2 Capt, 2 FO, 2 Standby)
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Airspeed Indicator
Vertical Speed Indicator
Heading Indicator
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There are 2 PFDs installed in A320 Family located on the sides of Instrument panel.
They are fully interchangeable.
PFD ND
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SUMMARY
Flight instruments enable an airplane to be operated with maximum performance and
enhanced safety, especially when flying long distances. Manufacturers provide the
necessary instruments, but to use them effectively, pilots need to understand how they
operate. This page covers the operational aspects of the pitot-static system and
associated instruments, the vacuum system and associated instruments, and the
magnetic compass
KEY POINTS
Flight instruments are found in the cockpit of an airplane and provide information to the
pilot about the flight situation of the aircraft. Information provided by the flight
instruments are; altitude, speed and direction among others. Flight instruments consist
of airspeed indicator, magnetic compass, heading indicator, vertical speed indicator,
radio magnetic indicator, altimeter and altitude indicator. These instruments come in
handy in cases of poor visibility which mostly result from bad weather and obstacles in
the sky such as thick clouds.
ACTIVITY NO. 3
Instruction: Arial 12, 1x1-inch margin, 1.5 spacing, Insert Picture (if Applicable) and
Submit it in a PDF Form
1. Choose one instrument under flight instrument and explain its use
and importance in aviation development.
2. Explain the operation of Pitot Static Block Diagram
----END OF MODULE----
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Activity
Instructions: Write your full name, the subject, your course, year, the date of submission of the activity,
the activity number or the assignment number and the module topic it follows.
REFERENCES:
A320 General Familiarization by SIA Engineering Philippines
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