Calculus: Week 2

Mathematical induction

Let
{ }
n
P be a sequence of propositions (statements) satisfying these two conditions :
(i)
N
P is true (usually N will be 1)
(ii) The truth of
i
P implies the truth of
1, i
P i N
+
>





Examples:

1. Prove that
( )( )
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1
:1 2 3 4 ...
6
n
n n n
P n
+ +
+ + + + + = is true for all 1 n > .
Solution:
Step 1: P
1
is true


Step 2: Assume P
n
is true


Step 3: Prove that P
n+1
is true




2. Prove that :
n
P x y is a factor of
y n
x y .
Step 1: P
1
is true


Step 2: Assume P
n
is true


Step 3: Prove that P
n+1
is true


3. Prove that
3
n n is divisible by 6
Step 1: P
1
is true

Step 2: Assume P
n
is true

Step 3: Prove that P
n+1
is true

P
1
is true
Assume
P
n
is true
Prove
P
n+1
is true
P
1
is true
Assume
P
n
is true
Exercise

Use the principle of mathematical induction to prove that the given proposition is true for each
integer 1 n >

1.
( ) 1
1 2 3 ...
2
n n
n
+
+ + + + =
2. ( )
( )( ) 2
2 2 2
2 1 2 1
1 3 5 ... 2 1
3
n n n
n
+
+ + + + =
3.
( ) ( )
3 3
3
1 2 n n n + + + + is divisible by 9.



Chapter 2. Functions and Limits
































FUNCTION
Types
Operations
3. Domain
4. Range
1. Algebraic
1) Polynomial
2) Rational
3) Algebra
2. Trigonometric
3. Transcendental
1) Exponent
2) Logarithm
3)
Graphing
1. Sum
2. Differences
3. Products
4. Quotients
5. Powers
6. Composition

1. ( ) y f x =
2. ( ) y f x a =
3. ( ) y kf x =
4. ( ) y f ax =
1. Sum
2. Differences
3. Products
4. Quotients
5. Powers
6. Composition

EVEN?
ODD?
Definition
Representation
m
Examples
FUNCTION
Types

Operations
1. Domain
2. Range
1. Algebraic
1) Polynomial
2) Rational
3) Algebra
2. Trigonometric
3. Transcendental
1) Exponent
2) Logarithm
3)
Graphing
1. ( ) y f x =
2. ( ) y f x a =
3. ( ) y kf x =
4. ( ) y f ax =
1. Sum
2. Differences
3. Products
4. Quotients
5. Powers
6. Composition

EVEN?
ODD?
Definition
Representation
Examples
FUNCTION
Types

Operations
1. Domain
2. Range
1. Algebraic
1) Polynomial
2) Rational
3) Algebra
2. Trigonometric
3. Transcendental
1) Exponent
2) Logarithm
3)
Graphing
1. ( ) y f x =
2. ( ) y f x a =
3. ( ) y kf x =
4. ( ) y f ax =
1. Sum
2. Differences
3. Products
4. Quotients
5. Powers
6. Composition

EVEN?
ODD?
Example

1. Let ( ) ( )
2
6
, 3
9
x
f x g x x
x
= =

. Find :
a. domain

b. range

c. complete the table

Formula Domain Range
( )( ) f g x + =

( )( ) f g x =

( )( ) . f g x =

( )( ) / f g x =

( )
3
g x =

( )( ) f g x =

( )( ) g f x =

( )( ) g g x =


d. write
( ) f x as a composite of three functions in two different ways.

Exercise

1. If
( )
2
1 g x x = + , find formulas for
( )
3
g x and
( )( ) g g g x .
2. Sketch the graph of ( ) ( )
2
2 4 g x x = using translations
3. Let ( )
1
x
f x
x
=

. Find and simplify each value.

2.
2
2
1
lim
2 3
x
x ux x u
x x

+
+

3.
3
3
lim
x
x
x
+

+

4. ( )
3
lim
x
x x

(


Squeeze theorem
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
, ,
lim lim lim
x c x c x c
Let f x g x h x x c c
If f x h x L g x L
o o

s s e +
= = =

Definition
One sided limit
Examples
LIMIT
Limit theorems

Trigonometric
Limits
trigonometric
functions
7. Left limit
8. Right limit
Main limit theorem
Substitution theorem


Chapter 2.6 Purcell &
Varberg, 8
th
ed.
Special limits
3.
0
sin
lim 1
t
t
t

=

4.
0
1 cos
lim 0
t
t
t

=

Definition
One sided limit
Examples
LIMIT
Limit theorems

5. Left limit
6. Right limit
Main limit theorem
Substitution theorem


Chapter 2.6 Purcell &
Varberg, 8
th
ed.
Definition
One sided limit
Examples
LIMIT
Examples Examples
Continuity
( ) ( ) lim
x c
f x f c

=

( ) f x continuous at
Trigonometric
Limits
trigonometric
functions
Limit theorems

3. Left limit
4. Right limit
Definition
One sided limit
LIMIT
Examples
Special limits
1.
0
sin
lim 1
t
t
t

=

2.
0
1 cos
lim 0
t
t
t

=

Main limit theorem
Substitution theorem


Chapter 2.6 Purcell &
Varberg, 8
th
ed.
Continuity
( ) ( ) lim
x c
f x f c

=

( ) f x continuous at
Trigonometric
Limits
trigonometric
functions
Limit theorems

1. Left limit
2. Right limit
Definition
One sided limit
LIMIT
Examples
Limit at ,
limits
Squeeze theorem
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
, ,
lim lim lim
x c x c x c
Let f x g x h x x c c
If f x h x L g x L
o o

s s e +
= = =

Special limits
1.
0
sin
lim 1
t
t
t

=

2.
0
1 cos
lim 0
t
t
t

=

Main limit theorem
Substitution theorem


Chapter 2.6 Purcell &
Varberg, 8
th
ed.
Continuity
( ) ( ) lim
x c
f x f c

=

( ) f x continuous at
Trigonometric
Limits
trigonometric
functions
Limit theorems

1. Left limit
2. Right limit
Definition
One sided limit
LIMIT
Examples
Limit at ,
limits
5.
0
lim
x
x
x

6.
2
3
3
lim
9
x
x
x
+

7.
2
0
cos
lim
1 sin
t
t
t

+

8.
0
cot sin
lim
2sec
x
x x
x
t

9.
0
tan 2
lim
sin 2 1
t
t
t

10.
( )
0
sin 3 4
lim
sec
x
x x
x x

+

11.
2
2
lim
7
x
x
x

12.
( )
2 2
lim 2 3 2 5
x
x x

+
13.
sin
lim
x
x
x

14.
1
lim sin
x
x
x

15.
1
limsin
x
x
x

| |
+
|
\ .


Exercise

16.
( )
( )
2
2
2
1
lim
3 1
x
x x
x
+

+ (

17.
3 3
lim
x
x
x
t
t
+

+

18.
0
3 tan
lim
sin
x
x x
x

19.
( )
2
lim 2
x
x x x

+
20.
10
1
lim 1
x
x

| |
+
|
\ .